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This drawing shows the layout of all anchor bolts, it Adherence to anchor bolt setting tolerance is
is normally presented on one sheet, but for relatively important; deviation shall not exceed 6mm.
large buildings, this layout may be represented on
two or more sheets. Erection drawings are not
made to scale, so do not attempt to scale any
dimensions. All dimensions appear in millimeters
unless otherwise noted on the drawings.
5
Zamil Steel Pre-Engineered Buildings I Erection Manual
1.2 Cross-Section
CROSS SECTION
CROSS SECTION
1. Understanding the Engineering Documents
SIDWALL SHEETING
Other drawings may include crane beam layouts The sub total of weight and the total number
and details; Mezzanine layouts and details; of items is shown at the end of each sub-area.
and accessories such as Sliding Doors, Roll-up The last page indicates the total BOM quantity and
doors, Staircase Cage Ladders, Personnel doors, weight.
Windows, Louvers and Ventilators.
The BOM is a reference to the items shown on the
1.7 Bill of Materials (BOM) Erection Drawings and can be used to verify that all
items have been received at the site. It is also used
The BOM supplied with the Erection Drawings is to identify frame weights for crane capacities.
the Customer BOM.
The BOM has 9 columns indicating
The BOM begins with a cover sheet indicating the 1 - Line number
job number, building number and phase, customer 2 - Part number
name, location, and building size. The cover sheet 3 - Quantity
also shows the number of phases in the building, 4 - Revision number
any revisions, and special notes. 5 - Description of part
6 - Colour
The second page indicates the various sub-areas of 7 - Length of item
the phases. On the next page, the detailed BOM 8 - Weight of item
list of the items included in each phase begins. 9 - Total weight of line item
10
2
Preparation
for Erection
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Pre-Erection Checks
2.3 Receiving Materials at Site
2.4 Unloading Containers
(for Overseas Shipments)
11
Zamil Steel Pre-Engineered Buildings I Erection Manual
2.1 Introduction
Attach chains to the front of the skid in the Stacking on wooden planks
container, and then attach to the pulling vehicle.
Take up the strain on the chains, and steadily pull
the skid from the container. When the materials
are clear of the container, remove the skids from
the container floor.
Unloading containers
Zamil Steel Pre-Engineered Buildings I Erection Manual
3
Erection of
the Framing
14
3. Erection of the Framing
Prepare all materials for the first bay erection with Erect the first four columns at the braced bay.
permanent bracing, (braced bay). Identify the rafter Verify the part number and orientation, and
sections required by part number, assemble the position over the anchor bolts. Adjust the columns
rafter sections as near as possible to their intened for plumb by tightening or loosening the anchor
positions. The splice connections are made with bolt nuts (Step 1).
high strength bolts; the sizes are shown on the
drawing cross section, identified as S1, S2, and S3 Fix the wall girts to the columns for additional
etc. Tighten the splice bolts and check for correct stability. Girts are attached to the columns by mild
torque value using a calibrated torque wrench, or steel (MS) bolts.
by turn of nut method. Attach eave strut clips using
high strength bolts. Fix flange braces to the rafter Position the crane for lifting the assembled rafter
using machine bolts, the flange brace positions sections. Make sure that the ridge connection
and part numbers are shown on the drawing cross is torque-tightened (Step 2). Check that slings,
section. Flange braces are fitted on one side of chain and shackles are in good condition and of
the rafter only. For uniformity it is preferable to adequate capacity for the weight to be lifted. The
maintain the same side throughout the building. chains or slings should be long enough to provide
sufficient spread, at an angle of not less than
Attach temporary guy wires to the rafter, manila or 45 degrees. The spread of the slings is normally
nylon ropes are not recommended for temporary calculated by dividing the member length by
guying, they can stretch and break. They are also four, which will give the distance of the lifting
unsuitable for aligning purpoes. point from each end. This formula may require
some minor adjustment depending on the weight
Prepare the mobile crane and Forklift for erection.
