Adventist University of the Philippines

ACADEMY
Putingkahoy, Silang, Cavite

HANDS-OUT IN ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE

Lesson 1: Introduction to Electricity

Meaning of Electricity- is an invisible form of energy which is capable of producing heat, light and
power.

Technical terms:

Current- the flow of electrons along a conductor.

Electrons- are negatively charged particles moving along a conductor.
Resistance- opposes or regulates the flow of current.
Voltage- responsible in pushing the flow of electric current.
Conductors- are materials which conduct or allow the flow of electric current.
Load- any device that consumes electric current.
Source- where current comes from.
Switch- any device use to open and close the circuit.
Fuse/Circuit breaker- protective device that protects the circuit from burning due to short
circuit or overload.
Short circuit- is an accident connection of two bare conductors.
Insulators- are materials used to cover or protect electrical conductors to avoid from being
shock.

COMMON ELECTRICAL TOOLS

Screw driver - (Flat and Philip) is used for tightening and loosening screw heads
Stubby screwdriver- has short shank and handle used to turn screws in tight places.
Electrical pliers- used for holding electrical wire to be twisted and joint.
Diagonal cutter - used for cutting and splitting electrical wires
Long nose pliers - used for cutting and forming loop in electrical installation.
Claw hammer - used for driving and pulling nails.
Ball-peen hammer - used to pound concrete, hammer the head of masonry chisels,
and to bore holes in concrete.
Mallet - rubber or plastic head used to hammer soft objects.
Wire stripper - used to remove insulator at the tip of the wire.
Hack saw - used for cutting polyvinyl chloride pipes.
Multi-tester - used for measuring resistance, current, voltage and continuity of conductor.
Zigzag rule - used for measuring electrical works and materials.
Fish tape - used to pull stranded or solid wire through metal or PVC conduit.
Push-pull rule - use to measure heights for switches and outlets. You will also need it to
center lighting fixture
boxes.
Channel lock pliers - used to take knockouts out of the boxes, tighten down Romex connectors in
the boxes, and
adjust expansion-type ceiling-fan boxes.
Level - used to make sure your work is level and plumb. A great installation starts
with straight switch
and outlet covers.
Electrician’s knife - used to strip off or remove the insulation of medium to large sized wires from
gauge # 16 to # 18
Flat and pointed
tip masonry chisels - used to bore holes in concrete. They have a rubber guard to protect the user’s
hand.
Electric hand drill - used to drill holes on wood, plastic, metal, and concrete, with a chuck capacity
of 1/4 ”, 3/8”, or ½”.
Assessment of the lesson: Recite the tools above and state their uses in front of your teacher.

Lesson 2. ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES and MATERIALS (ELECTRICAL DEVICES)

Electrical materials and supplies are developed and constructed for the following purposes.
1. Control the flow of electric current in the circuits
2. Carry electric current from source to load
3. Secure wires to indoor and outdoor fixtures
4. Provides safety for the user
5. Prevent fire
Conductors and Insulators
A. Conductors
Wires denotes electrical conductors having 8mm2 and smaller size while cables are those with larger
size.
Electrical conductors can also be classified as
1. Stranded – group of wires twisted to form and perform as one metallic
string.
2. Solid – single metallic wire

Ampacity – the ability of the wire or conductor to carry current without overheating.

KINDS of CONDUCTOR
Aluminum Tin Nickel Zinc Lead
Copper Silver Iron Brass Platinum
B. Insulators are physical shield of the wire that can withstand heat, water and other factor that may
affect wires. Usual rate of insulation by voltage is from 300 – 1500 volts.

