Referências bibliográficas

Fibras de carbono

The processing, properties, and structure of carbon fibers

JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society
Volume 57, Number 2 / February, 2005
Overview
Marilyn MInus1 and Satish Kumar1
(1) School of Polymer, Textile and Fiber Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,
Georgia
Abstract This paper reviews the processing, properties, and structure of
carbon fibers. Carbon fibers are derived from several precursors, with
polyacrylonitrile being the predominant precursor used today. Carbon fibers
have high strength (3–7 GPa), high modulus (200–500 GPa), compressive
strength (1–3 GPa), shear modulus (10–15 GPa), and low density (1.75–
2.00 g/cm3). Carbon fibers made from pitch can have modulus, thermal,
and electrical conductivities as high as 900 GPa, 1,000 W/mK, and 106 S/m,
respectively. These fibers have become a dominant material in the
aerospace industry and their use in the automotive and other industries is
growing as their cost continues to come down.

Nanotube composite carbon fibers

R Andrews, D Jacques, AM Rao, T Rantell, F Derbyshire, Y Chen, J Chen, RC Haddon - 1999 -
Applied Physics Letters

Nanotube composite carbon fibers

Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 1329 (1999)

Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were dispersed in isotropic petroleum pitch matrices
to form nanotube composite carbon fibers with enhanced mechanical and electrical properties.
We find that the tensile strength, modulus, and electrical conductivity of a pitch composite fiber
with 5 wt % loading of purified SWNTs are enhanced by ~ 90%, ~ 150%, and 340% respectively,
as compared to the corresponding values in unmodified isotropic pitch fibers. These results
serve to highlight the potential that exits for developing a spectrum of material properties through
the selection of the matrix, nanotube dispersion, alignment, and interfacial bonding.

Carbon
Volume 39, Issue 11, September 2001, Pages 1681-1687

Purification and structural annealing of multiwalled carbon

nanotubes at graphitization temperatures

, ,a
R. Andrews , D. Jacquesa, D. Qianb and E. C. Dickeyb
a
Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive,
Lexington, KY 40511-8410, USA b Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering,
University of Kentucky, 177 Anderson Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0046, USA

Abstract

In this work, we present a systematic study of the effects of graphitization on the

structural perfection of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. High purity nanotubes
were produced by a low temperature CVD method and subsequently annealed
at temperatures between 1600 and 3000°C. The nanotubes were characterized
for chemical purity, interlayer spacing, and defect healing. The graphitization
procedure was found to remove residual metal catalyst in the nanotubes and
reduce the wall defects as reflected in a reduced interlayer spacing between the
graphene shells. Graphitization presents a low-cost, commercially viable
method of purifying and ordering multiwall carbon nanotubes.

Author Keywords: A. Carbon nanotubes; B. Graphitization; C. X-ray

diffraction; Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

1. Introduction
2. Experimental
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Residual iron content
3.2. XRD analysis
3.3. TEM and micro-diffraction analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References

Vapor grown carbon fiber composites with epoxy and poly (phenylene ...
RD Patton, CU Pittman, Jr, L Wang, JR Hill - 1999 - Composites Part A
Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing
Volume 30, Issue 9, September 1999, Pages 1081-1091

Vapor grown carbon fiber composites with epoxy and

poly(phenylene sulfide) matrices
R. D. Patton1, , a, C. U. Pittman, Jr. , ,b
, L. Wang2, , c and J. R. Hilla

a
Mississippi State University, Department of Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 9573, Mississippi
State, MS 39762, USA b Mississippi State University, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
P.O. Box ME, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA c Mississippi State University, Department of
Chemistry, P.O. Box 9595, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA

Abstract

Vapor grown carbon fibers (VGCF, Pyrograf III™ from Applied Sciences, Inc.),
with 100–300 nm diameters and 10–100 μm lengths, were formulated in
various fiber volume fractions into epoxy (thermoset) and into poly(phenylene
sulfide) (thermoplastic) composites. Increases in stiffness were observed as
with previous VGCF/organic matrix composites. Large increases in flexural
strengths were achieved in both systems demonstrating for the first time that
discontinuous randomly oriented Pyrograf III™ can give strength increases and
has substantial potential as a reinforcement in composites. Here-to-fore,
addition of VGCF caused strength decreases. Voids, residual thermal strains
(as the fiber surface area is 35 times greater than 7 μm-diameter PAN fiber),
or uncertainties about fiber strength, fiber–matrix bonding and the degree of
fiber dispersion, could cause losses of strength. Thermal conductivity properties
of VGCF/ABS (acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene from GE Plastics) and
VGCF/epoxy composites with various fiber volume fractions were measured.
Thermal conductivity increased with an increase in fiber volume fraction.
However, these increases were not significant enough to make these VGCF
fiber/organic matrix composites candidates for thermally conductive materials.