15
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
3.1
3 1 First frame of braced bay 3.2
3 2 Second frame of braced bay 3.3 Roof purlins
Zamil Steel Pre-Engineered Buildings I Erection Manual
distribution and configuration of the rafter. Refer placed from the top, with the nut and washer on
to image 3.1. the underside. Hand-tighten the bolts. Ratchet
pullers are attached to the guy wires, which are
Flange clamps are a safe lifting device which also then connected to suitable stable objects, such as
minimizes damage to paint. When using clamps, anchor bolts. The rafter is now aligned by means
install temporary bolts in the purlins holes, or use of the guy wires and ratchet pullers. Once all guy
“G” clamps to prevent the clamps from sliding. If wires are in place it is safe to release the crane
clamps are not available, conventional slings may (Step 4).
be used, in which case timber or other protection
should be used on the flanges to prevent slipping Erect the second rafter and hold in place with the
and damage. crane, at the same time position the purlins and
bolt-up using mild steel bolts (Step 5). Connect
Commence lifting the rafter (Step 3). Previously the previously attached flange braces to the purlins
attached hand ropes will help to guide the rafter with mild steel bolts (Step 6). The eave strut should
to its position. Carefully lower the rafter to the also be installed at this stage, but unlike the purlins
column cap plates, and position it using spud the eave strut requires high strength bolts. Refer
wrenches. Spud wrenches are an invaluable tool to image 3.2.
for aligning members and holding in position
whilst bolting up.
16
Step 6
Step 5
Step 4
3.4 Roof bracing 3.5 Erect next bay 3.6 Erect remaining bays
3. Erection of the Framing
Complete the purlin installation and then install When the main frames are all completed, the
the diagonal bracing. Before tightening the end-wall framing is erected. Pre-assembly of
diagonal bracing, ensure that the lip of the hillside columns and girts on the ground saves time and
washer is correctly seated in the web slot. Adjust is more efficient. End-wall posts are connected
the tension of the bracing; at the same time adjust to the purlins by post spanners using high
the rafter alignment. The bracing shall be just strength bolts.
tight enough to eliminate visual sagging. In case
of portal bracing, it must also be erected before The complete frame should be checked for plumb
proueding in the other bay. For high endwalls use and alignment. Adjustments can be made by
temporary bracing during erection. Refer to image tightening or loosening bracing, or by ratchet
3.3 on the previous page. puller, to pull a misaligned frame into plumb.
After completion of all checking, bolt tightening
The completed braced bay should now be aligned. can commence. Air or electric impact wrenches
A theodolite should be used for plumbing, if may be used and checked with a torque wrench,
available, or for buildings of low eave height, a or they can be tightened manually using the
spirit level or plumb-bob may suffice (Step 7). “Turn of Nut Method” (preferred).
A tolerance of 1:300 is allowable in low rise
buildings. Refer to image 3.4. The Turn of Nut Method is achieved by bringing all
the bolts in the pattern to a snug tight position,
After completing the first bay alignment the high using a normal spud wrench. Match mark the
strength bolts at the knee connection shall be fully nuts against the connection plate, and then apply
tightened. Time spent on correct alignment of the a further one third turn to all the nuts.
first bay will reap benefits as work proceeds with
the remaining bays. Prior to sheeting, framed opening members for
sliding doors shall be installed; this includes door
The remaining bays are erected following the jambs, brackets and header.
same procedure (Step 8). All components shall
17 be installed as work progresses, including crane PLUMBING THE BRACED BAY
beams. Refer to image 3.5.
Step 7
Step 8
Zamil Steel Pre-Engineered Buildings I Erection Manual
3.3 Mezzanine Floors
It is important to advise the concreting crew about The following sketches show correct and incorrect
placement of concrete, particularly if a pump is to methods of support from rafters and purlins.
be used. The concrete should be evenly spread;
concentrated piles of wet concrete could cause
deformation in joists or decking, which could
lead to collapse. It is, sometimes advisable to use Rafters
temporary shoring at mid spans inorder to assure
straightness of finished concrete.