KINDS of INSULATOR
Rubber Wax Asbestos Latex Wood
Glass Mica Cloth Oil Thermoplastic
Paper Slate Porcelain Varnish
C. Kinds of Lamps
1. Incandescent lamp – a glass bulb that encloses a tungsten filament. Rate between 5 – 1,500
watts. The higher the wattage the larger the
bulb and can be clear, colored, and frosted.
2. Fluorescent lamp – glass tube that has
argon gas and phosphor which tends to
glow when struck by ultraviolet rays. The
color of the light depends on the powder
used to coat the tube. It is more efficient
than incandescent lamp and gives off more
light with less heat. Usual wattage is 6, 8,
18, 20, 30, 40, and 100 watts. The usual
commercially available fluorescent light is
the 20 and 40 watts with 24 – inch and 48 –
inch size, respectively.
Types of Fluorescent light according to shape
1. Tubular – the usual glass tube fluorescent lamp.
2. Circular – a circular tubular glass tube with compact electronic ballast
in its base.
3. Compact – commonly known as compact
fluorescent lamp that uses a tube which is
curved or folded to fit into the space of an
incandescent bulb, and compact electronic
ballast in the base of the lamp. CFLs use less power of about one
fifth to one third against the fluorescent lamp and have a
longer rated life of eight to fifteen times more.
3. Mercury vapor lamp – almost the same with incandescent lamp but has
mercury on it that is transformed into vapor when heated that acts as a
conductor between the electrodes inside the bulb. This lamp emits bluish
green light.
4. Sodium vapor lamp – almost the same with mercury vapor lamp but uses
sodium. It emits yellow light and is usually used in street lights and
highways.
 5. Neon lamp – contains neon gas inside a tube that emits colored light when
current and high pressure is applied. Flexibility for design makes neon lamp
versatile for outdoor advertisement.
D. Fuses
1. Plug fuse – with screw type base and glassPlugwindow
fuse
2. Cartridge fuse – encase with glass tube and copper
ferrules on both ends. Commonly used at home.
3. Knife Blade fuse – same as cartridge type but differs on
the end shape because of the blade-like protrusion.
E. Plugs Knife blade fuse
1. Male plug – one end of any electrical devices that is connected to the voltage source.
2. Female plug – base for the attachment of a male plug.
3. Appliance plug – a plug that is easily inserted into specific appliance such as
rice cookers and water heaters.
F. Raceways – These are electrical accessory designed to hold and support wires and cables usually
made of wood, metal and plastic.
Types of Raceways
1. Conduits – common type of raceway characterized by circular
enclosure.
2. Connectors – usually made of metal used to connect, joint, and secure
wiring connections.
3. Accessories for raceways
a. Conduit coupling, elbow and fittings.
b. Conduit support such as clamps, boxes and hangers.
c. Cable trays and cable bus.
G. Outlet – a device that acts as a point
in the circuit and wiring system
where current is drawn for usage.
Kinds of Outlet
1. Convenience outlet
2. Lighting outlet
3. Receptacle outlet
H. Receptacles – contact device for the connection of single attachment plug.
I. Switch – a device that opens and closes a circuit.
Technical definitions
Pole – number of switch contact sets
Throw – number of conducting positions, single or double
Way – number of conducting positions, two or more
Momentary (non latching) – switch returns to its normal position when released.
Open – off position, contacts not conducting
Closed – on position, contacts conducting, there may be several on positions
Safety Switches:
 Types of Safety Switches:
1. Single pole, Single throw
2. Double pole, Single throw
3. Double pole, Double throw
4. Triple pole, Single throw
5. Triple pole, Double throw
Kinds of Single pole switch:
1. See-saw switch
2. Tumbler switch
Junction Box
Duplex convenience outlet ( Surface type)
PDX wire 2/14 no. 8, 10, 12, and 14
Insulated staple wire
No. ¾” # 14 wire
½” - #14 and 12 (single wire)
1” - # 12 wire
Porcelain socket 2”x2” and 4”x4”
Fuse 15 amperes for light
20 amperes for outlet
Thermoplastic wire # 14
Electrical tape
Utility box (plastic)
Hanging socket

Assessment of the lesson:

Recite the parts of the bulb
Identify and describe the electrical supplies and materials shown by the
teacher

