3/3/2009

Interconnected Power
System

Interconnected Power
System
Contents
• Introduction
• Review On Frequency-power And Voltage
Reactive Characteristics Of A Synchronous
Generator.
• Operation Of Generators In Parallel With
Large Power Systems
• Operation Of Generators In Parallel With
Other Generators Of The Same Size

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Interconnected Power
System
y Introduction
◦ Power system are interconnected for
economy and continuity of power supply.
◦ For the interconnected operation incremental
efficiencies, fuel costs, water availability,
generation limits, tie line capacities, spinning
reserve allocation and area commitments are
important consideration in preparing load
dispatch schedules.

Review on Frequency-
Frequency-Power and Voltage-
Voltage-Reactive
Characteristics of A Synchronous Generator.

y All generator are driven by a prime mover,

which is the ggenerator’s source of mechanical
power.
y The most common type of primer mover is a
steam turbine, but other types include diesel
engines, gas turbines, water turbines, and even
wind turbines.
y Regardless
g of original
g ppower source,, all pprime
movers tend to behave in a similar fashion.
y As the power drawn from them increases, the
speed which at which they turn decrease.

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Review on Frequency-
Frequency-Power and Voltage-
Voltage-Reactive
Characteristics of A Synchronous Generator.
y The speed droop (SD) of a prime mover is defined by
the equation
n nl − n fl
SD = x 100 %
n fl
where ,
n nl no load prime mover speed
n fl full load prime mover speed
y Most generator prime movers have speed droop of 2 to
4%
y In addition, most governors have some type of set point
adjustment to allow the no-load speed of the turbine to
be varied.
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Review on Frequency-
Frequency-Power and Voltage
Voltage--Reactive
Characteristics of A Synchronous Generator.
y Since the shaft speed is related to the
resultingg electrical frequency
q y byy equation
q
below, the power output of a synchronous
generator is related to its frequency.
nm P
fe =
120
where ,
P = No . of mag . poles
f e = Electrical speed in hertz and rad per sec
n m = angular velocity exp ressed in rev per sec
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Review on Frequency-
Frequency-Power and Voltage-
Voltage-Reactive
Characteristics of A Synchronous Generator.

y The relationship between frequency and

power can be described quantitatively
p q y byy
equation
P = S p ( f nl − f sys )
where ,
P = Power output of the generator
f nl = No load frequency of the generator
f sys = Operating frequency of the system
S p = Slope of curve , kW / Hz or MW / Hz

Review on Frequency-
Frequency-Power and Voltage-
Voltage-Reactive
Characteristics of A Synchronous Generator.
y (a) Typical speed versus power curve for
prime mover
y (b) The resulting frequency versus power
curve for generator

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Review on Frequency-
Frequency-Power and Voltage-
Voltage-Reactive
Characteristics of A Synchronous Generator.

y A similar relationship can be derived for the

reactive ppower Q and terminal voltage
g VT .
y A lagging load is added to synchronous
generator, its terminal voltage drops,
Likewise, when a leading load is added to a
synchronous generator, its terminal voltage
increases.
y It is possible to make a curve of terminal
voltage versus reactive power, such as
frequency versus power curve for generator.
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Review on Frequency-
Frequency-Power and Voltage-
Voltage-Reactive
Characteristics of A Synchronous Generator.
y The characteristic curve can be moved up
and down by changing the no-load terminal
voltage set point on the voltage regulator.

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Review on Frequency-
Frequency-Power and Voltage-
Voltage-Reactive
Characteristics of A Synchronous Generator.
y Example:
y The figure below shows a generator supplying a
load A second load is to be connected in parallel
load.
with the first one. The generator has a no-load
frequency of 61.0 Hz and a slope Sp of 1 MW/Hz
Load 1 consumes a real power of 1000 kW at 0.8
PF lagging, while load 2 consumes a real power of
800 kW at 0.707 PF lagging.

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Review on Frequency-
Frequency-Power and Voltage-
Voltage-Reactive
Characteristics of A Synchronous Generator.

Questions:
1 Before the switch is closed,
1. closed what is the
operating frequency of the system?
2. After load 2 is connected, what is the
operating frequency of the system?
3. After load 2 is connected, what action could
an operator take to restore the system
frequency to 60 Hz'?

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Review on Frequency-
Frequency-Power and Voltage-
Voltage-Reactive
Characteristics of A Synchronous Generator.
y Solutions:
y This problem states that the slope of the generator’s
characteristic
h i i iis 1 MW/H
MW/Hz an that h its
i no-load
l d ffrequency is
i
61 Hz. Therefore, the power produced by the generator is
given by P = S p ( f nl − f sys )
P
f sys = f nl −
Sp
1. The initial operating
p g frequency
q y is given
g byy
P
f sys = f nl −
Sp
1000 kW
= 61 Hz − = 61 Hz − 1 Hz = 60 Hz
1 MW / Hz
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Review on Frequency-
Frequency-Power and Voltage-
Voltage-Reactive
Characteristics of A Synchronous Generator.
y Solutions:
2. After load 2 is connected.
P
f sys = f nl −
Sp
1800 kW
= 61 Hz − = 61 Hz − 1 . 8 Hz = 59 . 2 Hz
1MW / Hz

