VARIABLES CONTROL CHART IN THE STUDY ON THE RIVER WATER QUALITY

TRENDS IN PENISULAR MALAYSIA

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Total dissolved solids (TDS) is the term used to describe the inorganic salts and
small amounts of organic matter present in solution in water. The principal
constituents are usually calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium cations and
carbonate, hydrogen carbonate, chloride, sulphate, and nitrate anions. It is
undesired to have the TDS content more than 300mg/litre. A few sample of water
was collected from the previous research and analysed to obtain the TDS value.
This value will be relating with the variable control method to observe whether it is
valid to have the collected measurement measured using this method.
Variables control charts plot continuous measurement process data, such as
length or pressure, in a time-ordered sequence. In contrast, attribute control charts
plot count data, such as the number of defects or defective units. Variables control
charts, like all control charts, help in identification causes of variation to investigate,
so that the process can be adjust without over-controlling it. The data was taken
from specific range which is at 5% tile and below 30 mg/litre concentration (refer
Appendix 1) totalling of 16 samples. The use the S chart due to the subgroup sizes
which are more than 10. S charts use all the data to calculate the subgroup process
standard deviations. Furthermore, the S charts method is used due to the
compatibility for continuous analysis which can be used for future purposes.

2.0 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the study are:
1. To relates the control chart of variables daily research
2. To be able to control the variables selected

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3.0 Type of data
This sample of data is classified as variable control charts. This is because this
sample of data can be measured. This control chart can be able to measure the
quality characteristic in numbers. This chart may be impractical and uneconomical.

4.0 Identify type of chart

X bar s control chart.

5.0 Why choose that type of chart

The reason on choosing X bar S chart is because it is variable control chart
(Foster, 2004). The sample size n is 16 and the sample size n is variable which
refer to the different location of water has been analyze. This combination of X bar
S chart are perfectly match to monitor the process mean when measuring the
subgroups at regular intervals from process which indicate the X bar chart and S
chart will narrow down to focus more on the process variability (as the standard
deviation) when measuring subgroups which more than 5 at regular intervals from
the process (Xbar-S chart, 2011).

6.0 Sample size (how much sample size and why) ?

The sample size chooses to consist of concentration between 0-30 (mg/L). This is
to prevent the process from being out of control The sample size choose is 16
sample which is the sample is in intermediate out of all data. This is because, if
sample size that we choose is too large, it can cause waste time, waste money,
and waste resources. If the sample size too small, the result produced can be
inaccurate.
7.0 Purpose of using x-chart & s-chart
This control chart can be used to analyse process operating over time. Besides, it
can monitor the mean and variation of a process when have continuous data or
subgroup size 9 or more. So that the assignable can be determine. Moreover, this
control chart can monitor process stability over time so that can identify and correct
instabilities in a process.

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REFERENCES

Bruvold WH, Ongerth HJ. Taste quality of mineralized water. Journal of the American
Water Works Association, 1969, 61:170.

Foster, S. (2004). Managing Quality : An Integrative Approach, 2nd Edition. . London:

Upper Saddle River.

Xbar-S chart. (2011, April 6th ). Retrieved from Analyse-it: https://analyse-

it.com/docs/user-guide/processcontrol/xbar-s
APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Selected Data for the X-Chart & S-Chart from the Total Dissolved Solids in
Selected Location
 Appendix 2: Location of the Study

X-CHART & S-CHART SAMPLE DATA

Table 3.1: Sample References
Sample 1 Sungai Labis, Johor Sample 2 Sungai Jemaluang, Johor
Sample 3 Sungai Muar, Johor Sample 4 Sungai Neggiri, Kelantan
Sample 5 Sungai Lebir, Kelantan Sample 6 Sungai Pergau, Kelantan
Sample 7 Sungai Lanas, Kelantan Sample 8 Sungai Golok (Jenub), Kelantan
Sample 9 Sungai Golok (Rantau Sample 10 Sungai Langat, Selangor
Panjang), Kelantan
Sample 11 Sungai Lui, Selangor Sample 12 Sungai Selangor (Rantau
Panjang), Selangor
Sample 13 Sungai Selangor (Rasa), Sample 14 Sungai Bernam (Ulu Ibu),
Selangor Selangor
Sample 15 Sungai Bernam (Tanjung Sample 16 Sungai Bernam (Jambatan
Malim), Selangor SKC), Selangor

Table 3.1: Sample Data

No. of sample x s (x-mean)2
1 23.00 1.50 2.25
2 11.00 -10.50 110.25
3 22.00 0.50 0.25
4 26.00 4.50 20.25
5 19.00 -2.50 6.25
6 26.00 4.50 20.25
7 24.00 2.50 6.25
8 20.00 -1.50 2.25
9 23.00 1.50 2.25
10 30.00 8.50 72.25
11 25.00 3.50 12.25
12 27.00 5.50 30.25
13 15.00 -6.50 42.25
14 18.00 -3.50 12.25
15 18.00 -3.50 12.25
16 17.00 -4.50 20.25

Sum 344.00 0.00 372.00

Count (n) 16.00 16.00 16.00
Average (mean) 21.50
Variance (S2) 24.80
Standard Deviation (s) 4.98