Lesson 3. COMMON ELECTRICAL JOINTS

Materials:
 Needle nose pliers
 Nine pieces of 18-gauge stranded wire, each 100 mm long
 Wire stripper (preferable) or utility knife
 Ten pieces of 14-gauge solid wire, each 100 mm long
 Three pieces of 14-gauge solid wire, each 150 mm long
 Meter stick
Electrical joints and procedures
Pigtail/Rattail Splice
1. Pigtail/Rattail Splice joining of two wires where no stretching and straining is manifested on the
wires to be joined.
 2. In making pigtail prepare pieces of wire, each 100 mm long. Strip at least 25 mm of insulation off
one end of each wire.
3. Pigtail splice uses two wires. Cross the wire over the other.
4. Hold tightly the two wires at the cross then using your pliers turn the copper wire over the other,
twisting them together on half turn
5. Secure an even twisting of wire with strong grip until the wire end
6. Move the needle-nose pliers up the length of bare wire and gripped the crossed wires again,
giving another half-turn.
7. Keep the angle that the wires are crossed at as even as possible (this is where the extra pliers
come in handy, as they provide a strong grip).
8. Avoid twisting only one wire over the other. They should interchange in twisting one another
Tap splice
The tap splice adding or joining a second wire to a conductor.
1. Cut the two lengths of wire. Strip off 65 – 70 mm from one end of the 150-mm-long wire. Strip
another wire with 15mm out of the middle of the 100-mm-long wire. Avoid hitting the wire with
the blade of your cutter, this may result in poor wire strength. Cross the long wire over the short
wire at right angles, about 5 mm to 7 mm from the insulation on the 100-mm-long wire.
2. Grip both wires firmly using pliers. Apply strength and use your fingers to twist or manipulate
the stripped end of the long wire back and around the stripped part of the short wire. Once you
have made the first loop, use a second pair of needle-nose pliers to repeat the procedure to
complete the wrapping. Secure that the loops are tight and even while twisting. Use the first
pliers to grip each completed loop. Move the pliers along the completed splice.
Western Union Splice (short tie or long tie)
1. A western union splice or joint is used to securely fasten two stranded or two solid wires
together. The best joint is made when the wires joined are the same size and type.
2. Each western union splice uses two wires. Cut two 100 mm lengths of stranded wire. Using a
wire stripper or utility knife, carefully strip 37 mm of insulation off one end of each wire. With
your fingers, twist the bared strands of each wire tightly together (this makes a neater joint).
Cross the wires over each. There should be about 12 mm between the crossover location and
the insulation on each wire.
3. Hold the crossed wires firmly with your free hand (or a pair of extra pliers). With your fingers
(pliers should not be necessary with stranded wire), twist one free end back, down, and under
the crossover location. Tightly wrap approximately two turns.
4. Next, wrap the other free end forward, down, and under the crossover location. Continue
wrapping in this direction to the end of the wire. Complete the splice by wrapping the remainder
of the first wire. Keep the wraps close together. You must have at least three turns on either side
of the crossover. Make sure the stranded wire does not splay. Clip off the uneven ends of the
wires.
Fixture splice
The fixture splice is used when a solid wire and a stranded wire must be joined.
1. Cut the length of wire. Using a wire stripper or utility knife, strip 37 mm of insulation from one
end of the stranded wire. Strip about 25 mm of insulation from one end of the solid wire. Twist
 the end of the stripped stranded wire very firmly (this makes a neat splice; if the strands are not
twisted firmly, you will get a very uneven wrap). Position the stranded wire at right angles about
4 mm from the insulation on the solid wire.
2. You will be wrapping the stranded wire around the solid wire.
3. Hold the insulated ends of the wire firmly in your free hand or in a pair of pliers. Use your fingers
(the needle-nose pliers should not be necessary) to wrap the stranded wire around the solid
wire. Make about five to seven tight wraps. Be careful not to splay the stranded wire.
4. When done wrapping, use the pliers to bend the end of the stripped solid wire over the back
along itself. The turned-back end should be along the wrapped stranded wire. Clip off the
uneven ends of the wires.
Y-splice. This method of wrapping is generally used on small cables because
the strands are flexible and can all be wrapped in one operation.