Polymer Composites
Volume 18 Issue 1, Pages 100 - 113
A review of methods for improving the interfacial adhesion between
carbon fiber and polymer matrix
Long-Gui Tang, John L. Kardos
Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Washington University,
St. Louis, Missouri 63130

ABSTRACT
The interfacial properties between carbon fibers and surrounding matrix of a composite are
drastically affected by interfacial structure. This structure mainly relates to the surface physico-
chemistry of the fiber, which includes its surface chemical groups and microstructure,
morphology, surface area, and surface free energy. These properties can be changed by
various surface treatments, including various dry and wet oxidation steps, plasma treatment,
electrodischarge, and fiber sizing or coating. These methods improve the interfacial properties
significantly and synergistically, although each treatment has its specific application area.

Carbon Volume 39, Issue 8, July 2001, Pages 1119-1125

Review article
Comparison of submicron-diameter carbon filaments and conventional
carbon fibers as fillers in composite materials
,
D. D. L. Chung
Composite Materials Research Laboratory, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
14260-4400, USA

Abstract
This review provides a comparison of submicron-diameter carbon filaments and conventional
carbon fibers as fillers in composite materials. Carbon filaments (0.1 μm diameter, catalytically
grown) are superior to conventional carbon fibers (discontinuous) as a filler in providing
polymer–matrix and cement–matrix composites for electromagnetic performance, but are
inferior to the fibers as a filler for composites for electrical and mechanical performance.
Concerning the electromechanical behavior, the filaments are inferior to the fibers for cement–
matrix composites, but are superior to the fibers for polymer–matrix composites.
Author Keywords: A. Carbon fibers; Carbon filaments; Carbon composites; D. Mechanical
properties; Electrical (electronic) properties
1. Introduction
2. Carbon filament description
3. Carbon filament composite processing
4. Mechanical behavior
5. Electrical behavior
6. Electromagnetic behavior
7. Electromechanical behavior
8. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 36, No. 24, 2713-2733 (2002)
Degradation of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites by Ultraviolet
Radiation and Condensation
Bhavesh G. Kumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794,
USA
Raman P. Singh
Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794,

USAraman.singh@sunysb.edu
Toshio Nakamura
Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794,
USA
The degradation of an IM7/997 carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy exposed to ultraviolet radiation
and/or condensation has been characterized. Based on observations of physical and chemical
degradation it has been established that these environments operate in a synergistic manner
that causes extensive erosion of the epoxy matrix, resulting in a reduction in mechanical
properties. Matrix dominated properties are affected the most, with the transverse tensile
strength decreasing by 29% after only 1000 h of cyclic exposure to UV radiation and
condensation. While, the longitudinal fiber-dominated properties are not affected for the
exposure durations investigated, it has been noted that extensive matrix erosion would
ultimately limit effective load transfer to the reinforcing fibers and lead to the deterioration of
mechanical properties even along the fiber dominated material direction.
Key Words: carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy • environmental degradation • ultraviolet radiation •
condensation • mechanical properties • tensile strength

Carbon
Volume 33, Issue 11, 1995, Pages 1627-1631
Use of submicron diameter carbon filaments for reinforcement between
continuous carbon fiber layers in a polymer-matrix composite
Steven W. Hudnut and D. D. L. Chung
Composite Materials Research Laboratory, State University of New York at
Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-4400, U.S.A.
Abstract
The incorporation of 0.1–0.2 μm diameter carbon filaments (0.6 vol.%) between
continuous carbon fiber (7 μm diameter, 56.5 vol.%) layers in an epoxy-matrix
composite during composite fabrication was found under flexure to greatly
increase transverse and longitudinal tan δ values, increase the storage modulus
in the transverse direction, slightly decrease the storage modulus in the
longitudinal direction, and increase both longitudinal and transverse loss moduli
to values as high as 2 GPa.
Author Keywords: Carbon filaments; carbon fibers; polymer-matrix composite;
vibration; damping; modulus

Materials Science and Engineering A

Volume 385, Issues 1-2, 15 November 2004, Pages 175-181
Investigation of the dispersion process of SWNTs/SC-15 epoxy
resin nanocomposites
,
Yu-Hsuan Liao, Olivier Marietta-Tondin, Zhiyong Liang , Chuck Zhang
and Ben Wang
Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Florida Advanced Center for
Composite Technologies (FAC2T), Florida A and M University, Florida State University College
of Engineering 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32310-6046, USA

