Building Service Final C

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN
Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture
BUILDING SERVICES (BLD 61403)

Project 2 CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTAION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEM
Tutor: Ar. Mohamad Zafarullah Mohamad Rozaly
Chee Jia Xin 0337392

Chew Rui Bo 0322334
Kang Zi Shan 0327605
Lee Fei Syen 0323008
Lee Shi Yin 0324679
Ting Xiao Yao 0328663
Table of content
1 ABSTRACT 1
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2
3 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING 3
4 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 - 28
4.1 Mechanical Ventilation System 5 - 11

4.2 Air Conditioning System 12 - 13
4.3 Fire Protection System 14 - 18
4.4 Mechanical Transportation System 19 - 28
5 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 29 - 51
5.1 Introduction 30
5.2 Supply Ventilation system 31 - 36
5.3 Exhaust ventilation system 37 - 43
5.4 Components 44 - 50
5.5 Conclusion 51
6 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 52 - 66
6.1 Overview and Equipment Connections 53 - 55

6.2 HVAC Building Automation System 56
6.3 Air Conditioner Control Room 56
6.4 Cooling Tower 57
6.5 Air Condenser 58
6.6 Chiller 59 - 61
6.7 Air Handling Unit 62 - 64
6.8 Air Diffusers 64
6.9 Air Cooled Split Unit 65
6.10 UBBL Compliance 66
7 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 67 - 92
7.1 Fire Alarm and Detection System 68

7.2 Triggers 69 - 70
7.3 Fire Alarm Bell 71
7.4 Fire Intercom System 72
7.5 Fire Alarm Control Panel 73
7.6 Fireman Switch 74 - 75
7.7 Fire Sprinkler System 76 - 77
7.8 Fire Pump Room 78 - 80
7.9 Sprinkler Alarm Valve 81
7.10 Sprinkler Tank 82 - 83
7.11 Wet Riser 84 - 86
7.12 Hand Operated Fire Fighting Equipment 87 - 88
7.13 Hose Reels 89 - 90
7.14 External Fire Hydrant System 91 - 92
8 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 93 - 105
8.1 Introduction 94
8.2 Purpose Group and Compartment 94 - 97
8.3 Means of Escape 98 - 105
9 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 106 - 119
9.1 Introduction 107

9.2 Mechanical Transportation System Supplier 107
9.3 Elevators 108 - 112
9.4 Emergency 113 - 115
9.5 Lift Motor Room 116 - 117
9.6 Gearless Traction Machine Component 118
9.7 Schematic Diagram of Elevator 119
10 CONCLUSION 120
11 REFERENCES 121 - 122
1
1 Abstract
This is a group project where students conduct a case study on building service systems
applied and installed in a multi-storey building. As a groups, students were introduced to
the common systems that are used in a bigger volume of space to develop the
understanding of the application of building services in construction industry.
In the process of this research, we have selected Quill 9 building as our case study as it is
equipped with the required building service components. A thorough study on all the
service systems was made, including mechanical ventilation systems, air-conditioning
system, active and passive fire protection systems, and mechanical transportation systems.
The analysis is documented and translated via detailed explanation on how each building
services function with the application of correct diagrammatic expression. Each of the
analysed systems would be compared to UBBL 1984 building law requirement to obtain a
better understanding of the regulations applied to different services.
2
2 Acknowledgement
We would like to express our deepest gratitude to Mr. Fahmi Agil, worker in the Facilities
and Maintenance department of Quill 9 on the 16th April 2018 and 8th May 2018 for guiding
us through the visit in Quill 9 building in order to collect the required information about the
building services. His on-site explanation has given us a deeper understanding on how each
systems function. It was our privilege to witness how the machine works out in the room.
We would also like to thank our tutor, Ar Mohamad Zafarullah Mohamad Rozaly, on
providing clearer insights for us to understand the systems used and monitor our progress
of the analysis throughout the time. He motivates us to be curious in order to explore
deeper into our research areas.
The help and guidance from both parties allow us to learn the importance of services and
each service systems contributes to the building’s safety and comfort.
3
3 Introduction
Address: Quill 9, 112 Jalan Semangat, 46300 Petaling Jaya, Selangor
Quill 9 building is another prominent commercial development by Quill Group of

Companies sited in the Klang Valley. It is a 9-storey MSC compliance commercial office
building strategically located within the established industrial area of SS14. The area has
grown tremendously several new mixed commercial complex developments, and is suitable
for corporate offices as well as showrooms.
This corporate tower has a total leasable area of 279,877sf. Typical floor plate area ranges
from 20,500sf (mezannine and 1st floor), 26,000sf (2nd and 3rd floor) and 49,000sf (4th
floor) and 50,000sf (6th floor). This modern building is equipped with broadband and
centralized air-conditioning system. It boasts 648 car park bays. This low density building
successfully portray a bold corporate look by its modern looking design.
It is equipped with complete services of active and passive fire protection, mechanical
ventilation system, air conditioning system and mechanical transportation. Each floor is
connected with elevators for easy access, equipped with proper fire protection system to
ensure the safety of users during emergency. Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning
system is also used to provide comfort to the occupants in the building.
4
4 Literature
review
4.1
4.2
Mechanical Ventilation System
Air Conditioning System
4.3 Fire protection system
4.4 Mechanical Transportation System
5
4.1 Mechanical Ventilation System
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.1.1 Ventilation
Ventilation is necessary in buildings to remove ‘stale’ air and replace it with ‘fresh air’ to
ensure high indoor air quality.
Figure 4.1.1 How does the ventilation function
Function of ventilation system in a building

- Helping to moderate internal temperatures
- Helping to moderate internal humidity
- Replenishing oxygen
- Reduce the accumulation of moisture, odors, bacteria, dust, carbon dioxide, smoke
and other contaminants that can build up during occupied periods
- Creating air movement which improves the comfort of occupants.
Type of Ventilation
Ventilation system in buildings can be categories as ‘natural’ or ‘mechanical’.
Ventilation
Natural Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation

Driven by pressure differences Driven by fans or other mechanical
between one part of building and plant.
another, or pressure differences
between inside and outside.
However, mixed mode, hybrid or assisted ventilation systems involve natural ventilation
supplemented by mechanical systems.
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4.1.1.2 Mechanical Ventilation System
Mechanical ventilation systems circulate fresh air using ducts and fans, rather than relying
on airflow through small holes or cracks in a home’s walls, roof or windows. Without
mechanical ventilation to provide fresh air, moisture, odors and other pollutants can build
up inside a home. Besides ensuring a better indoor air quality for the building, the other
advantage of mechanical ventilation is to have more control over the intake and outtake of
fresh air in an appropriate location and improving comfort for the user of the building
through filtration, dehumidification and also conditioning of incoming air.
Figure 4.1.2 Diagram of example of basic mechanical ventilation system
4.1.2 Functions of mechanical ventilation system

a) Filtration
Mechanical ventilation systems help to get rid of the polluted stale air containing water
vapor, carbon dioxide, airborne chemicals and other pollutants by expel the internal air
from a space.
b) Dehumidification
Mechanical ventilation systems constantly draw in outside air which presumably
contains fewer pollutants and less water vapor.
c) Conditioning of incoming air

Mechanical ventilation systems distribute/circulate the outside air throughout the
house by using the devices to create pressure difference.
7
4.1.3 Comparison of mechanical ventilation system to natural ventilation system
Figure 4.1.3 Diagram of example of mechanical ventilation system

and natural ventilation system.
NATURAL VENTILATION MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Difficulty in controlling airflow path Airflow path can be controlled

Inconsistent airflow Consistent airflow
Maintenance not needed Maintenance needed
Filtration systems cannot be installed Filtration systems can be installed
Does not required electricity to operate Required electricity to operate
Relies on natural sources such as wind and Use of mechanical devices such as
temperature ductwork and fans
Fresh air is provided naturally into the Fresh air + positive ventilation is provided
space all the time
8
4.1.4 Advantages and significances of mechanical ventilation system
a) Better Indoor Air Quality
Mechanical ventilation systems can be retrofitted to almost evert house and a large
number of commercial premises to promote fresh air into spaces and then remove
any latent heat.
b) More Control
Mechanical ventilation systems are considered to be reliable in delivering the
designed flow rate, regardless of the impacts of variable wind and ambient
temperate. As mechanical ventilation can be integrated easily into air-conditioning,
the indoor air temperature and humidity can also be controlled.
c) Expel of pollutant
Filtration systems can be installed in mechanical ventilation so that harmful
microorganisms, particulates, gases, odors and vapors can be removed.
d) Reduce noise and air pollution

Mechanical ventilation is the only option when the building is located in noisy areas
or in the areas where the local air quality is poor, and therefore the use of openable
windows for natural ventilation is not a practical solution.
e) Climatic independence
The ability to provide a comfortable and well-ventilated indoor environment
regardless of exterior climatic conditions.
f) Architectural flexibility
Mechanical Systems allow for greater freedom of architectural expression as the
physical constraints of passive systems are relieved.
4.1.5 Application of mechanical ventilation system

Mechanical ventilation systems are necessary when:
a) The building is too deep to ventilate from the perimeter.
b) Local air quality is poor, for example if a building is next to a busy road.
c) Local noise levels mean that windows cannot be opened.
d) The local urban structure is very dense and shelters the building from the wind.
e) Privacy or security requirements prevent windows from being opened.
f) Internal partitions block air paths
g) The density of occupation, equipment, lightning and so on creates very high heat
loads or high levels of contaminants
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4.1.6 Type of mechanical ventilation systems
There are variety of mechanical ventilation systems are available to select from, based on
local climate and the building’s heating and cooling system. The typical systems are
described below:
a) Supply Ventilation System

Supply ventilation systems work by pressurization, they bring outside air into
the space, causing an equal amount of inside air to exit the building. Most supply
ventilation system use the existing ductwork of the central heating and cooling
systems, and their blowers. They only require a small supply duct connecting the air
handler to the outdoors, to bring in the outside air.
Figure 4.1.4 Diagram of supply ventilation system
The inlet of the supply ventilation system is normally installed at the roof top of
the building to promote air from the upper level to be drawn in, it should not be
located too close to the outlet to prevent the escape of air.
Fresh air is drawn in through an air “intake” vent and distributed to many rooms
by a fan and duct system. A fan and set of ducts dedicated solely to ventilation can
be used, or an outside air intake can be connected to the main return air duct,
allowing the heating and cooling system’s fan and ducts to distribute the fresh air.
This system can be found in use in spaces like living areas, public malls and
interior rooms of a building. The benefit of connecting to the return air duct is that
outdoor air can be air conditioned or dehumidified before it is introduced into the
space. Because supply systems continually introduce outdoor air, a space can
become slightly pressurized and means in order to maintain positive pressure of the
space.
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b) Exhaust Ventilation System
Exhaust ventilation systems work by depressurizing the building. By reducing
the air inside air pressure below the outdoor air pressure, they extract indoor air
from a house while make-up air infiltrates through leaks the building shell and
though intentional, passive vents. In warm climates or humid summers,
depressurization can draw moist air into building wall cavities, where it may
condense and cause moisture damage.
Exhaust ventilation systems are relatively simple and inexpensive to install.