Knotted tap. This is used where the tap wire is under heavy tensile stress.

Plain tap joint. This is used where the tap wire is under considerable tensile stress circuit.

Aerial tap. This is used as a temporary tap usually done in constructions sites. The easy twist
will facilitate tap wire movement.

Duplex cross joint. This is a two-tap wire turned simultaneously and is used where the two tap
wire is under heavy tensile stress.
Cross joint. The same application is done as in plain tap but the only difference is that this tap is a
combination of two plain taps placed side by side with each other.

Wrapped Tap or Tee Joint. This is used on large solid conductors where it is difficult to wrap
the heavy tap wire around the main wire.

Other types of joints and Splices

1. Britannia joint 6. Scarfed joint
2. Through fixture joint 7. Ordinary wrapped cable splice
3. Terminating fixture joint8. Multiple wrapped cable
4. Small aerial joint 9. Split cable tap or tee-splice
5. McIntire sleeve 10. Ordinary cable tap
Note:
To avoid intermittent operation or advantage of the load, make sure that all
joints are tight. Avoid loose connection or poor contact.
Assessment of the lesson: Perform 15 wire joints and splices and submit your work to
your teacher.
TWO CONNECTION of a SAFETY SWITCHES
LINE TO LINE CONNECTION

L2

L1
 LINE TO GROUND CONNECTION

L2

L1

LIST OF ACTIVITIES
Activity -1
Install a safety switch and perform the connection of a line to line and line to ground
Activity -2
Draw simple circuit and label each part
Activity -3
Install a lamp controlled by a Single pole switch and a convenience outlet with line-to-line
connection of a safety switch.
Activity -4
 Install 2 lamp controlled by a Single pole switch and a convenience outlet where lighting circuit is
separate to appliance circuit using a line to ground connection of a safety switch.
Activity -5
Install 2 lamps in a circuit wherein lamp is controlled by a single pole switch with line to ground
connection of a safety switch.
Activity -6
Install a fluorescent lamp controlled by a single pole switch using line to line connection of the
safety switch.
Activity -7
Install 2 incandescent lamps and one fluorescent lamp controlled by a Single pole switch and two
convenience outlets where lighting circuit is separate with appliance circuit using line to ground
connection of the safety switch.
Activity -8
Install a lamp controlled by a 2 3-way switches and a convenience outlet with line to line
connection of the safety switch.
Activity -9
Install multiple lamps (in candescent and fluorescent combined) controlled in 3 or more
locations using 2 3-way switches and 4-way switch/es in between using line to ground
connection of the safety switch.

Lesson 4. HOW TO TROUBLESHOOT ELECTRICAL WIRING

1. Check fuse
2. Check load if placed properly or busted
3. Check pigtail joints whether if tight or clean
4. Check the switch if it is defective and are properly inserted to the switch terminals.

Installation (3 WAY SWITCH)

1. Ground to one terminal of the bulb
 2. Live to the common terminal of the switch
3. Other common terminal of the load.
4. Connect the two terminals of the no. 1 switch to the wires.
5. Do the same to no. 2 switch
6. At the junction box, connect the 2 remaining wires to each other.

TROUBLES OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

Short circuit
Open circuit
Grounded circuit
Overload circuit

TWO CONNECTIONS OF SAFETY SWITCHES

Line to line
Ground to line

THREE FACTORS PRESENT IN AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

Current
Voltage
Resistance

SOURCES OF CURRENT
Power Plant
Generator/Alternator
Battery
Solar Panel
ELECTRICAL UNIT
Resistance - OHMS
Voltage - VOLTS
Current - AMPERES

Lesson 5. SIMPLE CIRCUIT’S CONNECTION (LINE TO LINE)

KWHM

LOAD

Service
1 2 3 4
Entrance

To electrical post Service drop LL21 S1 C.O

 SIMPLE CIRCUIT AND EACH PART
L2

L1

LOAD

CONDUCTOR

SOURCE

SWITCH
A LAMP CONTROLLED WITH SINGLE POLE SWITCH WITH A.C. OUTLET

L2

L1
 S1 C.O

TWO LAMP CONTROLLED BY A SINGLE POLE SWITCH WITH A SEPARATE CIRCUIT FOR CONVENIENCE
OUTLET.