Make sure that the panel ribs are kept in a straight Double face tapes
line from eave to ridge. Use a chalk line tomark
the purlin location and maintain a straight line
of screws, thus avoiding mis-drilling and possible
leakage. End-laps have additional screws as
detailed on the drawing.
As work proceeds, it is important to keep the roof Upon completion of the roofing, gable trims are
area clean, a soft brush should always be readily installed. Outside foam closures are used against
available to sweep off drill swarf, metal filings the end-wall panel. The stitch screws securing the
or grinding dust, which will cause light surface gable trim also keep the foam closures in place.
corrosion if not removed.
Eave gutters are spliced using two runs of flowable
Stitch screws are fixed at panel side-laps at 500mm mastic and pop-rivets at 25 mm centres. The
centres, or as detailed. gutter is then hung by means of gutter straps
which are screwed through the roof panel with
suitable screws.
Where interior liner panel is detailed, a base angle Fascia posts are bolted to brackets. Fascia girts are
is fixed to the floor as for the external panels. then attached to the posts. The girts consist of “C”
It shall be positioned 200 mm away from the and “Z” sections, which must be correctly aligned
exterior base angle. The liner panels are pre cut and levelled before commencing sheeting the
to length, but may require cutting vertically at fascia. Use temporary props if necessary. Prepare
columns, depending on the bay width. Closure the sheeting by installing the sill trim on the
trims are fitted at columns, and a head trim along bottom girt.
the top of the panel. Trims are fixed with 4.8 x 20
stitch screws, the panels with 5.5 x 25 self drilling Check the starting dimension from the corner of
screws. Sliding doors leafs are assembled on the framing. Set up the first panel. Clamp it with
the floor. The framing members are connected vice grips when adjusted to its correct position.
by mild steel bolts and clips. The sheeting is fixed Mark the girt line with a chalk line and then screw
before hanging the door. The trolley trucks are the panel to the girt.
located in the top member of the door leafs. The
adjusting nuts on the trolley trucks should be Continue installing panels on each elevation
set equally, final adjustments can be made after until sheeting is completed. The back-up panels
hanging the doors. are installed next; they are attached to the top
girt, and overlap the valley gutter at the base.
Once the doors are hung and positioned over The external corner trims are installed using 4.8
the bottom door guide, the stoppers, the landles x 20 stitch screws. The Cap flashing can now be
and the door hood are installed. Note that there installed using 4.8 x 20 stitch screws. Make sure
are two types of hood trim. One fits behind the that the flashing slopes into the building as shown
sheeting in the door opening, and the other fits in on the drawing. The overlapping joints of the
front of the sheeting on each side of the opening. flashing should be sealed with flowable mastic.
Complete details are on the drawing. Bottom
running doors are also available. The soffit panel edge trim is fitted to the wall
panel, make sure that it is level with the sill trim,
and is levelled around the building. Starting the 24
soffit in the correct place is important, if the soffit
panel and wall/fascia sheets are the same type,
the ribs should be aligned. Align the ribs, and fix
the panels as shown in the detail. Corner panels
should be mitred equally.
5
Care &
Handling
of Sheeting
Care should be taken in walking on roof panels. Stand away from high corrugations
Workers on the roof should use soft footwear.
Metal studs or heel tips will cause damage to the
painted panels.
For achieving a quality job, use a screwgun with a Brushing metal chips
depth locator or torque adjuster, this will ensure
correct fixing of fasteners.
5.1.1 Unloading
5.1.2 Storage
5.1.3 Handling
On completion, the sheeted area should be 1. Erection shall start from a braced bay and
inspected. Any ferrous objects such as pop-rivet the bracing shall be fixed before proceeding
stalks, bolts, nails, screws etc. left on the roofing to the other bays.
should be removed.