Basically, an exhaust ventilation system is composed of a single fan connected to a
centrally located, single exhaust point in the house.
Figure 4.1.5 Diagram of exhaust ventilation system
Exhaust ventilation systems is a system which uses the natural inlet, opening in
a building enclose to draw in fresh air from the outside and extracting the stale air
through mechanical devices. Mechanical devices like the central exhaust fan is
installed at the ceiling or rooftop to help removing the stale air from the interior
space.
This system is usually installed at the kitchen, internal toilet and basement. The
devices usually used by this system including exhaust fan, surface mounted fan,
remote mounted in line fan, and ventilator.
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c) Balanced / Combined Ventilation System
Combined ventilation systems rely on natural driving forces to provide the
desired flow rate. It uses mechanical ventilation when the natural ventilation flow
rate is too low. Hence, causing the pressure level in the internal space to remain at
neutral.
Figure 4.1.6 Diagram of balanced ventilation system
A combined ventilation system usually has two fans and two duct systems. It
facilitates good distribution of fresh air by placing supply and exhaust vents in
appropriate places. Like both supply and exhaust systems, combined ventilation
systems do not temper or remove moisture from the air before it enters the house.
The combined ventilation system is not affected by the outdoor weather and is
known as a more efficient ventilation system.
It’s often found in area that is hardly accessible where natural ventilation is not
easily promoted and applied. For example, the basement, theatres and crawl spaces.
One positive side about this system is it has a controlled air flow rates, inlet air can
also be filters before being directed to the interior spaces.
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4.2 Air Conditioning System
4.2.1 Introduction
The air conditioning system is the process of altering the properties of air to more
favourable conditions. It helps to keep humans more comfortable inside the house than
they are outside. Just like other office buildings, Quill 9 uses centralised air conditioning
plant system. In the central air conditioning systems there is a plant room where large
compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve and the evaporator are kept in the
large plant room.
a) HVAC building Automation system

HVAC (Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular
environmental comfort
b) Air conditioner control room

HVAC systems often interface to Building Automation System (BAS) to allow the building
owners to have more control over the heating or cooling units. The objectives of having
building automation are to improve occupant comfort, efficient operation of building
systems, reduction in energy consumption and operating costs, and improved life cycle of
utilities.
c) Cooling Tower
The function of the cooling tower is to cool the warm water from the chiller condenser.
Following the central air conditioning system cycle, the heat from the rooms in a building is
transferred to chilled water, which is then transferred into the refrigerant, and finally to
the cooling water.
d) Air Condenser
In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a device or unit used to condense a
substance from its gaseous to its liquid state, by cooling it. In so doing, the latent heat is
given up by the substance and transferred to the surrounding environment
e) Chiller
A Chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via
a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This liquid can then be circulated
through a heat exchanger to cool equipment, or another process stream (such as air or
process water). As a necessary by product, refrigeration creates waste heat that must be
exhausted to ambience, or for greater efficiency, recovered for heating purposes.
f) Air Handling Unit (AHU)

Air Handling Unit (AHU) An Air Handling Unit (AHU) is used to re-condition and
circulate air as part of a heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system. Depending on the
required temperature of the re-conditioned air, the fresh air is either heated by a
recovery unit or heating coil, or cooled by a cooling coil.
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g) Air Diffusers
An air diffuser is a device that is designed to provide uniform air flow throughout a room. It
works to increase the efficiency of air conditioning units by dividing and distributing cooled
air. When an even airflow is maintained, drafts and hotspots in a room are eliminated,
providing greater comfort to occupants, while increasing energy efficiency.
h)Air Cooled Split Unit

A split air conditioner consists of two main parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The
outdoor unit is installed on or near the wall outside of the room or space that you wish to
cool. The unit houses the compressor, condenser coil and the expansion coil or capillary
tubing. The sleek-looking indoor unit contains the cooling coil, a long blower and an air
filter.
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4.3 Fire Protection System
4.3.1 Active Fire Protection System (AFP)
Active fire protection refers to systems that involve a triggered response to a fire. It consists
of manual and automatic operated fire mechanical system such as
- smoke detector
- manual call point
- main fire control panel
- fireman switch, fire sprinkler system
- hose reel
- fire extinguisher
- external fire hydrant system
These systems are considered to be a proactive approach to extinguishing fires and

controlling the spread of smoke. AFP system is essential in a building as it detects the early
stages of fire and respond by sending out evacuation orders meanwhile alerting local
emergency services. It also helps in reducing the spread of fire by putting off the small
localized fire and removing the excess smoke to allow better visibility for evacuation.
a) Fireman Switch
Fireman's switches are DC switch-disconnectors that isolate the electrical lines that
allow firefighters to operate without risk of electrocution.
b) Main Fire Control Panel

A fire control panel is a component that provides control through a fire alarm or
notification system. Sensors are installed throughout the building and these sensors
redirect information to this control panel. They include environmental changes that
could detect the presence of a fire. The panel receives notifications from potential
operational issues with equipment that could cause a fire. The types of panel include
conventional panel, addressable panel, coded panel and multiplex systems.
c) Fire Sprinkler system
Sprinkler system is a water supply system running across the ceilings in a building. It
detects, reports fire and automatically initiate the extinguishing process with water.
The network of water piping is constantly filled with pressurized water to allow the
sprouting of water through the sprinkler heads installed at a regular spacing. There are
different types of sprinkler systems, including wet-pipe system, dry-pipe system, deluge
system and pre-action system.
d) Fire Pump Room

Fire pump room consists of several types of pump and piping with the purpose of
creating and maintaining pressure to deliver the water to the systems such as sprinkler
and external fire hydrant. The types of pump that can be found within the room include
duty pump, standby pump and jockey pump.
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e) Sprinkler alarm valve
The sprinkler alarm valve is a water flow alarm device installed in the main water
supply to the sprinkler system. The purpose of this device is to maintain the water
supply by providing a one-way valve that will be closed when the water pressure on the
fire sprinkler side exceeds the water supply pressure.
f) Sprinkler tank
Fire protection water storage tanks should be placed in locations where the demand
for water can exceed the available municipal water supply. It should be designed and
built in a way that it requires little maintenance. The galvanized, pressed steel sectional
water tanks are coated internally with bituminous paint for corrosion protection and is
suitable to be used as sprinkler storage tank. Additionally, the panels are covered with
red oxide on the outside of the tank.
g) Wet Riser
Wet Riser is a system of pipework utilised by the fire brigade to quickly get water in the
event of a fire breakout. As one of the firefighting distribution system, wet riser
channels water supply to every level of a building. Therefore, firefighters do not need
to create their own distribution system in order to fight a fire and avoids the breaching
of fire compartments by running hose lines between them.
h) Hand Operated Fire Fighting Equipment

i. Fire Extinguisher
Fire extinguisher is a portable device for fire-fighting purposes and is portable
enough to be carried around by hand. They are classified according to the type of
fire they are designed to counteract. All of which are for different purposes and
situations. The number of extinguishers required and location of the extinguishers
depends on the hazard of occupancy.
ii. Hose Reels
Hose reels often referred to as hand-operated firefighting equipment. They are
active fire protection devices used to extinguish or control a fire, often in
emergency situations. There are two main types of fire hose reels, the automatic
reel and the manual reel. They can be recess mounted, cabinet mounted, fixed
or swinging. In fact, they can be manufactured to suite most placements.
i) External Fire Hydrant System

External fire hydrant is usually located outside of a building that act as an emergency
supply of water for firefighting purposes. The water supply may be pressurized, as in
the case of hydrants connected to water mains buried in the street, or unpressurized,
as in the case of hydrants connected to nearby ponds or cisterns.
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4.3.2 Passive Fire Protection System (PFP)
Passive fire protection system on the other hand delays the speed of combustion and
smoke spreading and at the same time protecting the escape routes in order to prolong the
time taken to escape. This system can be done by modifying and altering the architectural
elements with fire resistances characteristic. That is why planning is important and fire
safety factors must be a concern at the design stage of building. The selection of materials,
compartmentalization of building and installations of emergency guidance such as floor
plans and signs are crucial for a safe evacuation.
4.3.2.1 Purpose Group and Compartment

a) Separation of Fire Risk Area
According to UBBL, all fire risk area should be allocated evenly and separately for the
building to reduce fire spreading from one point to another point. UBBL states that
Boiler rooms, laundries, repair shops involving hazardous materials, storage area in
large quantities, liquefied petroleum gas storage, linen room, transformer rooms, and
flammable liquid store shall be separated from the other area of occupancy in which
they are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of FRP to be
determined by local authority based on the degree of hazard.
b) Fire Wall
A firewall is a fire resistant barrier used to preclude the spread of fire for a rated period
of time. Firewalls can be used to subdivide a building into separate fire areas and are
constructed in accordance with the locally applicable building codes. Firewalls are a
part of a passive fire protection system. They are typically continuous from a floor
below to a floor or roof above, or from one fire barrier wall to another fire barrier wall,
having a fire resistance rating equal to or greater than the required rating for the
application.
c) Fire Rated Door

A fire door is a door with a fire-resistance rating. It is used as part of a protection
system to reduce the spread of fire and smoke between separate compartments of a
structure. All fire door must be installed with the appropriately fire resistant fittings,
such as the frame and door hardware, for it to fully comply with any fire regulations.
Fire doors are usually built along the escape routes and fire escape stair’s corridors to
ensure safety while the users are escaping.
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4.3.2.2 Means of Escape
a) Command and Control Center
A space where the status of fire detection, alarm system, and a communications and
control system are displayed, and system can be manually controlled by the security
guards. When the control unit receives signals from the alarm system, decisions are
made immediately by the security guards.
b) Emergency Escape Route

Emergency escape route plan is very important to provide users an easy and direct
route out of the building to a safe open outdoor assembly point in case of fire outbreak
in the building.
c) Escape Travel Distance

The distance of the escape route is strictly regulated to ensure that every area in the
building are within a reasonable distance to travel to a safety place. The distance of the
escape route should be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the
centre line of the natural path of travel.
d) Fire Escape Staircase

A fire staircase is an emergency exit, usually at the back or corner of the building
separated by fire resistance walls. It provides a method of escape in the event of fire or
other emergency that makes the stairwells inside a building inaccessible. The law
stated that along the way of fire staircase there should be no inhibition objects. The fire
door shall remained closed but not locked at all times.
e) Fire Escape Plan

A floor plan shows the possible evacuation routes in the building. It is color coded and
uses arrows to indicate the designated exit. A room containing hazardous materials is
indicated by the flame symbol. Usually found near exits to emergency staircases. It is a
visual guide for the occupants to choose the right path to safety.
f) Emergency Escape Sign

Fire escape sign usually reads ‘KELUAR’ meaning exit in Malaysia. It directs the path to
a safety area or fire staircases. It is often installed with emergency light within with
bright neon green to provide clear visual guide for occupants during fire.
g) Emergency Light
An emergency light is battery-backed lighting device that switches on automatically
when a building experiences a power outage. Emergency lights are standard in new
commercial and high occupancy residential buildings
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h) Fire Rescue Access
Considerations of fire rescue access is crucial of fire trucks to get in place without
hassle during the fire event. Fire hydrants must be situated nearby for fire-fighting and
rescue activities to be carried out smoothly. The fire brigade access must be clear from
any blockage to allow high reach appliances such as turnable ladders and hydraulic
platforms to be used.
i) Assembly Point
All emergency escape routes must lead occupants from the building to a safe open
outdoor assembly point.
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4.4 Mechanical Transportation System
4.4.1 Introduction
The mechanical transportation is a fundamental part in modern building design, described
as a system that allows various means of transporting of people or goods between different
floors within a building. The common types of transportation systems integrate in modern
buildings are elevators, escalators and travellators.
Figure 4.4.0 Elevator in Quill 9 Figure 4.4.1 Escalator

(source: EITA Elevator, 2013)
Figure 4.4.2 Travellator

(source: CyberjayaCity,2015)
a) Elevator
An elevator, also known as lift, contains of an elevator car that moves in a vertical shaft
to carry passengers or goods between the levels of a multi-storey building. Most
modern elevators are moved by electric motors, with the aid of a counterweight
through cables and sheaves (pulleys).
b) Escalator
An escalator is a moving staircase consisting of an endlessly circulating belt of steps
driven by a motor, to transport people between the floors of a building.
c) Travellator
A travellator is a moving pavement that slowly and safely transport people in short
distances either along level ground or between two floors of a building.
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4.4.2 Elevator
An elevator, also known as lift, contains of an elevator car that moves in a vertical shaft to
carry passengers or goods between the levels of a multi-storey building. Most modern
elevators are moved by electric motors, with the aid of a counterweight through cables and
sheaves (pulleys). Vertical transportation is a requirement for any buildings that exceed 4
storeys to prevent high concentration of human flows within certain periods of working
days.
Elevators can be categorised into four main types of hoist mechanisms – Pneumatic
elevators, Hydraulic elevators, Traction elevators, and Climbing elevators. Hydraulic and
traction lifts are among the two most commonly used lifts.
Traction elevators can be then further classified as Machine room (MR) elevator and
Machine room-less (MRL) traction elevator. MR elevators contain of two different types,
which is gearless traction elevator and geared traction elevator.
Hydraulic elevators are machine room-less(MRL), and there are three categories of them –
holed hydraulic, holeless hydraulic and roped hydraulic. The diagram below shows the type
of elevators:
Pneumatic Elevator Hydraulic Elevator Climbing Elevator Traction Elevator
Machine Roomless Machine Room Machine Roomless