3. After the load is connected, the system frequency

falls to 59.2Hz. To restore the system
y to its
proper operating frequency, the operator should
increase the governor no-load set points by 0.8
Hz, to 61.8 Hz. This action will restore the system
frequency to 60 Hz.
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Review on Frequency-
Frequency-Power and Voltage-
Voltage-Reactive
Characteristics of A Synchronous Generator.
y To summarize, when generator is operating by itself
supplying the system loads, then
1 The
1. Th reall and d reactive
ti power supplied
li d by
b the
th
generator will be the amount demanded by the
attached load.
2. The governor set points of the generator will
control the operating frequency of the power
y
system.
3. The field current (or the field regulator set points)
control the terminal voltage of the power system.
y Notice that, this is the situation found in isolated
generators in remote field area only.
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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Large Power Systems
y This idealized in the concept of an infinite
bus.
bus
y An infinite bus is a power system so large that
its voltage and frequency do not vary
regardless of how much real and reactive
power is drawn from or supplied to it.
y The power-frequency
power frequency characteristic of such
a system is shown in figure (a), and the
reactive power-voltage characteristic is
shown in figure (b).
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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Large Power Systems
y The curves of frequency versus power (a)
and terminal voltage versus reactive power (b)
for an infinite bus.

(a) (b)

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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Large Power Systems
• When a generator is connected
in parallel with another generator
or a large system, the frequency and
terminal voltage of all the machines
must be the same, since their
output conductors are tied
together.

y Therefore, their real power-frequency and reactive

power-voltage characteristics can be plotted back to
back, with a common vertical axis.

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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Large Power Systems
y Assume that the generator has just been paralleled with the
infinite bus according to the procedure described previously.
y Then
Th the th generatort will
ill be
b essentially
ti ll "floating"
"fl ti " on the
th line,
li
supplying a small amount of real power and little or no
reactive power.
y This situation is shown in figure (c)

(c)
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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Large Power Systems
y Suppose the generator had been paralleled to the line but,
instead of being at a slightly higher frequency than the
running system, it was at a slightly lower frequency.
y In this case, when paralleling is completed,
y The resulting situation is show in Figure (d).

(d)

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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Large Power Systems
• Notice that here the no-load frequency of the
generator is less than the system's operating
frequency
frequency.
• At this frequency, the power supplied by the
generator is actually negative.
• In other words, when the generator's no-load
frequency is less than the system's operating
frequency, the generator actually consumes electric
ppower and runs as a motor.
• It is to ensure that, a generator comes on line
supplying power instead of consuming it that the
incoming machine frequency is adjusted higher than
then the running system frequency.

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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Large Power Systems
y The effect of increasing the governor's set points on (f) the
house diagram.
y The effect of this increase is to shift the no-load frequency of
the generator upward. Since the frequency of the system is
unchanged (the frequency of an infinite bus cannot change),
the power supplied by the generator increases.

(f)
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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Large Power Systems
y To summarize, when a generator is operating in
parallel with an infinite bus:

1.The frequency and terminal voltage of the

generator are controlled by the system to which it
is connected.
2. The governor set points of the generator control
the real power supplied by the generator to the
system.
system
3.The field current in the generator controls the
reactive power supplied by the generator to the
system.

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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Other Generators Of The Same Size
y In this kind of system, the basic constraint is
that the sum of the real and reactive powers
supplied
ppli d by
b the
h two generators must equall the
h P
and Q demanded by the load.
y The system frequency is not constrained to be
constant, and neither is the power of given
generator constrained to be constant.
y The total power
Ptot = Pload = PG1 + PG2
y The total reactive power
Qtot = Qload = QG1 + QG2

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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Other Generators Of The Same Size

(a) A generator connected in

parallel
ll l with
i h another
h machine
hi off
the same size.

(b) The corresponding house

diagram at the moment
generator 2 is paralleled with
the system.

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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Other Generators Of The Same Size
• What will happen if the
governor set points of G2
are increased?
•The situation is shown in
figure (c).
(c)

◦ Power-frequency curve of G2 shifts upward.

◦ The total power supplied to the load must not change. At the original
frequency f1, the power supply by G1 and G2 will now be larger than the
l dd
load demand,d so the
th system
t cannott continue
ti tto operate
t att the
th same
frequency as before.
◦ There is only one frequency at which the sum of the powers out of the
two generator is equal to Pload= f2 .
◦ f2 is higher than f1, at that frequency G2 supplies more power than
before, and G1 supplies less power than before.
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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Other Generators Of The Same Size
y What happens if the field current of
G2 is increased? The resulting
behavior is analogous
g to the real-
power situation and is shown in
figure (d). When two generators are
operating together and the field
(d) current of G2 is increased.