L2

L1
 S1 C.O

LAMP ONE CONTROLLED FROM TWO LOCATION AND LAMP TWO CONTROLLED BY A SINGLE POLE
SWITCH.

L2
L1 L2
L1
 3 WS S1
3 WS
Lesson 6. ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS in BARANGAY ELECTRICIAN

S1 – Single pole switch Wire not connected

S2 – 2 Gang Switch Wire connected
S3w – 3 way switch Convenience Outlet
Fuse
Junction box
Fluorescent set
Safety power switch
Circuit breaker

CEILING WALL

PULL SWITCH
FAN
AIR CONDITIONING UNIT
RECEPTACLE
INCANDESCENT LAMP
PS – LAMP OUTLET WITH PULL SWITCH

Prepared by:

James A. Barangan
AUPA TLE Teacher

Adventist University of the Philippines

ACADEMY
Putingkahoy, Silang, Cavite
Third Grading Examination in TLE 9

January 15-16, 2015

Name:________________________________ Section: __________ Testing Room: ___________

Test I. Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer and shade the letter in the answer sheet provided.

1. What will be the total resistance of three resistors of 5 Ohms each connected in series?
a. 15 Ohms b. 10 Ohms c. 5 Ohms d. 30 ohms
2. When a 100 Ohms and 50 Ohms resistor are connected in series, which of the following statements
is correct?
a. The voltage across both resistors varies.
b. The voltage across the 100 Ohms resistor is bigger than the 50 Ohms resistor
c. The voltage across the 50 Ohms resistor is bigger than the 100 Ohms resistor
d. The voltage across both resistors is the same
3. What will be the total resistance of two resistors of 100 Ohms each connected in parallel.
a. 15 b. 20 c. 50 d. 10
4. Which of the following illustration indicates the correct way of installing a single pole switch
controlling a lamp?
a. b.

c. d.

5. In the diagram below resistor B is connected to M

a. Parallel with resistor
b. Series with resistor C
c. Parallel with resistor C
d. None of the above
6. If cells of same voltage ratings are properly connected in series the electrical pressure (Voltage) will,
a. decrease b. Increase c. remain the same d. vary
7. The opposition offered by electrical conductor to the flow of electrical current is called the
a. conductance b. Resistance c. voltage d. inductance
8. Volt is the unit for
a. electrical current b. Electrical power c. electrical resistance d. electrical pressure
9. Ampere is the unit for
a. electrical current b. Electrical power c. electrical resistance d. electrical pressure
10. The current that flows in a circuit is equal to,
a. Electrical resistance /Electrical pressure or R/E
b. Electrical pressure/electrical resistance or E/R
c. Electrical pressure x electrical resistance or E x R
d. Electrical pressure/electrical pressure x Electrical resistance or E/E x R
11. The power rating of an appliance is equal to the,
a. Current drawn divided by the voltage (I/E)
b. Current drawn multiplied by the line voltage (I x E)
 c. Line voltage divided by the current drawn (E/I)
d. Line voltage divided by the resistance or (E/R)
12. How many centimeters are there in a 100 inches long cable wire if one inch is equal to 2.54
centimeters?
a. 25.4 cm b. 0.254 cm c. 254 cm d. 2540 cm
13. Calculate the power of a certain single-phase load that draws three amperes from a 220 volt line
a. Watts b. 220 Watts320 c. 560 Watts d. 660 Watts
14. Add the following: 3 + ½ + ¾
a. 4 1/4 b. 3 c. 4 ½ d. 5
15. As a safety precaution, the first step in replacing a blown-up fuse is,
a. check the circuit for possible short c. Check the line voltage
b. Unplug the appliance from their outlet d. increase the ampere rating of the fuse
16. An electrician should make sure that his tools are in good condition because:
a. There is less possibility of tools being lost
b. Good job can never be done without perfect tools
c. Defective tools might cause accidents
d. Tools that are in good condition require no case
17. If an electric shock victim had stopped breathing, the first thing you should do is,
a. Apply artificial respiration
b. Splash the victim with a pail of water
c. Place ammonia near the victim’s nose and have someone locate your teacher
d. Have someone call a doctor
18. In case of an electrical fire, the first thing that you should do is,
a. notify your teacher c. De energized the circuit
b. Call the fire department d. extinguish the fire
19. The conductor in most cable or wire used in house wiring is made of,
a. lead b. Iron c. copper d. brass
20. Conductor type letters usually specify the,
a. thickness of insulation c. type of insulation used and its application
b. Wiring method application d. Kind of metal used
21. Splices done in electrical conductors should be taped to,
a. Prevent the bare wire from corroding
b. Strengthen the joint
c. Protect the circuit from short circuit and accidental grounding
d. Prevent dust and moisture from entering the splice.
22. The term “ELECTRON” connotes a/an
a. Uncharged particles c. negatively charged particles
b. Positively charged particles d. none of the above
23. A machine which transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy is a,
a. transformer b. Motor c. generator d. capacitor
24. Which of the following is a source of an alternating current?
a. alternator b. secondary cell c. primary cell d. Battery
25. The lamp shown below are connected in
a. series L1
b. parallel
c. Parallel-series
d. Series-parallel L2
26. In the sketch below which arrangement of the first line shows the correct way of checking a blown
fuse?
a. b. c. d.
neutral hot wire neutral hot wire neutral hot wire neutral hot wire