Hydraulic Elevator Traction Elevator Traction Elevator
Holed
Gearless
hydraulic
Holeless
Geared
hydraulic
Roped
hydraulic
Figure 4.4.3 Types of elevators
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4.4.3 Traction Elevators
Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric
motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise applications and have
higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. A counter weight makes the elevators more
efficient by offsetting the weight of the car and occupants so that the motor doesn't have
to move as much weight.
4.4.3.1 Machine Room Gearless Traction Elevator

Gearless traction elevator has wheel attached
Traction Elevator
directly to the motor. It can speed up to 2,000
feet per minute with a maximum travel distance of
around 600 meter so it is a suitable for high-rise
applications.
Machine Room Machine Roomless - It uses low speed machine (low RPM) and uses
Traction elevator Traction elevator
high torque AC or DC electric motors.
- The traction sheave is connected directly to the
shaft of traction motor and the motor rotation
Gearless
is transmitted directly to the sheave without
any transitional gearing.
- It can achieve the speed up to 20m/s.
Geared
Figure 4.4.4 Types of elevator – Traction

elevator
Figure 4.4.5 Gearless machine components

(Source: “electricalknowhow”,2013)
Figure 4.4.6 Gearless Traction Elevators.

(Source: aboutelevator,2015)
22
4.4.3.2 Machine Room Geared Traction Elevator
Geared traction elevators have a gearbox that is
attached to the motor, which drives the wheel to
Traction Elevator
move the ropes. It is capable of travel speeds up
to 150 meters per minute. The maximum travel
distance for a geared traction elevator is around
Machine Room Machine Roomless 75 meters.
- It is driven by AC or DC electric motors.
- It uses worm gears to control the mechanical
movement of elevator cars by rolling the steel
Gearless
hoist ropes over a sheave attaching to the
gearbox driven by high speed motor.
- It is great for basement or overhead traction
Geared
use for speeds up to 3m/s.

elevator
Figure 4.4.9 Geared machine components

(Source: “electricalknowhow”,2013)
Figure 4.4.8 Geared Traction Elevators

(Source: schumacherelevator,2014)
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4.4.3.3 Machine Roomless Traction Elevators
Machine roomless (MRL) traction elevators do not
have a dedicated machine room above the
Traction Elevator
elevator shaft. The machine sits in the override
space, accessed from the top of the elevator cab
during maintenance. The control boxes are located
Machine Room Machine Roomless in a control room adjacent to the shaft on the
highest landing level.
- It is becoming a popular solution for mid-rise
building.
Gearless
- It creates more usable space with 70-80%
lesser energy used compare to hydraulic
elevators.
Geared
- It is more economical as it requires less power
in comparison to traditional geared traction
elevator
equipment.
- It operates at a faster speed compare to
hydraulic elevators but not normal traction
units.
Figure 4.4.11 Machine roomless (MRL) Elevators

(Source: schumacherelevator,2014)
24
4.4.4 Hydraulic Elevators
Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom to push the elevator up when the electric
motor forces oil or other hydraulic fluid into the piston. It descends as a valve releases the fluid from the
piston.
- Used for low-rise applications (2-8 storeys high)
- Maximum speed at 60 meters per minute
- Machine room located at the lowest level next to the elevator shaft
HOLED HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR HOLELESS HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR ROPED HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR

- Elevator car is mounted on a - Pistons mounted inside hoist - Extends the rise up to 18
piston that travels inside a way to raise and lower the car. meters without the need for
cylinder. - Direct-acting piston to raise underground cylinder.
- When hydraulic fluid pumped the car. - Piston attached to a sheave
into the cylinder through a valve, - Good in situation when with a rope passing through.
the car rises. When the fluid digging jack holes is impractical. - Require a governor because
returns, the car descends. the rope is holding the car.
Figure 4.4.12 Holed Hydraulic Elevator Figure 4.4.13 Holeless Hydraulic Elevator Figure 4.4.14 Roped Hydraulic Elevator
(Source: schumacherelevator,2014) (Source: schumacherelevator,2014) (Source: schumacherelevator,2014)
ADVANTAGES
- Low cost application - No jack hole required - No jack hole required
- Easiest to install - Eliminates the cost from jack - Accommodates front and back
- Accommodates front and back hole drilling and risk of oil opening in any configuration
opening in any configuration contamination - No extensive pit or overhead
- No extensive pit or overhead - Accommodates front and back required
required opening in any configuration
DISADVANTAGES
- High risk of oil contamination in - Require more overhead. The - Require wider hoist way for
area of frequent seismic activity further the travel distance, the jacks and roped equipment
- Drilling of jack hole may be greater the overhead must be - Longer installation time
impossible in certain structural - Require wider hoist way for
or geological condition jacks
- Jack need to go down equal - Higher material cost
distance as the desired travel compared to Holed Hydraulics
height elevators.
Table 4.4.15 Type of hydraulic elevators and their characteristics
25
4.4.5 Climbing Elevators
A climbing elevator is a self-ascending elevator with
its own propulsion. The propulsion can be done by an
electric or a combustion engine. Climbing elevators
are used in guyed masts or towers, in order to make
easy access to parts of these constructions, such as
flight safety lamps for maintenance.
("Elevator - New World Encyclopedia", 2017)
It is often used in work and construction areas.
Figure 4.4.16 Climbing elevator

(Source: indiamart, 2015)
4.4.6 Pneumatic Elevators

Pneumatic elevator is a self-supporting vacuum
elevator. It works according to the principles of physics:
- the difference in air pressure above and beneath the
vacuum pushes the elevator cab to transport
passengers by air. The vacuum pumps or turbines pull
the car up to the next floor while the slow release of air
pressure that floats the car back down.
Advantages:
- Easy to install
- Small footprint, easy to fit anywhere
- Easily added to existing home
- Safe: during a power outage, the vacuum elevator
will automatically return to the bottom floor
Disadvantages:
- Noise
- Bouncy ride
- Code compliance: many states do not allow
permits for this elevator
Figure 4.4.17 Schematic diagram of pneumatic elevator

(Source: daytonaelevator, n.d.)
26
4.4.7 Escalator
An escalator is a power-driven, continuous moving stairway
designed to transport passengers up and down in short vertical
distances. Escalators are used to move pedestrian traffic in
places where elevators would be impractical. The maximum
angle of inclination of an escalator to the horizontal is 30
degrees with a standard rise up to about 18 m. The speed of
Figure 4.4.18 Single unit escalator
escalator varies between 0.45m/s to 0.7m/s and the width of
(Source: xwelevator, n.d.)
the tread varies between 600mm to 1200mm.
Advantages: Disadvantages:
- move large numbers of people - Waste of energy when not in use
- can be placed in the same space as stairs - Possible injuries when stopped suddenly
- no waiting interval, except during peak - Inconvenient for handicapped or
hour travelling with stroller
- can function as normal staircase when
power is down
4.4.7.1 Types of Escalator Arrangement

Continuous arrangement This arrangement is used in smaller
(One-way traffic) department store to link three sales
levels. It requires more space than
the interrupted arrangement.
Interrupted arrangement This arrangement is inconvenient

(One-way traffic) for users, but advantages for
department store since the short
detour to the next unit and the
spatial separation between up and
down travel is ideal for leading
customers past strategically placed
advertising displays.
Parallel, This arrangement is used places
interrupted arrangement with heavy traffic volume. When
(Two-way traffic) there are three or more escalators,
it should be possible to reverse the
travelling direction according to the
traffic flow. This arrangement is
economical, since no inner lateral
claddings are required.
27
Crisscross, This arrangement is used mainly in
continuous arrangement major department stores, public
(Two-way traffic) buildings and public transport
buildings where transport times
between several levels should be
kept to a minimum.
4.4.7.2
Figure 4.4.19Escalator Components
Table of escalator arrangements (Source: xwelevator, n.d.)
1. Speed monitor
2. Control cabinet
3. Handrail turning part
4. Step
5. Balustrade
6. Skirt light
7. Skirt panel
8. Handrail belt
9. Front pedal Figure 4.4.20 Elevator components (Source: Syneyelevator, n.d.)
10. Operational control
11. Reverse standing protection pedal
12. Tensioner
13. Handrail entry protection
14. Step running protection
15. Guide rail
16. Supporting frame
17. Step chain 28
18. Handrail belt driving device
19. Drive device
4.4.8 Travellator
A travellator is a slow moving conveyor mechanism that transports people, across a
horizontal or inclined plane, over a short to medium distance. Moving walkways can be
used by standing or walking on them. They are often installed in pairs, one for each
direction.
It is usually found in airports, are designed to move people over long distances, usually
between different terminals. Passengers are able to move from gate to gate or from one
baggage area to the next. Travellator are similar to elevators and escalators, offer a smooth
and convenient ride for people while providing outstanding energy efficiency for
commercial building operators.
4.4.8.1 Pallet Type Travellator

A continuous series of flat metal plates join
together to form a walkway – and are
effectively identical to escalators in their
construction. Most have a metal surface,
though some models have rubber surface for
extra traction.
Figure 4.4.21 Pallet type travellator

(Source: electricalknowhow, 2012)
4.4.8.2 Moving Belt Type Travellator

Moving belt type travellators are generally
built with mesh metal belts or rubber walking
surfaces over metal rollers. The walking
surface may have a solid feel or a "bouncy"
feel.
Figure 4.4.22 Moving belt type travellator

(Source: electricalknowhow, 2012)
Both types of moving walkway have a grooved surface to mesh with comb plates at the
ends. Also, all moving walkways are built with moving handrails similar to those on
escalators.
29
5 MECHANI
CAL
VENTILATI
5.1
5.2
Introduction
Supply Ventilation system
ON
5.3 Exhaust ventilation system
5.4 Components
5.5 Conclusion
30
5.1 Introduction
Quill 9 is a 6-storey building with deep basement car park floors and large ground floor
space to accommodate two automobile showrooms with great flexibility and the
Headquarters of the Quill Group of companies on the two uppermost floors. Due to serving
different purpose of retailing and private offices in enclosed space, privacy and security
requirement are needed, hence, inlet and outlet for natural ventilation are not encouraged.
Thus, mechanical ventilation system plays an important role to keep the interior spaces of
the building comfortable and safe for the users.
Types of the mechanical ventilation system applied in Quill 9 consists of below:
I. Supply Ventilation System

a. Pressurize stairwell system
b. Supply air grille
II. Exhaust Ventilation System

a. Exhaust air grille/fan
- Utilities room exhaust system
31
5.2 Supply Ventilation System
a. Pressurized Stairwell System
Figure 5.2.1 Photo of the pressurize stairwell in Quill 9
In a high-rise building, the stairs typically represent the sole means of egress during a
fire. It is imperative for the exit stairs to be free of smoke and to incorporate design
features that improve the speed of occupant egress. Most building codes require the
pressurized stairwell systems in a high-rise building to be pressurized to keep smoke
out.
As Quill 9 is a mixed commercial office complex that often need to accommodate large
number of workers and also visitors. Hence, this type of mechanical ventilation is highly
demanded to guarantee the safety of the users when emergency fire occurs.
UBBL 1984 - Section 202: Pressurized system for staircase.

