1) Each drive consist of two three phase 6 pulse power converters.

2) Show basic diagram.

3) Link Reactor smoothes out the DC Power which is then converted to AC power of
variable frequency by inverter bridge.
4) Constant V/f maintained.

a. In operation synchronous motor tells the controller by virtue of the

stator voltage what frequency power it requires.

b. The inverter bridge is controlled to follow the motor frequency with the
current to the motor controlled to regulate the motor torque &
subsequently speed.

c. Speed change is initiated by increasing or decreasing the motor torque. As

the torque changes the speed will change as will the frequency of the
required stator power. The inverter follows the frequency of the stator
power. The inverter follows the frequency of the stator voltage as the
speed changes.
d. At the same time the inverter bridge is following stator frequency and
controlling drive torque (Current) the rectifier bridge is controlling the
D.C. voltage to be proportion to drive speed. This ultimately controls the
AC voltage that the motor sees and results in constant v/f at the motor
terminals.
5) LCI Drive :- Commutation is the process whereby changing voltages cause one
cell to STOP conducting and another to begin.

a. In case of rectifier bridge the power system provides this voltage hence
is called as line commutated rectifier.

b. The inverter bridge has this same requirement and that is why a
synchronous motor with leading power factor is used. The load motor
provides the commutating voltage & energy to the inverter bridge that is
load commutated inverter.
6) Advantage of using synchronous motor :
a. Ability to deliver leading VAR’s which commutate the inverter bridge. An
induction motor can not do this.

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b. Motor always sees syn. operation which completely eliminates the thermal
electrical & mechanical stresses associated with starting.
c. The drive can not pull out of step as a conventional synchronous motor can
because the inverter will follow if the speed suddenly changes.

Drive System one line Diagram

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System parameters :-
Operating Speed – 148 – 740 RPM
Acceleration rate – 0-10% - 0.5 of rated speed.
10-100 – 1% of rated speed.
Declaration rate – 100% - 0% - 1% of rated speed.
Synchronous Motor :
1500KW, 2*1200 volts – 2*3ph -, 2*419 Amp, 740RPM – 12 Pulse.
745KW, 1*1176 volts – 1*3 Ph, 1*427 Amp., 570RPM – 6 Pulse
Basic LCI System :-
A) Electronic control receives the following signal inputs.
1. Attenuated line & load bus voltage signals.

2. Attenuated line & load current signals from current transformers.

3. Speed reference signal.
4. Process commands such as Stop, Start etc.
a. Attenuated bus voltage signals are used by the control to synchronise
thyristor firing with line & load voltages, to provide voltage feed back &
over / under voltage detection.

b. Current signals are used for regulator current feedback, over current
detection & software implemented fault detection.
Basic Power Converter Operation :-
The source converter current is successfully transferred from one leg to the
next by synchronisation machine stator voltage.

LCI Control :- Bus to ground voltages are converted into line-line voltages (analogs)
these line to line voltages are then integrated to obtain flux signals.
The zero crossing of these signals are then integrated to obtain flux for both
converter. These line to line voltages are used in synchronisation of the phase locked
loop for the firing control of both source and load converters.

 Source side converter is always line commutated load side converter may
operate load commutated or force commutated depending on motor speed & flux
load.

 At Low Speeds, the induced emf is insufficient to commutate thyristor in the

load side converter. In this mode, the load converter must operate forced
communicated.

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Starting / Force Commutated modes : -
Sub Modes

1) In forced commutated operation, condition of the load converter is stopped by

phasing the source converter to inversion limit until the D.C. link ( Reactor )
current is zero.
2) The starting current is made large enough to accelerate the machine to 0.5Hz in
one or two inverter firings. This is the min. frequency at which the LCI can
sense m/c flux & begin to control torque & speed.

3) When a start from stand still is initialled the LCI applies fixed current level at a
fixed frequency to the stator of the motor. The frequency is set by tune up
CR start.

4) When the LCI control scores flux of sufficient magnitude, it transition, into
segment. Firing mode of forced commutated operation. In this mode, inverter
firing is synchronised to cross over if the machine flux & the machine is
operated near unity power factor to obtain max. torque. Inverter firing is
adjustable in 300 steps or segments in this operation. The speed regulator
becomes active in segment firing mode.

5) At approx. 2.5Hz, the load phase locked loop in able to lock and inverter firing
resolution increases to 0.35 degree. This ends segment firing mode.

6) Forced commutated operation continues until the synchronous m/c reaches a

frequency where its emf is sufficient to commutate the load side converter. At
this point the control transitions to self commutated operation.

Self commutated mode :

 In this mode m/c must be operated at a leading power factor in order to ensure
commutation of load converter.

 The electronic controller acts to keep the m/c power factor & therefore torque
per ampere as high as possible.

 Commutation time required is a function of m/c current, m/c (commutating)

inductance and the voltage difference between the lines involved in the
attempted commutation.

 For a given load current & m/c inductance a corresponding amount of volt second
is required for a successful communication. The control reads the peak volt-sec
of the integrated line to line m/c voltage & m/c current m/c inductance is a
constant stored in the up. Using the current & inductance the amount of

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 commutation volt seconds required is calculated by micro processor. Using this
value of volt-seconds & the peak volt seconds of the previous flux wave, the
latest possible time to fire is calculated to give a specific margin at his
commutation is completed.

 The fundamental control strategy is to increase motor current in response to a

load torque increase, the link d.c voltage on the source side is increased,
thereby raining motor current so as to keep motor speed constant.
Twelve pulse Operation
Twelve pulse operation is like two identical separate six pulse drives operating from
common source at the same current & firing angle with firing reference angles
shifted 30 degree by isolating transformers.

 Two motors are combined into one frame. This reduces the motor cost
including isolation and reduces the torque pulsation frequency. This is
achieved by separating the stator winding into two identical windings but
isolated & phase shifted 30 degree.

 Transformer design makes the some side converter voltage equal but also 30
degree apart between the two channels. This reduces harmonic distortion
power system & raises the harmonic frequency.
 Motor windings are shifted to obtain smoother torque for equal current.

 Inter channels communication always one channel to be master and the other
slave which takes its torque reference form master. This communication
allows the two motor winding current to be balanced.

 Thus channel deliver equal power, take equal current & fire at the same
relative firing angle. This best utilities the motor & drive capabilities & also
minimises the harmonic present in each six pulse channel.

 Twelve pulse system also presents the capability of shutting down one
channel for maintenance while the motor continues to run as the other
channel (With reduced torque & usually reduced speed range) When the
out of service channel is ready for operation, it may be returned to service
without interrupting the drive system.

Power Electronics :
AC – AC – Cyclo Converters
AC – DC – Rectifiers, Converters
DC – DC – Choppers
DC – AC – Inverters

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Drive used for above application are :
1) Thyristor ( SCR )
2) Bipolar transition
3) MOSF TS
4) IGBT
5) GTO Thyristor

AC – DC – DC – AC – This way AC-AC can be achieved.

Converters Inverters
1) Conversation
I/P

O/P

< 90

Constant V/f – Constant Torque

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 Snubbed circuit controls the rate of change of voltage across the SCR during its
blocking state.

Commissioning Test :
1) Meggar test
2) Continuity across cells.
3) Application of Aux. Power & Check Electronic power supply
4) SCR gate test
5) Source no load full voltage test
6) Load test using voltage signals from source side bridge
7) Excitation test
8) Crowbar test
9) Run Motor decoupled
10) Run Motor coupled