2. Purlins and girts shall be immediately fixed
Any accidental scratches or minor damage should to each erected bay to maintain the building
be touched-up with the appropriate paint. The stability during erection
area should be left clean.
3. Always check the starting position of roof
5.1.6 Paint Repair panels.
For minor scratches, a small brush can be used 4. Panels should be plumbed and held in place
to apply touch-up paint of matching color to the by Vice Grips before screwing.
damaged area.
5. The panel gauge should be marked on the
If damage has affected the galvanized coating, sheeting notch.
then the damaged area should be coated with
special primer followed by a special polyurethane 6. A line should be used to maintain a straight
finish coat. sheeting line at the eave.
5.2 Water Test Procedures for Roofing 7. A chalk line should be used to ensure the
screws are installed in a straight line, and
There is really no better way of water testing a avoid mis-drilling.
roof than actual rainfall, as to simulate even fall or
wind blown rain is impossible. 8. Roof sheets should be undamaged.
If medium to heavy rain has fallen after completion 9. Bead mastic must be carefully placed over the
of roofing, and no leakage is visible then the roof corrugations at end laps. 28
should be considered tested and satisfactory.
10. Insulation should be neatly folded at the
If the roofing has been completed during a dry base angle and eave. It can never be neatly
season, and testing is required, then the following cut off afterwards.
test can be carried out:
11. Pre-drilling is required when using stainless
A 25 to 30mm diameter hose will be required with steelfastner.
sufficient mains pressure, or a tank and electric
pump. Two tests can be done.
Now that your Zamil Steel Building is complete, t 1SFWFOUJWF NBJOUFOBODF TIBMM DPNNFODF
we recommend that you follow our simple immediately after a project is erected or
maintenance recommendations. By doing so modified.
you will substantially enhance the life of your
investment. t %FCSJT BOE TNBMM JUFNT TVDI BT TDSFXT
QPQ
rivets, drill bits or any ferrous object shall be
The frequency of maintenance is dependent removed by sweeping with a soft nylon brush.
upon the environmental zone in which the Large items such as sheet metal cut-offs shall be
building is located. The table below contains removed by hand to avoid damaging the surface
the recommended maintenance frequencies for of the roof panels. Such debris shall be removed
different building locations. after any trade (e.g., electricians, plumbers, air
conditioning technicians, steel erectors, etc.)
has worked on the roof.
Maintenance
Building Location t4BOEBOEEVTUSFUBJOTBMUBOENPJTUVSF
XIJDI
Frequency
will eventually breakdown the paint and zinc
layers, resulting in corrosion of the base metal.
Within 5 km of the sea Every 3 months Sand and dust shall be removed by washing
with clean potable water and a soft nylon brush,
working from the highest point to the lowest,
High pollution industrial area Every 3 months followed by a final rinse using a hose and clean
potable water.
Medium pollution industrial area Every 4 months
t 5IF NPTU WVMOFSBCMF BSFBT PG UIF CVJMEJOH BSF
gutters, roof sheets, sheltered areas under eaves
Areas of high humidity Every 4 months or canopies and upper portions of walls or roof
extensions.
30
Low pollution industrial area Every 6 months t 'PSCVJMEJOHTMPDBUFEJOIJHIQPMMVUJPOJOEVTUSJBM
areas, or close to marine environments, water
alone may not be sufficient to remove saline
Dry desert regions Every 6 months deposits that have become encrusted on the
panels.
t &RVJQNFOU
XIJDIJTMPDBUFEUISPVHIPSBEKBDFOU
to roof or wall panels may cause moisture
build up on or near the panel. The following
conditions shall be avoided:
- Water run-off from air conditioning units
- Open water storage tanks adjacent to panels
- Steam outlets
- Acid storage
- Copper pipes fastened to steel panels
t #VJMEJOHTXJUI$SBOFT
- Every 6 months check that all bracing is tight
31 - Check that all high strenght bolts in the crane
beams and the main frame connections are
tight
t 1FSTPOOFM%PPST
- Lubricate hinges and lockset
- Remove dirt and girt from the threshould
- Ensure that the door cannor swing back and
strike the wall panels, as this will sprain the
hinges and damage the panel
t 4MJEJOH%PPS
- Regularly clean the bottom guide to recove
sand and stones
t 3PMMVQ%PPST
- Clean and lubricate the chain and reduction
drive gears
t 1PXFS7FOUT
- Clean fan blades to remove build-up of dust
and dirt
7.1 Make daily check on all lifting equipment. 7.11 Ensure that high strength bolts are used
where indicated.