All staircases serving building of more than 45.75 metres in height where there is no adequate
ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization which meets the
functional requirements as may be agreed with the D.G.F.S
32
Location of unit stairwell:
Pressurized staircases
Figure 5.2.2 The figure above shows the level 5 floor plan of Quill 9 where the pressurized
staircase system is applied in Quill 9. However, the pressurized staircase can be found
from Level 1 to Level 5.
33
Figure 5.2.3 Schematic diagram above shows the section of a typical
pressurized system stairwell.
Quill 9’s feature as a mixed commercial complex led to the use of many staircases as
alternative route and also as fire escape route for the occupant. However, the pressurized
stairwell system is applied in the stairwell in Quill 9 by having constantly supplied into the
space through a central fan, pressure relief damper is installed at each level to help
reducing the pressure. The pressure reduced when the fire rated door is pushed open.
UBBL 1984 - Section 198 - 202:

All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by either permanent
openings or openable windows to the open air having a free area of not less than 1 sqm per floor.
For staircases in buildings exceeding 18 metres above ground level that are not ventilated in
accordance with by-law 198, two alternative methods of preventing the infiltration of smoke into the
staircase enclosures may be permitted by providing mechanical pressurization. All staircase
enclosures below ground level shall be provided with suitable means of preventing the ingress of
smoke.
34
Figure 5.2.4 The photo show that pressure relief damper can be
found installed on the wall near the staircases.
The pressure-relief dampers will open and close

automatically. The blades are kept closed by
magnets. If the differential pressure exceeds the set
maximum value, the magnetic force is overcome,
and the blades open. The airflow by which the excess
pressure has been caused can now flow through the
damper.
Figure 5.2.5 The photo show fire rated doors in Quill 9.
The door will affect the pressure and causes it to drop

when opened, sufficient air supply is needed to ensure
the pressure remains as same to prevent the entry of
smoke.
Analysis and observations
Based on our observation, not all of the unit stairwell in the Quill 9 buildings are pressurized.
However, the supply fan is switched on 24 hours to maintain the pressure in the stairwell.
The pressure relief dampers are functioning well and in good condition. Hence, the overall
performance of the pressurized system is maintained.
35
b. Supply Air Grille
Central fans are installed in the building to bring in the external air and then supply the
fresh air through air grille into an external space. Diffuser in the building are located at
the edge of ductwork of buildings where the supplied air is released into the room.
Circular louvre bladed, and linear slot diffuser can be seen installed in Quill 9.
UBBL 1984 - Third Schedule Section 41: Room, window, etc., air conditioning units.
Where room, window or wall air-conditioning units are provided as means of air-conditioning, such
units shall be capable of continuously introducing fresh air.
Location of supply air grille:
linear slot diffuser

circular louvre bladed
diffuser
Figure 5.2.6 The level 5 floor plan of Quill 9 above show the area where the linear slot diffuser and circular louvre
bladed diffuser used. However, this also applied from Level 1 to level 5.
36
linear slot diffuser
circular louvre bladed diffuser
Figure 5.2.7 The level 6 floor plan of Quill 9 above show the area where the linear slot diffuser and circular louvre
bladed diffuser used. However, this also applied from Level 6 to level 8.
Figure 5.2.8: The photo shows the circular louvre bladed diffuser
can be found installed on the ceiling of the near lift lobby.
The fresh air will flow through the connecting

ductwork and expel out through the air grille.
Figure 5.2.9: The photo shows linear slot diffuser is found installed at
most of the ceiling in Quill 9.
These are used for an alternative air distribution pattern

and for aesthetic reasons. Air can be delivered around
the perimeter of a room as opposed to point sources
interposed in a ceiling space.
Analysis and Observations:

The supply ventilation system in Quill 9 performs very well as the fresh air is continually
introduce into the interior space. The stale air is replaced with fresh air, hence, the indoor
air quality in Quill 9 is good. Besides, the air movement created by the systems improved
the comfort of occupants in Quill 9.
37
5.3 Exhaust ventilation system
a. Exhaust Air Grille / Fan
Exhaust systems are necessary in a typical commercial building as to remove heat and
humidity and circulate cool air, as to main the indoor air quality, ensuring thermal
comfort for the people. The exhaust systems in Quill 9 are found located in the toilet,
utilities rooms and basement.
Location: Toilet
toilet
Figure 5.2.10: The level 5 floor plan of Quill 9 above show the location of toilet in Quill 9.
However, this also applied from Level 1 to level 7.
Figure 5.2.11: The photo shows exhaust grille installed on

the ceiling of female toilet.
Exhaust grille are used to remove odors from a

room and also help to absorb the moisture in
the atmosphere within the room and as a result
in reduction in problems such as mold.
38
UBBL 1984 - Third Schedule Section 41: Water-closets and toilets
Water-closets, toilets, lavatories, bathrooms, latrines, urinals or similar rooms or enclosures used for
ablutions which are situated in the internal portions of the building and in respect of which no such
external walls are present, shall be provided with mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning having a
minimum of fresh air change at the rate of 0.61 cmm per square metre of floor area of ten air
changes per hour, whichever is the lower.
Location of rectangular galvanized ducting:
Rectangular galvanized ducting
Figure 5.2.12: The basement floor plans show the location of rectangular galvanized ducting in Quill 9.
39
Figure 5.2.13: The sub-basement floor plans show the location of rectangular galvanized ducting in Quill 9.
Figure 5.2.13: The floor plans show the location of rectangular galvanized ducting in Quill 9.
40
Figure 5.2.14: Rectangular galvanized ducting spotted
at the basement carpark.
The air condition in underground is usually

hot and stuffy, with the aid of exhaust
ventilation system, the stale air will be
removed out.
With the helping of axial fan, the ductwork

connects from the internal part of the carpark
and direct outwards to the entrance and exit
of the basement to expel the air
Location: Gen set room, water pump room, chiller plant room, lift motor room
Gen set room

Water pump room
Figure 5.2.15 The sub-basement floor plan of Quill 9 above shows the location of gen set room and
Water pump room in Quill 9.
41
Chiller plant room
Figure 5.2.16 The level 8 floor plan of Quill 9 above shows the location of chiller plant room in Quill 9.
Lift motor room
Figure 5.2.17: The roof floor plan of Quill 9 above shows the location of Lift motor room in Quill 9.
42
Figure 5.2.18: A cylindrical ductwork that connect
from the gen set room.
The usage of the exhaust fan in the gen set

room is to maintain the humidity and also
internal room temperature, it helps to
remove the heat generated from the
machinery out the room through the
exhaust fan.
Figure 5.2.19: An exhaust fan that installed in the

water pump room.
The exhaust system here to remove the

water vapor and reduce the humidity that
caused by the escape of water vapor from
all the pumps. It is to prevent condensation
of bacteria and the growth of mold in the
piping system.
Figure 5.2.20: Exhaust fan that spotted in the lift

motor room.
The heat generated out from the

machinery are remove from the room
through the exhaust fan.
Figure 5.2.21: Exhaust fan that installed in the chiller

plant room
The hot air from the chiller plant room is

remove by the exhaust fan to prevent
overheating of the wire and mechanical
components in the room.
43
Analysis and Observation:
Based on my observation, the number of axial fan in the sub-basement and basement
carpark is sufficient to cover the area of the carpark. However, the axial fan is not operating
all the time. The condition of the sub-basement carpark is more comfortable than the
basement carpark as the sub-basement is partially opened air. However, the basement
carpark is not that comfortable due to the heated air are accumulated down there.
The exhaust system in the utilized room is well organized and planned. They are
well-maintained and functioning well.
44
5.4 Components
I. Exhaust Fan
a. Propeller Fan
b. Axial Fan
II. Ductwork
a. Cylindrical aluminium ducting
b. Rectangular galvanized ducting
III. Damper
a. Fire damper
b. Pressure relief damper
IV. Diffuser
a. Circular louvre bladed diffuser
b. Linear slot diffuser
c. Single grille air outlet
5.4.1 Exhaust Fan

An exhaust fan system provides a number of benefits, including the purifying of air from
pollution and excessive heat. However, exhaust fans are not only used to provide cooler air,
but also to eliminate humidity. It’s one of the important component involved in a
mechanical ventilation system in order to complete the air circulation cycle of system.
Besides, exhaust fan systems are also useful to reduce odours from a room to keep the
fresh air circulating within a space. There are few types of exhaust fans can be found in
Quill 9.
a) Propeller fan
- Ductless
- Can remove large amount of air
- Lower installation cost
Figure 5.4.1.1: Photos shows the exhaust fan installed to the wall in chiller plant room
This propeller fan is found at the chiller plant room, it functions as an exhaust fan for
the room where it helps to remove heat from a liquid via vapor-compression. As a
necessary by product, refrigeration creates waste heat that must be exhausted to
ambience. Hence, the propeller fan plays the role of removing the hot air from the
chiller plant room to prevent overheating of the wire and mechanical components in
the room.
45
Figure 5.4.1.2: Propeller Fan in lift motor room
Propeller fan found in the lift motor room at the upper floor of Quill 9, it also help to
removing the hot air from the control room to prevent overheating of wire and
mechanical components in the room.
Figure 5.4.1.3: Propeller fan in water pump room
This propeller fan is found at the water pump room, it functions as an exhaust fan for
the room where it helps to remove the water vapor escaped from the water pump and
reduce the humidity in the room to prevent condensation of bacteria and also the
growth of mould in the room.
46
b) Axial Fan
- A type of fan that causes gas to flow through it in an axial direction, parallel to the
shaft about which the blades rotate.
- Designated to produce a pressure difference, and hence force, to cause a flow
through the fan.
- Consist of an impeller with blades of aerofoil section rotating inside a cylinder
casing.
Figure 5.4.1.4: Axial fan at the basement car park
The axial fan is found to be used at the basement car park of Quill 9, its high-speed
movement of the blades serves the active cooling purpose. It removes the heated air
away in the basement and draw cooler air over. It’s used in basement carpark in Quill 9
as the air movement underground is usually slower and not well circulates, with the
high-speed rotation of inner blades, hot air can be removed faster hence maintaining
the temperature of the underground space. They are pointed toward a certain
direction to ensure the air movement.
UBBL 1984 - Third Schedule Section 41: Mechanical ventilation systems in basement areas.
Basement or underground car parks shall be provided with mechanical ventilation such that the
air exhausted to the external atmosphere should constitute not less than six air changes per
hour. Air extract opening shall be arranged such that it is not less than 0.5 metres above the
floor level period system.
47
Location of axial fan:
Location of axial fan