fuse test lamp

27. When in doubt of the value of voltage or current to be measured, always start measuring at the,
a. Highest range of the meter c. medium range of meter
b. Lowest range of the meter d. range of the meter
28. Voltmeter should always be connected,
a. parallel with the load c. any manner best suits the individual
b. In series with the load d. Across the line or voltage source
29. When measuring resistance with the multi-meter, make sure that,
a. the circuit is dead c. The circuit is live
b. the polarity is observed d. all of the above
30. Which of the following instruments should be used in measuring voltage?
a. voltmeter b. Ohm meter c. ammeter d. kilowatt-meter
31. An integral part of a fluorescent fixture whose function is to limit the current and provide a
momentary high voltage to start the lamp.
a. starter b. Ballast c. capacitor d. resistor
32. The lamp shown below is controlled at,
a. One location
b. Two location
c. Three location
d. None of the above
33. Which of the circuit below shows the power internal connections of a single fluorescent lamp
fixture?
a.
34. What is the allowable current carrying capacity of no. 12 AWG type NMC (PDX Wire) wire use in
open wiring?
a. 20 amperes b. 5 amperes c. 40 amperes d. 60 amperes
35. It is required by the Philippine Electrical Code that metal, boxes, metal raceways, metal frames and
the like which are parts of an electrical installation to be grounded to prevent.
a. The leaking of electrode c. Electrical shock
b. electrolysis d. loose connection
36. NM cables (PDX Wire) are mounted on a wiring surface by,
a. nails b. insulated staples c. cleats d. split knobs
37. A substance that does not allow the flow of current is a/an
a. insulator b. Conductor c. semi-conductor d. starter
38. The international color code for ground is,
a. black b. Green c. yellow d. white
39. If it take some man hour to install a ceiling outlet. How many outlets will be installed by two
electricians working eight (8) hours a day for two (2) days?
a. 12 outlets b. 10 outlets c. 14 outlets d. 16 outlets
40. A house owner requested you to install an extension for his newly acquired refrigerator: If the NM
cable (PDX Wire) at Php. 5 per meter and the duplex convenience outlet at Php. 5 a piece, how much
will be the cost of the materials if extension requires a four meter cable?
a. 20.00 b. 15.00 c. 30.00 d. 25.00

God Bless!!!!