7.2 Make daily checks on all lifting slings,
check forfraying and kinking. 7.12 Ensure that high strength bolts are 32
correctly tightened.
7.3 Check that all access equipment is in
good condition, including scaffolding and 7.13 Maintain a clean and tidy site, thus
ladders. avoiding material loss or accidents.
7.4 Check weather conditions, strong winds 7.14 Tie down sheeting once the bundle is
are dangerous during erection and opened.
sheeting.
7.15 Sweep roof sheeting at the end of each
7.5 Check for overhead electric lines before day work, drill swarf will corrode the
moving in with a crane. panels if not removed.
7.6 Check that all erectors have the correct 7.16 When walking on the roof, step in the
personal safety equipment, hard hats, valley of the panels, not the ribs.
boots, safety harness etc.
7.17 If when waking on the roof step on the
7.7 Check electric cables for hand tools, purlinlines
discard frayed or split cables.
7.18 Use the correct tools for the job, wrong
7.8 Ensure that there are sufficient guy wires tools will damage materials and produce
on site for temporary bracing. poor quality.
7.9 Ensure that erection always starts at a 7.19 Do not step on the skylights while working
braced bay. on the roof
7.10 Ensure that permanent bracing and flange 7.20 Finally, acquire contractors all Risk
stays are installed as work proceeds. Insurance;
8
Quality
Control
a. ITP - Inspection and Testing Program Erection shall not start without:
(Attachment I, 2 pages) t 5IFTVCNJTTJPOPGUIF2VBMJUZ1MBO
t *EFOUJGZJOHBEFEJDBUFE2VBMJUZBOE
b. Erection Inspection Check list - EICL Safety Person
(Attachment II, 3 pages) t $POEVDUJOHB1SF*OTQFDUJPO.FFUJOH1*.
Mobile Crane
Forklift
Forklift are ideal for unloading tralers, for meterial handling on site,
and in certain cases, for the erection of the main frames. Buildings
up to 6m eave height can be erected by rough terrain forklifts with
a 3-stage mast and a capacity of at least 3 MT. By attaching a man
platform, forklifts can be used for fixing wall sheeting, eave gutters,
trims, etc.
Telescopic Handler
Telescopic handlers are even more versatile than forklifts. They can
be used for many different operations of a construction site. Having
35 a wide range of accessories, they can be used for building erection
and other general construction work.
Scissor Lift
Scissor lifts are suitable for use on level, paved areas for fixing roof
liner panels. They are also very useful for other purposes such as
electromechanical works.
Lifting Beam
Guy Wires
Clamps
Shackles
Shackles are used for connecting slings and / or guy wires. Note:
Shackles shall have the safe working load (S.W.L) clearly stamped
on them.
Clips
Clips are used for making eyes in guy wires or for adjusting their
lengths.
9. Basic Erection Equipment
Ratchet Puller
Ratchet & Tirfor pullers are used for tensioning the guy wires that
are used in temporary bracing and aligment of the building. Various
capacities of ratchet pullers are avialable.Normally one ton capacity
pullers are adequate for bracing and aligning most pre-engineered
buildings. Heavy duty pullers, Tirfors, are available when extra
capacity is required.
Access towers are mobile work platforms, useful for sheeting walls
and installing wall accessories and trims.
