Procedure

1)First of all,the torque measurement unit was set up and calibrated.

Procedure of calibrating the torque measurement unit
a)The readout of the amplifier was set to zero
b)The torque measurement unit was then connected to the measurement amplifier and then
switched on at the back plane.
c)The read outs were then set to zero by pressing and continuously holding the V Button and
pressing the P button. During this process, no load torque should be applied.
d)After that, the load torque was increased by 5 Nm in steps and the resulting read out was then
observed and recorded.
e)After reloading, the offset that was produced was checked and it was set back to zero.
2)Then, the torsion test was performed by first of all mounting the specimen between the loading
device and torque measuring unit.
3)For this test, a short specimen was used.
4)The specimen was mounted between the loading device and the torque measuring unit by using
a 19mm hexagon socket.
5)Two important steps that had to be considered was to make sure the shifting holder of the load
device was in the mid position and there should be no preload mounted on the specimen.The
read out of the amplifier was set to zero by turning the hand wheel input of the worm gear.
6)Then, the input shaft and output shaft indicators were set to zero and the dial gauge of the
compensation unit was also set to zero.
7)The revolution counter was then reset.
8)After mounting the specimen, it then had to be loaded by applying torsion force.
9)In order to load the specimen, the hand wheel was turned at the input of the gear clockwise.
This process has to be done carefully with a suitably defined angle increment.
10)For the first rotation, an increment of a quarter rotation (90˚) was implemented. Whereas, an
increment of a half quarter (180˚) for the second and third rotation and one complete rotation
(360˚) for the 4th to 10th rotation was done.
11)The hand wheel of the compensation unit was turned until the dial gauge indicates zero.
12)Following that, the torque value from the amplifier display was read and the value was noted
down together with the indicated twist angle.
13)Finally, the result was tabled and the experiment was repeated with a brass specimen.
DISCUSSION
Torque is known as the definition of rotational force. The torque value depends on factors such as
the magnitude of the force being applied, the direction of the force applied and the distance
between the force applied and the pivot point[1]. Torsion is defined as the twisting of an object
due to applied torque [2].

Based on graph 1, the Tamplifier is linearly proportional to Tapplied.As the applied torque increases,
the amplifier torque also increases.From the graph and the values plotted in it, the equation of the
slope that was obtained is y=0.5929x – 0.1429.

A graph of Load Torque (Nm) against Revolution for both type of specimens Aluminium and
Brass was plotted.For aluminium, we managed to obtain a graph with a slope equation of
y=14.012x – 0.934.The graph shows a constant increase of load torque from 0 to 3rd revolution
before recording a steep increase from 3rd to 7th revolution and becoming constant again till the
10th revolution. Whereas, for the Brass specimen graph, we managed to obtain a slope equation of
y=12.38x – 0.5832.Although both graphs have quite similar structural patterns, it is important to
note the contrasts whereby the brass records constant load torque till the 2nd revolution before
posting a steep increase till the 6th revolution and increasing steadily from the 6th revolution
onwards.

After calculating the experimental shear modulus, G of both materials Aluminium and Brass,we
managed to obtain values from the graph and from the table that was recorded. For Brass, the
experimental shear modulus from the graph plotted is 7.5673GPa and 9.4474GPa from the
table.The actual theoretical value of shear modulus,G for Brass is 40GPa. From this comparison,
it is clearly shown that both experimental and theoretical values are far different from one
another.The percentage errors for Brass is 81.08% and 76.38% respectively.Whereas for
aluminium, the experimental shear modulus, G from the graph plotted is 8.356GPa and 5.446GPa
from the table.The actual theoretical value of shear modulus, G for aluminium is 27GPa.The
percentage errors for Aluminium is 69.05% and 79.83% respectively.
There were many errors that were experienced throughout this experiment.First of all, when the
torsion test was performed the hexagon socket was not clamped firmly which in turn led to uneven
distribution of the torsion load. The tools may also not be connected well to the measurement
amplifier which in turn led to higher percentage errors.Another possible source of error may have
arisen from the defects that may be found in the specimen as a result of past usage.This continued
usage for a long time may have taken a toll on the performance and structural integrity of the
specimen being used.

In order to overcome those errors, important precautions have to be taken. First of all, important
measurement units such as the torque measurement unit coupled with the measurement amplifier
has to be properly calibrated. This may give out more accurate applied torque value.Furthermore,
the socket has to be fixed properly between the specimen and the device. This may result in more
even distribution of torsional load.Finally, the test has to done slowly and the hand wheel should
be turned slowly and steadily in order to not damage the specimen and to get accurate value.