1. The system terminal voltage is increased.

2.The reactive power Q supplied by that generator is increased, while
the reactive power supplied by the other generator is decreased.
decreased
If the slopes and no-load frequencies of the generator's speed
droop (frequency power) curves are known, then the powers
supplied by each generator and the resulting system frequency
can be determined quantitatively.
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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Other Generators Of The Same Size

y Example:
y Two generators supplying a load. Generator 1 has a no-load frequency
of 61.5 HZ and a slope SP1 of 1 MW/Hz. Generator 2 has a no-load
frequency of 61.0 Hz and a slope SP2 of 1 MW/Hz. The two generators
are supplying a real load totaling 2.5 MW at 0.8 PF lagging. The
resulting system power-frequency or house diagrams are shown in
figure below.

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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Other Generators Of The Same Size

y Questions:
a. At what frequency
q y is this system
y operating,
p g and how
much power is supplied by each of the two
generators?
b. Suppose an additional1-MW load were attached to
this power system. What would the new system
frequency be, and how much power would G1 and
G2 supply
pp y now?
c. With the system in the configuration described in
part (b), what will the system frequency and
generator powers be if the governor set points on
G2 are increased by 0.5 Hz?
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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Other Generators Of The Same Size

y Solutions:
y The power produced by a synchronous
generator with a given slope and no-load
frequency as P1 = S p1 ( f nl ,1 − f sys )
P2 = S p 2 ( f nl , 2 − f sys )
y Since the total power supplied by the
generators must equall the
h power consumed
d
by the loads P =P +P
total 1 2

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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Other Generators Of The Same Size
(a) In the first case, both generators have a slope of 1 MW/Hz,
and G1 has a no-load frequency of 61.5 Hz, While G2 has a
no-load
l d ffrequency off 61 Hz. H TheTh total
t t l load
l d is
i 2.5MW.
2 5MW
Therefore, the system frequency can be found as follows:
Ptotal =P1+P2
=Sp1(fnl,1-fsys)+Sp2(fnl,2-fsys)
2.5MW= (1MW/Hz)(61.5Hz-fsys)+ (1MW/Hz)(61.0Hz-fsys)
fsys = 60Hz
The resulting powers supplied by the two generators are,
P1 = Sp1(fnl,1-fsys)=(1MW/Hz)(61.5Hz-60Hz)=1.5MW
P2 = Sp2(fnl,2-fsys)=(1MW/Hz)(61.0Hz-60Hz)=1.0MW

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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Other Generators Of The Same Size

(b)When the load is increased by 1 MW, the total load

becomes 3.5 MW. The new system frequency is now
given by
Ptotal=P1+P2
=Sp1(fnl,1-fsys)+Sp2(fnl,2-fsys)
3.5MW= (1MW/Hz)(61.5Hz-fsys)+ (1MW/Hz)(61.0Hz-
fsys)
fsys = 59.5Hz
59 5Hz
The resulting powers supplied by the two generators are,
P1 = Sp1(fnl,1-fsys)=(1MW/Hz)(61.5Hz-59.5Hz)=2.0MW
P2 = Sp2(fnl,2-fsys)=(1MW/Hz)(61.0Hz-59.5Hz)=1.5MW

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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Other Generators Of The Same Size

(c) If the no-load governor set points of G2 are increased

by 0.5Hz. The new system frequency becomes
Ptotal=P1+P2
=Sp1(fnl,1-fsys)+Sp2(fnl,2-fsys)
3.5MW= (1MW/Hz)(61.5Hz-fsys)+ (1MW/Hz)(61.5Hz-
fsys)
fsys = 59.75Hz
Th resulting
The lti powers supplied li d bby ththe two
t generators
t are,
P1 =P2= Sp1(fnl,1-fsys)=(1MW/Hz)(61.5Hz-59.75Hz)=1.75MW
Notice that the system frequency rose, the power G2
rose, and the power G1 fell

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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Other Generators Of The Same Size

y How can the power sharing of the power

system be adjusted independently of the
system frequency, and vice versa?
The answer is very simple. An increase in
governor set points on one generator increases
that machine's power and increases system
frequency. A decrease in governor set points on
the other generator decreases that machine's
power and decreases the system frequency.

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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Other Generators Of The Same Size

(a) Shifting power sharing

without affecting system
frequency.

(b) Shifti
Shifting system
t
frequency without affecting
power sharing.

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Operation Of Generators In Parallel With

Other Generators Of The Same Size
(c) Shifting reactive power
sharing without affecting
g
terminal voltage.

(d) Shifting terminal

voltage without affecting
reactive power sharing.

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Summarize In The Case Of Two

Generators Operating
1. The system is constrained in that the total power
supplied
pp byy the two ggenerators together
g must
equal the amount consumed by the load. Neither
fsys nor VT is constrained to be constant.

2. To adjust the real power sharing between

generators without changing fsys simultaneously
increase the
h governor set points on one generator
while decreasing the governor set points on the
other. The machine whose governor set point was
increased will assume more of the load.
37

Summarize In The Case Of Two

Generators Operating
3. To adjust fsys without changing the real power sharing,
simultaneously increase or decrease both generators'
governor set points.

4. To adjust the reactive power sharing between generators

without changing VT, simultaneously increase the field
current on one generator while decreasing the field
current on the other. The machine whose field current was
increased will assume more of the reactive load.

5. To adjust VT without changing the reactive power sharing,

simultaneously increase or decrease both generators' field
currents.
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