Ladders
Generator
Screw Gun
Electric screw guns are necessary for installing self drilling fastners
in roofs. In order to avoid over-tightening of the screws, screw guns
should have either torque or depth controls. The recommened
speed is 0 to 2000 RPM (revolutions per minute).
Zamil Steel Pre-Engineered Buildings I Erection Manual
Nibbler
Grinder
Note: Sheeting shall not be cut with angle grinders. Angle grinders
produce rough and unsightly cuts, which will very quickly corrode.
Hammer Drill
Hole Cutter
Impact Wrench
The impact wrench is used for tightening high strength nuts and
bolts of the main frames. Both pneumatic and electric models are
available. Pneumatic models are heavy duty wrenches and are
suibable for the large diameter bolts. An air compressor is required
when using a pneumatic model.
9. Basic Erection Equipment
Electric Shear
Electrical shears produce a clean cut in flat sheet. They are not
suitable for cutting over corrugations of panels.
A heavy duty slow speed drill with a tapered reamer is used for
enlarging holes in steel members, if needed. The recommended
speed of the drill is 0 to 500 RPM (revolutions per minute).
Reciprocating Saw
Drill 10 mm
Powder actuated tools are used for fixing base angles to floor slabs
or tie beams. They can also be used to fix steel decking panels to
mazzanine joists.
Pop rivet pullers are used for fixing pop rivets in trims and gutter
joints.
Zamil Steel Pre-Engineered Buildings I Erection Manual
Aviation Snips
(Left & Right Cut) Aviation snips are used for cutting trims and
small openings in sheet panels. This method of cutting produces a
very clean cut, which will not rust. They provide a fine control for
intricate cuts.
Vice Grips
Vice grips have many uses as a “third hand” and are essential to
clamp sheets and trims while fixing the screws or rivets.
Torque Wrench
Ratchet Spanner
Staple Applicator
Utility Knife
Hacksaw
Mastic Gun
Mastic guns are required for the application of the flowable mastic,
which is commonly used for sealing gutter joints and overlapping
flashing.
Spud Wrench
Spud wrenches are used during erection to align holes in two steel
members and to tighten the bolts. Various sizes of spud wrenches
are required that would suit the bolt sizes.
Drift Pin
Drift pins are used to align holes in two steel members. They can be
hammered if additional force is needed.
41
Miscellaneous Tools
A tool belt & bolt bag provides a safe and convenient way of
carrying tools and bolts.
Chalk Line
Chalk lines are used for marking staight lines on the panel along the
position of purlins and girts. The marked line identifies the position
of the screws.
Zamil Steel Pre-Engineered Buildings I Erection Manual
9.3. Measuring & Surveying Equipment
Plumb Bob
Theodolite
Automatic Level 42
Automatic levels are used to check the elevation of anchor bolts,
the finished floor level and the base plates of columns.
Spirit Level
Spirit levels are used for leveling individual components and for
plumbing.
Welding Hood
Goggles
Gloves
43
Safety Boots
Hard Hat
44
Ear Protection
Welding Machine
Electric welding machines are used for light duty welding such as
tack welding of light guage steel members.
Attachment I
47
48
Attachment II
49
50
Attachment III
51
52
53
Zamil Steel Pre-Engineered Buildings I Erection Manual
Attachment IV
54
Anchor Bolts whenever not supplied by Zamil should be of the sizes shown on Zamil’s Anchor Bolt Erection drawing and of a
quality to resist column reactions given.
Material should conform to ASTM A 36M (or Equivalent) (36 KSI=2500 kg/am2 Min, yeld) of equivalent, unless otherwise
specified. Embedment lengths are base on a minimum concrete compressive strength of 3 KSI = 200 kg/cm2 at 28 days.
Anchor bolts shall be accurately set as shown on Anchor Bolt plan with a tolerance of 2mm within a set.
Note:
1. All reinforcing steel for foundation walls and footings, tie rods, plywood template, mesh or any materials used
specifically for concrete application shall be designed by professional foundation engineer and supplied by others.