Direction of axial fan pointing to
Figure 5.4.1.5: The basement floor plan of Quill 9 above shows the location and direction of axial fans in Quill 9.
Figure 5.4.1.6: The sub-basement floor plan of Quill 9 above shows the location and direction of axial fans in Quill 9.
48
5.4.2 Ductwork
A duct system is called ductwork. It serves as a conduits or passages used in heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) to deliver and remove air from a room. Ductwork
comes in different shapes and sized which will also effect the efficiency and sustainability.
They are usually made from aluminium, copper and galvanized materials. It’s often
connected to the central supply fan or central exhaust fan of the mechanical ventilation
system. There are few types of ducting can be found in Quill 9.
a) Cylindrical Aluminium Ducting
Figure 5.4.2.1: Cylindrical ductwork found in the basement carpark
Cylindrical aluminium ducting is seen at the basement carpark, it functions to remove

hot air out from the underground space and disperse them to the upper level. Its
cylindrical shape works more efficiently as less frictional force is created within the
circular shape.
b) Rectangular galvanized ducting
Figure 5.4.2.2 A series of ductwork can be spotted in the Figure 5.4.2.3 Rectangular duct coated with white paint
basement carpark in Quill 9. installed in the level 5 carpark.
The rectangular ducts are designed to withstand strong vibrations and various level of
pressure that occur during operations of air conditioning systems. At the basement car park,
they serve the purpose of channelling air out from the internal space.
49
5.4.3 Damper
A damper is a valve or plate that stops or regulates the flow of air inside a duct or other
air-handling equipment. A damper may be used to cut off central air conditioning to an
unused room, or to regulate it for room-by-room temperature and climate control. Its
operation can be manual or automatic. Few types of damper can be found in Quill 9.
a) Fire damper
Figure 5.4.3.1: Fire damper in the basement carpark
Fire dampers can be seen installed at the external wall in the basement carpark in Quill
9. It is to prevent the spread of fire inside the ductwork through fire-resistance rated
walls and floors. When a rise in temperature occurs, the fire damper closes.
b) Pressure relief damper
Figure 5.4.3.2: Pressure relief damper photo taken at level 5 next to unit staircase
This type of damper is found used at every enclosed unit stairwell of the Quill 9. It acts
as a pressure relief damper which helps to reduce the pressure created by the supply
ventilated pressured staircases system.
50
5.4.4 Grille and Diffuser
Grille and diffuser are the mechanical devices that usually located at the end of a ductwork
system which air is been released from. A grille is a device for supplying or extracting air
vertically without any deflection. However, a diffuser normally has profiled blades to direct
the air at an angle a it leaves the unit into the space. They can be come in different sizes
and shapes which serve different functions as well.
a) Circular Louvre Bladed Diffuser
Figure 5.4.4.1: Circular louvre bladed diffuser
The diffuser can be found at the ceiling near the Lift lobby in the Quill 9.They are used
to diffuse the air supply coming from the internal ducting that connect to the central
supply fan. The curve blades deflect air in one, two , three or four directions depending
on where the diffuser is situated.
b) Linear slot diffuser
Figure 5.4.4.2: Linear slot diffuser in Quill 9
The diffuser can be found at most of the ceiling in the Quill 9 except for lift lobby. They
are used to diffuse the air supply coming from the internal ducting that connect to the
central supply fan. Air can be delivered around the perimeter of a space as opposed to
point sources interposed in a ceiling space.
c) Single grille air outlet
Figure 5.4.4.3: Single grille air outlet that connect to the exhaust fan inside in the sprinkler pump room of sub-basement.
The single grille function as an outlet for the hot air drew by the exhaust fan in the
utility room like elevator control room in Quill 9. They help to avoid overheating from
damaging the mechanical devices in these room. It also serves as an outlet for humid
air drew out from the sprinkler pump room as well.
51
5.5 Conclusion
Based on our observation, personal experiences and analysis, the mechanical
ventilation system used in Quill 9 is above satisfactory. They have complete mechanical
ventilation system which included air diffusers, propeller fan, exhaust grille, exhaust fan,
fire damper, axial fan, ductwork and etc. It viably flows the air and control the temperature
inside the Quill 9.
The supply air grille ventilation system assumes a decent part in ensure the buildings
ventilated throughout the day. Besides, the exhaust ventilation system installed are also
functioning in a satisfactory way, the ductworks are arranged in orderly and organized way.
In conclusion, the mechanical ventilation system of the building should be maintained

in this level to ensure the occupant have a better indoor air quality and also the thermal
comfort of the occupant can be guarantee.
52
6
AIR
CONDITIONI
NG 6.1 Overview and Equipment Connections
SYSTEM
6.2 HVAC Building Automation System
6.3 Air Conditioner Control Room
6.4 Cooling Tower
6.5 Air Condenser
6.6 Chiller
6.7 Air Handling Unit
6.8 Air Diffusers
6.9 Air Cooled Split Unit
6.10 UBBL Compliance
53
6.1 Overview and Equipment Connections
Centralised air conditioning plant system is more useful for large buildings comprising of a
number of floors. In office building such as Quill 9, it has the plant room where all the
important units like the compressor, condenser, throttling valve and the evaporator are
housed.
The evaporator is a shell and tube. On the tube side the Freon fluid passes at extremely low
temperature, while on the shell side the brine solution is passed. After passing through the
evaporator, the brine solution gets chilled and is pumped to the various air handling units
installed at different floors of the building. The air handling units comprise the cooling coil
through which the chilled brine flows, and the blower. The blower sucks hot return air from
the room via ducts and blows it over the cooling coil. The cool air is then supplied to the
space to be cooled through the ducts. The brine solution which has absorbed the room heat
comes back to the evaporator, gets chilled and is again pumped back to the air handling
unit.
Figure 6.1.1 Image from ‘Chilled Water Central Air Conditioning Plants’
54
6.1.1 Location of Equipment
AIR COND
CONTROL
AHU ROOM AHU ROOM
ROOM
Ground floor plan
AHU ROOM
First floor plan
55
AHU ROOM 1 AHU ROOM 2
Second floor plan (location of AHU ROOM same goes to level 3-7)
AIR COND COOLING CHILLER PLANT

TANK TOWER ROOM AHU ROOM
Level 8 floor plan
56
6.2 HVAC Building Automation System
HVAC (Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular
environmental comfort. By using HVAC system in Quill 9 is to provide thermal comfort and
acceptable indoor air quality by able to control air temperature, relative humidity, air
movement and air purification through the usage of mechanical equipment.
Figure 6.2.1 Image from ‘HVAC building Automation system cycle’
6.3 Air Conditioner Control Room

HVAC systems often interface to Building Automation System (BAS) to allow the building
owners to have more control over the heating or cooling units. The objectives of having
building automation in Quill 9 are to improve occupant comfort, efficient operation of
building systems, reduction in energy consumption and operating costs, and improved life
cycle of utilities. The air conditioning control system is located together with other control
system such as lift emergency signal panel and fire emergency system.
Figure 6.3.1 Control room inside Quill 9
57
6.4 Cooling Tower
6.4.1 Overview
A cooling tower is to cool down the water which has been heated by an industrial process
or in an air-conditioning condenser and pumped to the cooling tower through pipes. It is
able to achieve optimum cooling when it is placed at an elevated position such as the roof.
The cooling towers consists of several mechanical components that function together with
water tanks to cool the chiller water to recycle back into the A/C plant system. From there,
fresh air-conditioning is supplied from several AHU rooms on every floor of Quill 9 to the
rest of the spaces within building via ductworks and diffusers.
Figure 6.4.1 Cooling tower placed at the rooftop of Quill 9.
6.4.2 Crossflow Cooling Tower
Figure 6.4.2 Image from ‘What is a cooling tower?’
A crossflow cooling tower which is a design that let the airflow is directed perpendicular to
the water flow. Air enters through one or more vertical faces of the cooling tower to meet
the fill material. The air continues through the fill and thus past the water flow into an open
plenum volume. The water is collected at the sump below and pumped into the water
outlet pipe that connects to the chiller. Lastly, a fan forces the moisture laden air out into
the atmosphere.
58
6.5 Air Condenser
6.5.1 Overview
Quill 9 has used air cooled condenser unit. An air cooled condenser unit used in central air
conditioning systems typically has a heat exchanger section to cool down and condense
incoming refrigerant vapor into liquid, a compressor to raise the pressure of the refrigerant
and move it along, and a fan for blowing outside air through the heat exchanger section to
cool the refrigerant inside. The photos have shown different design of condenser units
which placed outside of the building.
Figure 6.5.1 Different design of condenser units placed outside of the building.
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6.6 Chiller
There are two types of chiller which including ‘Air Cooled Chiller’ and ‘Water Cooled Chiller’.
Quill 9 has used water cooled chillers which are placed in the plant room where the chiller
is directly connected with the cooling towers and work as a whole. It is function to generate
cold water for air conditioning by removing the unwanted heat from the building. The heat
from the chillers are circulated to the cooling towers that are placed outdoor.
Figure 6.6.1: Chilled water pumped unit placed in the plant room.
6.6.1 Water Cooled Chiller System

The water cooled chiller needs a cooling tower to reject the heat from the building. The
chiller produces chilled water and pushes it around the building to air handling units and
fan coils. The heat exchanger which is installed inside of an air handling unit extract the
unwanted heat before the air is distributed throughout the building. The evaporator of the
chiller generates chilled water and pumped it into Air Handling Units which are placed
around the building. The unwanted heat from Air Handling Units return back to the chiller
at 12 degrees to generate chilled water again. Heat that is picked up in the condenser is
pumped to the cooling tower, where the air dissipates and rejects the heat from the
building and return back to the chiller at 27 degrees.
Figure 6.6.2 Image from ‘Chiller Basic- How Do They Work.’
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6.6.2 Chilled Water Pump Unit
A Chilled Water Pump Unit (CHWP) (figure 6.5.1) is a component under the chiller system. It
functions as to circulate chilled water through the evaporator, air handling units (AHU) and
fan coil units (FCU) located at different parts of the building.
Refrigerant evaporates in the evaporator by absorbing latent heat from the circulated
water. The chilled water will then flow from the evaporator to the cooling coil of the AHU
and FCU. Blowers of AHU and FCU will blow air towards the cooling coils to transfer heat
from the circulating air to the chilled water. The treated cold air is then circulated to the
air-conditioned spaces. After absorbing heat from the cooling coils, the chilled water is
pumped back again to the evaporator of the chiller to cool down, the cycle is then
repeated.
CWS: Chilled Water Supply

CWR: Chilled Water Return
Figure 6.6.3: Chilled water pumped unit in a plant room.
6.6.3 Centrifugal Compressor

Centrifugal compressor and chilled water pump unit are placed together in a plant room.
The centrifugal compressor has two large cylinders, one is called the evaporator and the
other is called the condenser. The evaporator of the chiller is where the chilled water is
generated. The chilled water leaves the evaporator at around 6°C (42.8°F) and is pushed
around the building by the chilled water pump. The chilled water is then piped throughout
the building and connected to air handling unit (AHU).
Figure 6.6.4: Centrifugal Compressor placed inside of the plant room.
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A centrifugal chiller consists of the follow components as shown in Figure 6.5.4. The main
components are the compressor, condenser, and evaporator.
Figure 6.6.5: Components of centrifugal compressor
There are three main circuits inside centrifugal compressor system. The first is refrigeration
circuit, where is the refrigerant which passes around each of the four components
(compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator). The secondary circuit is the
chilled water loop, where heat from the air handling units at 12 degrees, sent to the
evaporator and back again to the building. The third circuit is the condenser circuit, where
the heat is being sent to the cooling tower and coming back to the condenser to pick up
more heat.
Figure 6.6.6: System of the centrifugal compressor
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6.7 Air Handling Unit
6.7.1 Overview
Inside Quill 9, the air handling units are installed in the various parts of the building that are
to be air conditioned, in the place called air handling unit rooms. The air handling units
comprise of the cooling coil, air filter, the blower and the supply and return air ducts. When
the chilled water flows through the cooling coil. The blower absorbs the return hot air from
the air conditioned space and blows it over the cooling coil thus cooling the air. This cooled
air passes over the air filter and is passed by the supply air ducts into the space which is to
be air conditioned. The air handling unit and the ducts passing through it are insulated to
reduce the loss of the cooling effect.
Figure 6.7.1: The pipe of chiller connected to AHU
Figure 6.7.2: Air conditioning gauges is used to measure air conditioner units pressure within
closed-system to evaluate or troubleshoot the central air units.
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6.7.2 Components in AHU
Figure 6.7.3: Each AHU room in the building comprises of the AHU which
works in the similar way as the diagram shown above.
6.7.3 Basic system of AHU

AHU are connected to ductwork which provides a defined route for the air to travel around
the building in a simple form. Inside of the ductwork it consists a fan to suck in fresh
ambient outside air which will then pass through filters to remove dusts and dirt. The air
will after that pass through the cooling and heating coil and pushed out around the building.
Another set of ductwork will be collecting warm used air from these rooms and will bring
this back to the AHU via another fan.
Figure 6.7.4: Ductwork connected to AHU
Figure 6.7.5: Air filtration in AHU.
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Figure 6.7.6: Blower of AHU
Blowers are typically positioned at the end of the AHU and the beginning of the supply
ductwork (fans). They are usually amplified by fans in the return air duct (return fans)
pushing the air into the AHU. A region of low pressure is established by the fan positioned
before the supply spigot. This further drives in the air through the mixing chambers into the
chilled water coils, where the heat exchange occurs.
6.8 Air Diffusers