Abstract
Due to their exceptional mechanical and functional properties, carbon nanotubes are considered
by many researchers as one of the most promising reinforcement for the next generation of
high-performance nanocomposites. Currently, nanotube dispersion is the most critical issue for
developing high-performance carbon nanotube-reinforced composites. In this research,
considerable improvements of the nanotube dispersion in single-walled carbon nanotube
(SWNT)/SC-15 epoxy resin nanocomposites were obtained through the use of tip sonication
and the addition of acetone. Using different dispersion formulations and processing parameters,
several nanocomposites samples containing 0.5 wt.% nanotubes were fabricated. Significant
improvements in the mechanical properties of the resulting nanocomposites were illustrated by
a 50.8% increase in the storage modulus. The significant improvements of nanotube dispersion
and mechanical performance were attributed to the combined use of tip sonication and acetone
as dispersion aids during sample processing.
Keywords: Nanocomposites; SWNT; Dispersion; Mechanical properties
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Experiments
2.1. Materials and processing parameters
2.2. Fabricating procedure for casting nanocomposite samples
2.3. Characterization
3. Results and discussion
3.1. DMA analysis
3.1.1. Tip sonication
3.1.2. Bath sonication
3.1.3. Bath sonication/tip sonication interaction
3.1.4. Surfactant
3.1.5. Acetone
3.2. Observation of nanotube dispersion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References

Surface modification of textile fibers for improvement of adhesion to polymeric

matrices: a review
Luo, Shijian; Van Ooij, Wim J.
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, Volume 16, Number 13, 2002 , pp.
1715-1735(21)
Surface treatments have long been utilized to modify the chemical and physical
structures of the surface layers of textile fibers, thus improving the properties of fibers
in many applications. This review discusses the feasibility and characteristics of
different methods of surface modification of polymeric textile fibers, focusing on
tailoring fiber-matrix bond strength in fiber-reinforced composite materials. The
influence of various treatments on the chemical and mechanical properties of different
fibers is discussed. Some very recent developments in surface modification of textile
fibers are highlighted.

Electrically conductive cement-based materials

Author(s): D. D. L. Chung 1

Advances in Cement Research Volume: 16 | Issue: 4

Cover date: October 2004
Page(s): 167-176

Abstract
Electrically conductive cement-based materials are useful for electrical grounding, lightning
protection, resistance heating, static charge dissipation, electromagnetic interference (EMI)
shielding, cathodic protection, and thermoelectric energy generation. The science and
applications of electrically conductive cement-based materials are reviewed. In addition, a
comparative study of the effectiveness of various electrically conductive admixtures
(discontinuous forms of steel and carbon) for lowering the electrical resistivity of cement shows
that the effectiveness decreases in the order: steel fibre of diameter 8 µm, steel fibre of
diameter 60 µm, carbon fibre of diameter 15 µm, carbon nanofibre of diameter 0·1 µm, coke
powder (< 75 µm) and graphite powder (< 1 µm). For EMI shielding, the effectiveness
decreases in the order: steel fibre of diameter 8 µm, coke powder (< 75 µm), carbon nanofibre
of diameter 0·1 µm, graphite powder (< 1 µm), steel fibre of diameter 60 µm, carbon fibre of
diameter 15 µm, and steel dust of size 0·55 mm. By using steel fibre (8 µm diameter) at 0·72
vol.%, a resistivity of 16 Ω cm and an EMI shielding effectiveness of 59 dB (1 GHz) were
attained. The carbon admixtures cause the absolute thermoelectric power to be more positive,
whereas the steel admixtures can cause the absolute thermoelectric power to be more positive
or more negative. In particular, steel fibre of diameter 60 µm at 0·2 vol.% causes the absolute
thermoelectric power to be strongly negative (−63 µV/°C). Moisture loss has no effect on the
absolute thermoelectric power, but increases the resistivity.

This article has been cited by:

1. Activation energy and conduction in carbon fibre reinforced cement matrices.
W. J. McCarter, G. Starrs, T. M. Chrisp, P. F. G. Banfill.
Journal of Materials Science | Volume: 42 | Issue: 6 | Pps: 2200
CrossRef
2. Numerical assessment of the methods of measurement of the electrical resistance in carbon
fiber reinforced cement.
Sirong Zhu, D D L Chung.
Smart Materials and Structures | Volume: 16 | Issue: 4 | Pps: 1164
CrossRef

Microscopy and Microanalysis (2002), 8 (Suppl. 02) : 1254-1255 Cambridge University Press
Copyright © 2002 Microscopy Society of America

Contributed Paper
Physical Sciences Symposia - Microstructural Examination and Imagery of Engineering
Materials

Cross-Sectional Examination of Crystallinity of Carbon

Fibers by Transmission Electron Microscopy
Z. P. Luo , Jiwoong Sue
a1 a1
, Ozden Ochoa a1
and Andreas Holzenburg a1

a1
Texas A&M University

Carbon
Volume 42, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 727-736
Synthesis of carbon nanotubes on Ni/carbon-fiber catalysts
under mild conditions
, ,a
Kiyoshi Otsuka , Yoshimune Abe a, Nobuhiro Kanai a, Yoji Kobayashi a, Sakae
Takenaka a and Eishi Tanabe b
a
Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo
Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan b Hiroshima Prefectural
Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-10-32, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-
0046, Japan