2. Foundation contractor shall fill all voids in concrete slab perimeter wall prior to erection of building. Placed fill shall
be properly compacted in layers and controlled moisture.
Glossary
Accessories : Additions to the basic building, such as doors, windows, louvers, ventilators etc.
Anchor Bolts : Hooked bolts cast in concrete foundations for anchorage of structural members.
Base Angle : Countinuous angle fixed to floor slab or grade beam for attachment of all panels.
Base Plate : The plate of a column or beam which rests on the supporting surface.
Brace Rods : Rods placed diagonally in roof and walls for transferring wind loads to
foundations and stabilizing the building.
Bridge Crane : Overhead travelling crane supported on beams and rails.
Built-up Member : (B.U.) Structural member formed by welding together web and flange plates.
Closure : (Foam Closure) Profiled foam material used inside or outside profiled roof or
wall panels to form weathertight seal.
Cold Formed : Various steel shapes manufactured by roll-forming or pressing.
Crain Rails : Rails welded or bolted to crane beams to form the track for bridge crane wheels.
Eave Height : Height from top of eave strut to finished floor level.
Eave Strut : Structural member at the eave which supports roof and wall panels.
Flange Brace : An angle from the flange of columns or rafters to girts and purlins to provide
lateral support and stability.
Girt : Secondary horizontal member to which wall panels are attached, usually cold
formed “Z”.
Grout : Non-shrinking sand cement mixture used under base plates to obtain uniform
bearing surface.
Zamil Steel Pre-Engineered Buildings I Erection Manual
Haunch : Intersection of column and rafter.
Mazzanine : Intermediate floor between ground floor and first floor or roof. 56
Mono-Slope : Single slope roof.
Pop Rivet : Used for joining flashing and light guage metal trims.
Portal Frame : Column and beam bracing used in lieu of standard rod bracing to prvide
clear access.
Post & Beam (P&B) : Light end wall framing.
Primer Paint : Factory applied paint to structural members providing protection during
shipping and erection.
Purlin : Secondary horizontal member to which roof panels are attached usually
cold formed “Z”.
Rafter : Primary member supported on columns.
Rigid Frame (R.F.) : Main frame of the building comprising columns and rafters
Secondary Framing : Secondary members of framing such as girts, purlins, eave struts etc.
S.D.S. : Self drilling screw - used for attaching panels and trims to girts and purlins.
Pre-drilling is not necessary.
S.T.S. : Self tapping screw. Same function as S.D.S. but needs pre-drilled holes.
Shims : Small steel plates used for levelling base plates or packing between
structural members.
Sill : The bottom horizontal member of a door or windows opening.
Skylight : Translucent fibreglass panel used in the roof to transmit natural light.
ASSY : Assembly
BT PLT : Bent Plate
BOTT’M : Bottom
CC : Center to Center
CONC : Concrete
CL : Centre Line
DET : Detail
DRG : Drawing
DSD : Double Slide Door
EW : End Wall
EXP’N : Expansion
FO : Framed Opening
FNB : Fin Neck Bolt
HSB : High Strength Bolt
INT : Internal/Interior
LG : Long
MB : Machine Bolt
NS/FS : Near Side / Far Side
OA : Overall
OC : On Centre 58
O/O : Out to Out
PL-PLT : Plate
P&B : Post and Beam
R.F. : Rigid Frame
RUD : Roll-Up Door
SHT : Sheet
SHT’G : Sheeting
SDS : Self Drilling Screw
STS : Self Tapping Screw
SSD : Single Slide Door
STIFF : Stiffener
SW : Sidewall
TC : Tempcon
THK : Thick
TYP : Typical
TYP UN : Typical Unless Noted
ZS : Zamil Steel
HEAD OFFICE: PO Box 877 Dammam 31421 Saudi Arabia Phone (966 3) 847 1840 Fax (966 3) 847 1291
FACTORIES: Saudi Arabia, Ras Al-Khaimah, Egypt, India, Vietnam (North & South)