Air diffusers serves as a distribution equipment to a space and functions to provide
conditioned air. It is also designed to mix conditioned air with the air which is already in the
space. This is to properly distribute fresh air into the space and to avoid stagnant air via
low-velocity air movement, this also helps ventilates the space.
Figure 6.8.1: Air diffusers located in Quill 9
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6.9 Air Cooled Split Unit
Quill 9 uses air cooled split units which are inverter units. Inverter units allows desired
temperature to be achieved at a faster rate. Most of the split units are located in office
room and the condenser are placed outside of the office which is at the carpark.
Figure 6.9.1: Air cooled split unit in the control room
Figure 6.9.2: Thermostat is located at the walkway from level 2 to 6
Figure 6.9.3: Split unit condenser located outside of the office.
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6.10 UBBL Compliance
UBBL 1984 - Section 41: Mechanicals ventilation and air conditioning.
(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building
by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at
the discretion of the local authority.
(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to
the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of
ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning
system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be
introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not
functioning.
(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are
mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.
(4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or
corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third
Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and
natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors
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7
Active
Fire
Protection
system
7.1
7.2
7.3
Fire Alarm and Detection System
Triggers
Fire Alarm Bell
7.4 Fire Intercom System
7.5 Fire Alarm Control Panel
7.6 Fireman Switch
7.7 Fire Sprinkler System
7.8 Fire Pump Room
7.9 Sprinkler Alarm Valve
7.10 Sprinkler Tank
7.11 Wet Riser
7.12 Hand Operated Fire Fighting Equipment
7.13 Hose Reels
7.14 External Fire Hydrant System
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7.1 Fire Alarm and Detection System
An alarm system consists of a multiple of devices working together to detect and alert
people through either visual or audio information during the occurrence of smoke, fire,
carbon monoxide or other emergencies. These alarms will be activated through automatic
means such as smoke, heat or flame detectors. Alarms can also be activated manually
through fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations.
7.1.1 Smoke detector

Smoke detector is a sensor or a device which able to detect the smoke. Whenever smokes
are getting severe, it can be sensed and send audio signal to the occupants. It can also be
called smoke alarm.
Smoke detectors which are set up on the ceiling of Quill 9 in the lift lobby, machinery room
and the emergency exits. Whenever there is a fire, smoke will be detected by smoke
detector and it will trigger alarm systems to start a loud noise in order to warn the
occupants in the building to seek safety.
Figure7.1.1 shows the smoke detector in Quill 9’s 5th floor
Location of smoke detector refer to 5th floor plan (Figure 7).

Location of all smoke detector (total 12) refer to 5th floor plan (Figure 7).
UBBL 1984 - Section 153:

1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light
beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirtyseconds
of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.
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7.2 Triggers
Manual fire alarm activation is categorized into two types:
a) Manual Call Point
b) Manual Pull Station
7.2.1 Manual Call Point

Manual call point is connected to the main fire alarm control panel which is used to activate
an alarm. It can be activated by breaking the glass then the signal will be transderred to the
monitor to show where the location is.
Figure7.2.1 shows the Manual Call Point in Quill 9’s 5th floor
Location of manual call point refer to 5th floor plan (Figure 7).
Location of all manual call point (total 10) refer to 5th floor plan (Figure 7).
7.2.2 Manual Pull Station

A manual pull station can be activated by pulling down the handle to ring the alarm. It can
be stopped or reset by opening the key ignition panel with the specific key. Hence, alarm is
reset from the fire alarm control panel when the handle is back to its original position.
Figure7.2.2 shows the manual pull station in Quill 9’s sub-basement.
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Figure7.2.3 shows the location of Manual Pull station in Sub-Basement of Quill9
The manual pull stations are spaced at a maximum distance of 25m. Some mounting
height of the manual pull stations are at a lower height so that the disabled people can
operate the stations. Manual pull stations are located on escape routes, exits points to
open year.
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7.3 Fire Alarm Bell
Fire alarm is important device to send signals to occupants in the building by producing a
high pressure of siren when there has a fire. It alerts the people to escape from the building
before the fire burns tragically.
Figure7.3.1 fire alarm bell in Quill 9’s 5th floor
Location of alarm bell refer to 5th floor plan (Figure 7).

Location of all fire alarm bell (total 10) refer to 5th floor plan (Figure 7).
There are 10 fire alarm bells can be found in 5th floor of Quill 9. During a fire, activation of
an alarm with the sufficient amount fire alarm bells in just a floor, occupants should be able
to get noticed when the bells activate and escaped from the building before the fire engulfs
them. As for alarm bells, a minimum sound level of 65db (A) or 5db (A) above ambient
noise level sustainable for a period of minimum 20 seconds should be produced by Sounder
Unit. The alarm are mounted on the wall at a minimum height of 2.1m from floor level.
UBBL 1984 - Section 237 : Fire Alarms

1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
2) All premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage areas exceeding
929 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a teo stage alarm
u system with evacuation ( continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the
premises while an alert ( intermittent signal ) shall be given in adjoining section.
3) Provision Shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.
4) Alarm Bell must provide a minimum sound level of 65db (A) pr + 5db (A) above any background
noises, which is likely to persist for more than 30 seconds.
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Fireman intercom system is an important device for firefighters to communicate in a
burning building. When buildings are installed with fireman intercom systems, it helps the
firefighters to instantly change their plans to fight a fire. This can be a life saving component
of a fire response. Using this system, it can reduce the possibility of false alarms. From Quill
9, fireman intercom system has been found and they do consider about the safety measure.
Figure 7.4.1 Fireman Intercom System in Quill 9’s 5th floor.
Location of fireman intercom system refer to 5th floor plan (Figure 7).
Location of all fire intercom system refer to 5th floor plan (Figure 7).
UBBL 1984 - Section 239: Voice Communication System.

There shall be two seperate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communication
systems, one a fire bigade communications system and the other a public address system between
the central control station and the following areas:
ua) Lifts, lifts lobbies, corridors and staircases.
b) In every office area exceeding 92.9 square metres in area
c) In each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be
combined with the public address system.
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The fire control panel of Quill 9 is known as addressable fire control panel. It informs the
users the exact address and condition of the location of a fire. Instead of responding to
changes in electrical current flow which happened in conventional panel, the data is sent
back and forth between the addressable panel and the devices in the field. The employees
could use the information to determine what fire and safety training protocol to follow
based on the circumstances identified. The fire control panel is located inside the Command
and Control Center of Quill 9.
Figure7.5.1 showing the fire alarm control panel at ground floor.
Figure7.5.2 showing the emergency plan with sensor lights.
UBBL 1984 - SECTION 238:

Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters height shall be provided with a command
and control located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor them. Public
address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, ; fire detection and alarm
systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing by-the
switchboard.
UFire Safety in the Design, Management and Use of Buildings – Code of Practice, Clause 25:
a) All control and indicating equipment for the fire alarm and other fire safety systems for the
building. This should include a facility to sound the evacuation signal in each evacuation zone
throughout the building, with the ability to signal a total evacuation, unless stairs have been
provided to cope only with phased evacuation. A facility to cancel any automatic sequencing of
phases of an evacuation procedure except for the initial phase should be provided.
b) Control systems showing the location of the incident and status of all automatic fire protection
installations and facilities.
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75
7.6 Fireman Switch
When fire occurs, firefighters arrive on scene are able to operate and turn off the fire
switch. It is a switch-disconnector or isolator that allow the firefighters to disconnect power
source from high voltage devices that may carry hazard in the event of emergency. Fireman
switches are usually located at places that are easily accessible to control the electrical
appliances of the building.
In Quill 9, fireman switches are located at the fire escape staircase of every floor. They are
used by firemen to turn off neon lighting or other hazardous electrical equipment. The case
of fireman switch is made of non-combustible material (aluminium) and painted in red to
make them easy to spot. In event of fire, switches are turned off to prevent explosion of
electrical equipment.
Figure 7.6.1: Fireman’s switch located at the fire escape staircase.
Fireman Switch
Figure 7.6.2: Location of fireman switch at fifth floor.
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UBBL 1984 - Section 240: Electrical Isolating Switch.
(1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square metres shall be provided
with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure permit the disconnection
of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served.
(2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman's switch specified in the Institution of
Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.
Fire Safety in the Design, Management and Use of Buildings – Code of Practice, Clause 26:
Discharge lighting installations, such as floodlights and neon advertising signs, can operate at
voltages that are a hazard to firefighters. They should be able to be switched off in the case of a fire.
It is recommended to provide a facility to cut-off the power supply at location subject to fire
authority approval.
77
In event of fire, the smoke detector operates and the sprinklers located at the immediate
proximity of the fire will be activated to allow the flow of water. A flow alarm is initiated to
indicate the system is running as the water flow across the system. It extinguishes fire
quickly, prevents fire from spreading over a large area and also ready to reuse after a
replacement.
Upright sprinkler head can be seen across the ceiling of Quill 9. They point toward the
ceiling instead of the downward direction to provide a better coverage between
obstructions like air ducts. The type of sprinkler system used in Quill 9 is considered the
wet-pipe system. They are constantly filled with water and is only restricted to spaces with
temperature not lower than 4.4 degree Celsius.
The sprinkler heads are not all activated at once since each one of them is independent. It
will only activate once it’s exposed to heat. The main advantage of wet-pipe system is that
it can significantly reduce damage in the event of false alarm since only one sprinkler head
will be activated. Whenever there is a fire breakout, the temperature of the fire causes the
glass bulb of the sprinkler to shatter, allowing water in the pipe to flow through. The water
will be dispersed accordingly by the deflector head of the sprinkler.
Figure 7.7.1: Fire sprinkler system running across the ceiling of Quill 9 building.
Figure 7.7.2: Close up shot of upright sprinkler.
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Figure 7.7.3: Diagram showing sprinkler system in action when a fire outbreak.
Figure 7.7.4: Diagram showing sprinkler distribution system.
UBBL 1984 - Section 226: Automatic System for Hazardous Occupancy.

Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic
sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to
extinguish fires in the hazardous materials stored or handled or for the safety of the occupants.
UBBL 1984 - Section 228: Sprinkler Valves.

(1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be
readily accessible to the Fire Authority.
(2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide
immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
Fire Safety in the Design, Management and Use of Buildings – Code of Practice, Clause
31.2.2:
All buildings with an occupied storey over 30 m above access level should be sprinkler protected.
79
7.8 Fire Pump Room
Fire pump room usually consists of different pumps that drive water into the systems. In
Quill 9, there are two types of pump room exist, the fire pump room which supplies water
to the wet riser system and the water pump room which delivers water to the sprinkler
system. They consist of different types of pump including duty pump, standby pump and
jockey pump with each serving different purposes.
a) Duty Pump
Duty pump is used to generate pressure within the sprinkler piping system to ensure
continuous water pumping process. The duty pump operates when the pressure in the
fire sprinkler system drops below a certain set-point. This happens when the sprinklers
open and its system pressure drops as they are exposed to heat above their design
temperature, the pressure switches give a signal and the duty pump starts.
b) Standby Pump
The standby pump serves the same function if the duty pump does not start for any
reason. It receives signal from secondary pressure switch.
c) Jockey Pump
The jockey pump is a smaller pump that works along the duty pump to keep the water
pressure of the pipes within a specific range. As pipe leakage often happens and causes
water pressure goes down, jockey pump senses this and will fill them back up to
normal pressure.
Figure 7.8.1: Water pump room which supply water to the sprinkler system
and hose reel of every floor.
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Figure 7.8.2: Fire pump room which supply water to the wet riser system.
Figure 7.8.3: Pump control panel and pressure adjustment.
Fire Pump Room