Abstract
Methane, n-hexane, benzene, and cyclopentadiene were decomposed at a relatively mild
temperature (773 K) over a Ni catalyst supported on either vapor grown carbon fibers (VGCF) or
graphitized carbon fibers (GCF). Transmission electron microscopy showed that the morphology
of the fibers changed according to hydrocarbon and particle size. Decomposition of methane
and n-hexane produced fishbone-type fibers. The fibers from n-hexane sometimes showed
intermittent hollow structures but the diameters of the fibers were widely distributed.
Decomposition of benzene and cyclopentadiene mainly produced winding type carbon
nanotubes of relatively uniform diameters (10–20 nm). Bidirectional fishbone-type fibers (fibers
growing outward from a central catalyst particle) were also observed as a by-product. Small Ni
particles (10–20 nm) with stretched tails were present on the tips of tubular fibers, some of
which frequently changed growth direction. The varying tubular morphologies can be ascribed to
liquid-like Ni particles resulting from the freezing point depression due to a fast dissolution of
carbons during decomposition of benzene or cyclopentadiene. The formation of bidirectional
fibers was also observed in the decomposition of n-hexane. Relatively large well-faceted Ni
particles (diameter 50–110 nm) grew bidirectional fibers.
Author Keywords: Author Keywords: A. Carbon nanotubes, catalytically grown carbon and
carbon fibers; C. Transmission electron microscopy; D. Microstructure
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Experimental
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Carbon fibers from CH4 and n-hexane
3.2. Carbon fibers from cyclopentadiene
3.3. Carbon fibers from benzene
3.4. Bidirectional carbon fibers from benzene
3.5. Carbon fibers washed with HNO3 (aq)
3.6. Relative decomposition rates of hydrocarbons
3.7. Initial stage of carbon growth
3.8. Reaction mechanism for the formation of hollow structures
3.9. Concerning bidirectional carbon fibers
4. Conclusion
References

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Raton, FL, 1995. [ Links ]
6. McHugh, J.J. The Development of Orientation in Mesophase Pitch During Fiber
Formation (Carbon), PhD Thesis, Clemson University, USA, 1994. [ Links ]
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57, n. 11, p. 1553-1562, 1985. [ Links ]
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mesophase pitch-based fibers from DuPont: zones, folds, and disclinations",
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Internet

http://web.utk.edu/~mse/pages/Textiles/CARBON%20FIBERS.htm
Livros

Nanostructured Carbon for Advanced Applications: Proceedings of the NATO

Advanced Study Institute on Nanostructured Carbon for Advanced Applications
Por Giorgio Benedek, Paolo Milani, Victor G. Ralchenko, North Atlantic Treaty
Organization Scientific Affairs Division
Colaborador Giorgio Benedek, Paolo Milani, Victor G. Ralchenko
Publicado por Springer, 2001
ISBN 0792370414, 9780792370413
384 páginas

Carbon Fiber Composites

Por Deborah D. L. Chung
Publicado por Butterworth-Heinemann, 1994
ISBN 0750691697, 9780750691697
215 páginas

Carbon Filaments and Nanotubes: Common Origins, Differing Applications?

Por L. P. Biró, North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scientific Affairs Division,
Carlos A. Bernardo, G. G. Tibbetts, Ph Lambin
Colaborador L. P. Biró
Publicado por Springer, 2001
ISBN 0792369076, 9780792369073
366 páginas

High-performance Synthetic Fibers for Composites: Report of the Committee on

High-Performance Synthetic Fibers for Composites
Por R. Judd Diefendorf, National Research Council (U.S.). National Materials
Advisory Board, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on High-
Performance Synthetic Fibers for Composites
Publicado por National Academies Press, 1992
ISBN 0309043379, 9780309043373
129 páginas

Applied Polymer Science: 21st Century

Por Clara D. Craver, Charles E. Carraher
Colaborador Clara D. Craver, Charles E. Carraher
Publicado por Elsevier, 2000
ISBN 0080434177, 9780080434179
1072 páginas

Carbon Fibers
Por Jean-Baptiste Donnet, Tong Kuan Want, Serge Rebouillat, Jimmy C. M.
Peng
Colaborador Jean-Baptiste Donnet
Publicado por CRC Press, 1998
ISBN 0824701720, 9780824701727
573 páginas

Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes

Por R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus
Colaborador G. Dresselhaus
Publicado por Imperial College Press, 1998
ISBN 1860942237, 9781860942235
272 páginas

Fundamental Principles of Fiber Reinforced Composites

Por K. H. G. Ashbee
Publicado por CRC Press, 1993
ISBN 0877629234, 9780877629238
424 páginas