Water Pump Room
Figure 7.8.4: Location of fire pump room and water pump room at sub-basement.
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UBBL 1984 - Section 232: Wet or Dry Rising System for Buildings Under Construction.
(1) Where either wet or dry riser system is required, at least one riser shall be installed when the
building under construction has reached a height of above the level of the fire brigade pumping
inlets with connections thereto located adjacent to a useable staircase.
(2) Such riser shall be extended as construction progresses to within two floors of the topmost floor
under construction and where the designed height of the building requires the installation of a
wet riser system fire pumps, water storage tanks and water main connections shall be provided
to serve the riser.
Fire Safety in the Design, Management and Use of Buildings – Code of Practice, Clause 23.1:
Fire mains should be installed in buildings where any floor is higher than 18 m above ground level.
Where there are no floors higher than 30 m above ground level, wet or dry fire mains may be
installed. Where there are floors higher than 30 m above firefighting access level, wet riser are
necessary owing to the pressures required to provide adequate water supplies at the landing valves
at upper floors and also to ensure that water is immediately available at all floor levels.
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Located at the sub-basement water pump room, the sprinkler alarm valve is a device used
to maintain the adequate water supply to the sprinkler system. When the pressure
equalises or falls below the water supply pressure, the valve opens to enable water flow.
When the flow of water equals or exceeds that of a single sprinkler, the valve is to actuate
the fire alarm.
Figure 7.9.1: Sprinkler alarm valve located in water pump room.
Water pump room
Figure 7.9.2: Location of water pump room at sub-basement.
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7.10 Sprinkler Tank
The sprinkler tank plays a significant role in storing a large amount of water before pumping
to the sprinkler or wet riser system. The most common arrangement is a single water
storage tank with two fire pumps, each capable of meeting the needs of the sprinkler
system. In some cases, the water storage tank is split into two half-capacity tanks to
enhanced reliability. This ensures that there is always a water supply available to the
sprinkler system, even when one tank is being serviced or maintained.
The water tank for the sprinkler system of Quill 9 is installed at the rooftop. It’s installed
above ground and anchored to the concrete slabs to allow the greater pressure of water
flowing out from the bottom tank.
Figure 7.10.1: Sprinkler tank on rooftop.
Sprinkler Tank
Figure 7.10.2: Location of sprinkler tank at roof top.
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UBBL 1984 - Section 247: Water Storage.
(1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting systems and installations shall be
provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
(2) Main water storage tanks within the building other than for hose reel systems shall be located
at ground first or second basement levels with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible
to fire appliances.
(3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need
for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.
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7.11 Wet Riser
Wet risers are constantly filled with pressurized water from the source of water tank as
opposed to dry risers which only charged with water by fire service pumping appliances
when necessary. Besides, wet risers should be protected with firefighting shafts and often
located at fire staircase. Wet riser outlets, or 'landing valves' may be within in protected
lobbies, stairs or enclosures where these are available. They should be tested regularly to
ensure the equipment is working correctly and ready for use. In Quill 9, it can be found
mostly beside the fire staircase.
As Quill 9 exceeds the height of 30.5m, wet risers are necessary as the pumping pressure
required to charge the riser is higher than can be provided by a fire service appliance, and
to ensure an immediate supply of water is available at high level. It should be possible for
fire service pumping appliances to supply the water to the storage tank of wet risers
especially during long events where the water is running low.
Figure 7.11.1: Wet riser landing valve and hose cradle.
Figure 7.11.2: Breeching inlet to wet riser tank.
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Figure 7.11.3: Diagram above shows the wet riser system.
Wet riser landing valve
Figure 7.11.4: Location of wet riser landing valve at 5th floor.
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UBBL 1984 - Section 248: Marking on Wet Riser, etc.
(1) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red.
(2) All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and extinguishers shall
be dearly identified to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise dearly identified.
UBBL 1984, Clause 231: Installation and Testing of Wet Riser System.
(1) Wet rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than
30.5 metres above fire appliance access level.
(2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire-fighting access lobby.
(3) Wet risers shall be of minimum 152.4 millimetres diameter and shall be hydrostatically tested at
a pressure 50% above the working pressure required and not Jess than 14 bars for at least
twenty-four hours.
(4) Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5milimetres instantaneous coupling fitted with
a hose of not less than 38.1 millimetres diameter equipped with an approved typed cradle and a
variable fog nozzle.
(5) A wet riser shall be provided in every staircase which extends from the ground floor level to the
roof and shall be equipped with a three-way 63.5 millimetres outlet above the roof line.
(6) Each stage of the wet riser shall not exceed 61 metres, unless expressly permitted by D.G.F.S.
but in no case exceeding 70.15 metres.
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Fire extinguisher is a portable firefighting equipment used to counteract small fire. In Quill 9,
dry powder extinguishers are placed near the fire staircases, lifts, M&E rooms and rooms
with live electrical equipment. CO2 fire extinguishers can be found mainly in AHU rooms
and chiller plant rooms.
Figure 7.12.1: Types of fire extinguisher.
Figure 7.12.2: Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher in chiller room (left)

Figure 7.12.3: ABC powder fire extinguisher in fire escape staircase (right)
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Dry powder fire extinguisher
CO2 fire extinguisher
Figure 7.12.5: Location of dry powder and CO2 fire extinguisher at 5th floor.
UBBL 1984 - Section 227: Portable Extinguishers.

Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall
be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar
extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.
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7.13 Hose Reels
Fire hose reel is a common hand operated system to combat fire especially when the
occupants are trapped and could not escape. There are two main types of fire hose reels,
the automatic reel and the manual reel. The main difference between the automatic and
manual fire hose reels are as follows:
a) Automatic Fire Hose Reels

The automatic fire hose reel is designed as a pull and run system. They have an internal
valve ‘built-in’ which opens fully after two to three revolutions of the hose reel as it is
being pulled out by the operative. The valve will then automatically shut-off when the
hose is wound back onto the reel. The advantage of this would be the time taken to set
up the fire hose reel.
b) Manual Fire Hose Reels
The manual fire hose reel is a cheaper unit but requires the handler to set up, turn the
water on before running the hose out. The valves are usually placed outside for manual
control. During an emergency, things or objects can hinder the valve from opening.
Also, it is time consuming to set up the hose.
In Quill 9, manual hose reels can be seen throughout the building such as fire staircases,
beside the lifts and are mounted on certain columns and walls of every floors. It could cover
a range up to 30m long.
Figure 7.13.1: Manual Fire Hose Reel in Quill 9.
Figure 7.13.2: Duty and standby pump for hose reel system, located in water pump room.
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Hose Reel
Figure 7.13.3: Location of hose reel at 5th floor.
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Every fire hydrant consists of one or more outlets which a fire hose may be connected.
Firemen will connect their equipment to the outlets of the hydrant, forcing water into the
system. There are few fire hydrants that stood around the Quill 9 building and are placed
beside the road for easy accessibility.
The road that surrounds the Quill 9 is approximately 6.1m wide which is enough for the fire
truck to pass through. The security officials that manage the building will ensure there’s no
double park of vehicles at any spot of the road to ensure the smooth operation of fireman
in case of fire. However, during peak hours such as 8-10am and 5-7pm where there will be
many vehicles entering or leaving the building, it could bring difficulty for the fire truck to
access to the fire hydrant.
Figure 7.14.1: Fire hydrant and hydrant hose at road side of Quill 9.
Fire Hydrant
Figure 7.16.2: Location of fire hydrant identified around Quill 9.
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UBBL 1984 - Section 27: Partial Certificate of Fitness for Occupation.
Provided that no such permit shall be granted if…
(b) all essential services, including access roads, landscape, car parks, drains, sanitary, water and
electricity installation, fire lifts, fire hydrant and others where required, sewerage and refuse
disposal requirements have been provided.
UBBL 1984, Clause 225: Detecting and Extinguishing Fire.

(2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres
from the nearest point of fire brigade access.
(3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire appliances,
additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.
Fire Safety in the Design, Management and Use of Buildings – Code of Practice, Section 3.7:
All fire hydrants should be inspected once a week. In particular, it should be ensured that there are
no obstructions impeding access, that the indicator plates are in position, and that the isolating
valves are locked open.
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8
passive
Fire
Protection
system
7.1
7.2
7.3
Fire Alarm and Detection System
Triggers
Fire Alarm Bell
7.6 Fireman Switch
7.8 Fire Pump Room
7.10 Sprinkler Tank
7.11 Wet Riser
7.13 Hose Reels
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8.1 Introduction
The passive fire protection system is the use of the fire barrier systems that are integrated
into the structure of a building. Their purpose is to contain fires and slow the rate at which
they spread and is to increase escaping time. This is achieved by creating fire-resistant walls,
floors and doors etc.
Quill 9 has quite an excellent passive fire protection system. Below are the components
that we found and researched throughout our case study.
8.2 Purpose Group and Compartment

8.2.1 Separation of Fire Risk Area
In Quill 9, fire risk area mainly located on the roof top, such as the chiller room, AHU room,
and also the lift motor room. Compartmenting all these area can confine fire and minimize
the risk of loss. Thus, rooms of high fire risk must be separated from adjoining areas,
especially corridors which forming means of escape, by fire resisting construction. The
condition and operation of fire separation materials and devices must be checked regularly
to ensure optimum performance.
Figure 8.2.1 Eighth floor plan showing the indication of fire risk area.
96
UBBL 1984 - Section 139: Separation of fire risk areas.
The following areas or uses shall be separated from the other ares of the occupancy in which they
are located by fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by the
local authority based on the degree of fire hazard:
(a) boiler rooms and associated fuel storage areas;
(b) laundries;
(c) repair shops involving hazardous processes and materials;
(d) storage areas of materials in quantities deemed hazardous;
(e) liquified petroleum gas storage areas;
(f) linen rooms;
(g) transformer rooms and substations;
(h) fammable liquids stores.
8.2.2 Fire Wall

In Quill 9, a total of 150mm wall with fire resistance are placed in between enclosed room
which are right next to each other and acts as a barrier between two spaces to prevent the
spread of fire in a period of time. This can prolong the time of occupants to escape from
building.
The material used for the building’s walls are 110mm thick fire rated brick wall and 20mm
thick cement plaster on both sides. Both are good fire resistant material. Other materials in
the building include non-combustible materials such as concrete, which provides a division
between floors. All of these materials are sufficient to withstand and prolong the escape
time for occupants to escape from the building.
UBBL 1984 - Section 138(c): Other walls and floors to be constructed as compartment walls
or compartment floors.
Any wall or floor separating part of a building form any other part of the same building, which is
used or intended to be used mainly for a purpose failing within a different purpose group as, set out
in the Fifth Schedule to these By-Laws.
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8.2.3 Fire Rated Door
Fire rated door are installed as an opening for a fire barrier to maintain its fire resistance. It
is thicker than normal door and is designed with added fireproofing material, usually a
sandwich composite of glass sections, gypsum, steel and timber. It is rated for either half an
hour or an hour of exposure to fire and restricting the flow of oxygen, in order to give the
users enough time to safely escape from the building. Quill 9 uses single leaf door of
900mm x 2100mm and double leaf door of 1600mm x 2100mm for services room. All the
fire doors are rated to withstand up to 1 hour of fire, and doors are closed by default
because of an automatic door closer hinge in order to inhibit flame and smoke.
Figure 8.2.2 showing the fire rated door. Figure 8.2.3 showing the fire certification found on the door.
Figure 8.2.4 showing the automatic door closer.
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Figure 8.2.5 Fifth floor plan showing the location of fire rated door.
UBBL 1984 - Section 162: Fire doors in compartments walls and separating walls.
(1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.
(2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire for having a
FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these
By-Laws.
UBBL 1984 - Section 164(1): Door closers for fire doors.

All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraullically spring operated type in
the case of swing doors and wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding door.
UBBL 1984 - Section 173(1): Exit Doors

(1) All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special
knowledge or effort.
(2) Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices including magnetic door
holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm.
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8.3 Means of Escape
8.3.1 Command and Control Center
The command and control center in Quill 9 is located at the Ground floor and is at the back
alley. It is a space where the status of fire detection, alarm system, and a communications
and control system are displayed, and from which all system can be manually controlled.
The security guards in the control room take turns in their shifts to monitor the system.
When the control unit receives signals from the alarm system, decisions are made
immediately by the security guards. Besides, the digital alarm communication system will
automatically send signals generated by the fire alarm to the nearest fire station if there is
an occurrence of fire.
Figure 8.3.1 showing the condition in the command and control center
Location of command and control center refer to Ground Floor Plan (Figure 8.3).
UBBL 1984 - Section 238: Command and Control Center

Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a command
and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public
address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire detection and alarm
systems with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the
switchboard.
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8.3.2 Emergency Escape Route
In Quill 9, the basement has 2 escape routes through the staircases, sub-basement has 5
escape routes (3 routes through staircase and 2 routes through back entrances), ground
floor has 4 escape routes including the main and back entrances, the other floor has 7
escape routes through staircases. To maintain the accessibility and easy access of the paths,
all emergency escape routes are required to have a consistent width along its path of travel
from the storey exit to the final exit.There are no obstructions throughout the emergency
escape route, this allows users to faster and safely escape the building in case of an
emergency so that the risk of injury or fatality is minimized. Furthermore, the fire escape
plans are placed at most frequently used space for users to read.
Figure 8.3.2 showing an escape route that is no obstruction and with consistent width.
Emergency escape routes refer to Basement Plan (Figure 8.1), Sub-Basement Plan
(Figure 8.2), Ground Floor Plan (Figure 8.3), and Fifth Floor Plan (Figure 8.4).
UBBL 1984 - Section 169: Exit Route

No exit route may reduce in width along its pathway of travel from the storey exit.
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8.3.3 Escape Travel Distance
The distance of the escape route is strictly regulated to ensure that every area in the
building are within a reasonable distance to travel to a safety place. The distance of the
escape route should be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the centre
line of the natural path of travel.
According to UBBL 1984 Section 165(4), the maximum travel distance for an office with
sprinklered is 60m which is according to Quill 9.
Maximum travel distance refer to Basement Plan (Figure 8.1), Sub-Basement Plan
(Figure 8.2), Ground Floor Plan (Figure 8.3), and Fifth Floor Plan (Figure 8.4).
UBBL 1984 - Section 165(4): Measurement of travel distance to exits.

The maximum travel distance to exits and dead end limits shall be as specified in the Seventh
Schedule of these By-Laws.
8.3.4 Fire Escape Staircase

Due to Quill 9 is locating on a slope, there is a basement and a sub-basement, which will
effect the number of fire escape staircase in the building.
There are total 4 staircases at the ground floor (all are accessible to the first floor, but only
3 are accessible to the sub-basement). From the basement, there is only 2 staircases are
accessible and terminate at the ground floor. From the first floor till the eighth floor, there
is total up to 7 staircases but only 4 will terminate at the ground floor. The reason of having
much more staircases for these floors is due to the number of occupants in the office will
be more.
All of the staircases terminate at the ground floor, and were separated with the staircases
from the basement is to ensures that in the case of an evacuation, the occupants would be
lead out to the assembly point safely.
Figure 8.3.3 showing the fire escape staircases.
Location of fire escape staircases refer to Basement Plan (Figure 8.1), Sub-Basement
Plan (Figure 8.2), Ground Floor Plan (Figure 8.3), and Fifth Floor Plan (Figure 8.4).
102
As it is a component of the fire escape route, it has its own dimensions that need to follow
to the UBBL 1984 and also it has to be a fire protected area. The escape staircase is require
to have a width of 1000mm with a riser height of 180mm and a thread length of 255mm .
This dimension should be uniform and consistent throughout, including at landings. In Quill
9, the staircases have a width of 1148mm with a riser height of 172.41mm and a thread
length of 300mm, which are totally considered as a qualified fire escape staircase.
Figure 8.3.4 Fifth floor plan (left) showing the dimensions of the fire escape staircase (right).
Due to safety reason and to ensure that users can evacuate the building safely without
occur any accident, the width of the staircases need to maintained all along and the swing
of the doors shall not exceed the width of the staircases or landings.
Width of the staircases and the swing of the doors refer to Fifth Floor Plan (Figure 8.4).
UBBL 1984 - Section 168: Staircases.

(1) The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails may be
permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75mm.
(2) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at
landings.
(3) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point
encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.
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8.3.5 Fire Escape Plan
The fire escape plan is located beside the lift bomba at every floor. It indicates the location
of fire extinguishing equipments and emergency fire escape staircases of that particular
floor which the plan is situated. It also indicates the present location of the user and serves
as a tool for the user to obtain their bearing during fire.
Figure 8.3.5 showing the fire escape plan at the basement 1 lift lobby.
8.3.6 Emergency Escape Sign

The emergency exit signage functions as a guide to direct the user to the nearest fire exit
and lead them to the safe assembly point. It signifies the presence of a fire exit and thus
should be clearly visible for the user. It is installed on either the wall or ceiling above every
fire exit. In the case of a power outage during fire, the fire exit sign will be illuminated,
powered by a battery-backup system.
Figure 8.3.6 showing the emergency escape sign that found above an emergency exit
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Figure 8.3.7 the fire escape signage in the car park showing the exit direction.
UBBL 1984 - Section 172: Emergency Exit Signs

(1) Every exit sign shall have word ‘KELUAR’ in a plainly legible not less than 15mm height with the
principle strokes of the letters not less than 18mm wide.
(2) The exits and access to such exit shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be
obscured by and decorations, furnishing or other equipment.
(3) The sign with the reading of ‘KELUAR’ should indicating the direction shall be placed in every
location where the direction of the travel to reach the nearest exit.
(4) All exit shall be illuminated continuously during period of occupancy.
The design and installation of every emergency exit sign shall be on compliance with MS983 and
MS619.
105
8.3.7 Emergency Light
An emergency light is a battery-backup lighting device that switches on automatically when
a building experiences a power outage. Emergency lights are standard in new commercial
and high occupancy residential buildings.
Figure 8.3.8 showing the emergency light in the building.
8.3.8 Fire Rescue Access

Circulation is important in designing a building, especially circulation for the fire brigade to
access. It is crucial to carefully considered to ensure that the fire brigade appliances are
able to get into close proximity with the building as well as the hydrants. This helps to
improve the efficiency of any fire-fighting or rescue effort in the event of an emergency.
In Quill 9, there is a 6.1m driveway that is sufficient for a fire brigade to access through.
Moreover, there is 3 area that the fire brigade can stop nearby the hydrants and rescue.
Figure 8.3.9 showing the fire hydrants and location for fire rescue.
Fire rescue accessible route refer to Ground Floor Plan (Figure 8.3).
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8.3.9 Assembly Point
In Quill 9, the assembly point is located in the wide open car park area outside of the
building. This area should be clearly indicated to all occupants by the use of signage and
indications on the fire escape plan, so that this will ensure the safety of the users during
emergency.
Figure 8.3.10 showing the assembly point for user during emergency.
UBBL 1984 - Section 178: Exits for institutional and other places of assembly.
In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space,
together with staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or
protected as to avoid any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire
originating in the other occupancy or smoke thereform.
8.4 Conclusion
After 2 site visits and comprehensive studies, we have concluded that the passive fire
protection system in Quill 9 is fully complete. The architect abide by UBBL Law (Part VII -
Fire Requirements) in terms of designing efficient passive fire protection systems.
To summarize, the command centre also well equipped with fire control panels which
can be activated by the securities on duty to alert users of fire. The digital alarm
communicator direct connect with the Jabatan Bomba and automatic relay of the alarm of
where it is located so that the fire station can react in the shortest time. The fire risk area
are compartmentalized and isolate with fire walls and doors to prevent spreading of
flames.
The building provides 4 main escape routes which terminate at ground floor. All of the
staircases are protected by fire walls and doors with good ventilation and lighting.
Moreover, there is also fire escape plan which is clearly located at the lift lobby and escape
sign at every exits. These will ensure that the users can evacuate safely to assembly point
which is located at the ground floor open area. The building is also fully fulfill the
requirement for fire brigade to rescue.
Our analysis affirms that the passive fire protection system is Quill 9 is up to par with
requirements for the authorities. This if further proved by no reports or history of fire has
been happened since its opening.
107
9
Mechanical
Transportatio
n
system
9.1
9.2
9.3
Introduction
Mechanical Transportation System Supplier
Elevators
9.4 Emergency
9.5 Lift Motor Room
9.6 Gearless Traction Machine Component
9.7 Schematic Diagram of Elevator
108
9.1 Introduction
After completed the literature review, which gives the general understanding of mechanical
transportation. This is a further research on the mechanical transportation by analysing the
real life building, Quill 9. The case study will identity the type of components and operating
systems used Quill 9 as well as the supporting information like UBBL requirement and
schematic diagram of the system for further elaboration. Self-analysis will be included
based on the observation on the mechanical transportation of Quill 9.
9.2 Mechanical Transportation System Supplier

The elevators used in Quill 9 building were supplied by Dalian Sigma Elevator Co. Ltd.
Sigma elevators is an authorized manufacturer and they market elevators, escalators,
pedestrian trails, and parking and lifting equipment. The elevators used for Quill 9 building
are one of their products – IRIS, which is a gearless traction lift with machine room.
The elevators used in Quill 9 speed is up to 150m/s and are able to carry the load of 1365 kg
which is approximately the weight of 20 persons.
Figure 9.1 Certificate of Figure 9.2 Sigma Elevator website

manufacturer – Dalian Sigma
Elevator found in Quill 9 lift
machine room.
109
9.3 Elevators
Quill 9 consists of a total of 10 floors, including basement and roof level. Elevators are one
of the requirement to install in the building and serves as a vertical transportation for
passengers or to deliver goods from one landing floor to another. There are total of 58
gearless traction elevators installed. A 48 of them are passenger lifts, and 10 of them serve
as service lifts. There are two lift lobbies at each floors. The first lift lobby has four
elevators grouped together, with three passenger elevators and one fire lift. The second lift
lobby has two elevators grouped together, only one passenger lift and one fire lift.
LIFT LOBBY 1
CONTROL ROOM
LIFT LOBBY 2
Figure 9.3 Location of lift lobby and control room - Ground floor plan of Quill 9

states that for all non-residential buildings which exceeds four stories above or below the main
access level should provide at least one lift.
ANALYSIS:
There is only one service lift per floor in Quill 9. Quill 9 is a mixed corporate office building, so less
heavy goods or items are needed to be transferred through different level frequently. Hence, one
service lift per floor is enough to serve the passenger in Quill 9, when heavy goods are needed to be
transferred.
To prevent traffic congestion, three passenger lifts at lift lobby 1 and two passenger lifts at lift lobby
2 are sufficient to distribute the traffic during peak hour like lunch time.
Quill 9 building also achieve the requirement of By-Law 124 UBBL 1984 by having at least one lift in
the building.
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9.3.1 Lift Lobbies
9.3.1.1 Lift Lobby 1
In Lift Lobby 1, four elevators are grouped
together. There are three passenger lifts and
one fire lift with its own service lift lobby.
Figure 9.4 Lift lobby direction found

in Basement of Quill 9.
Lift Lobby 1
Figure 9.5 Lift lobby 1 in ground floor
Service Lift
Lobby
Figure 9.6 Lift lobby 1 location -ground

floor plan (refer to figure 9.3)
Figure 9.6 Service Lift lobby in ground floor
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9.3.1.2 Lift Lobby 2
In Lift Lobby 2, there are only 2 elevators – a
passenger lift, and a fire lift.
Figure 9.7 Lift lobby direction found

in Basement of Quill 9
Figure 9.8 Lift lobby 2 location -

ground floor plan (refer to figure 9.3)
Figure 9.9 Lift lobby 2 in ground floor
112
9.3.1.3 Service Lift Lobby and Fire Lifts
There is only one service lift lobby (refer to figure 9.6) in each floors in Quill 9. The service
lift also acts as fire lift.
Service lift uses padded wall

protection to protect escalator
car wall finished being
scratched when transporting
good.
Figure 9. 10 Service lift in Quill 9
Figure 9. 11 Identification of fire lift
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UBBL 1964 - Section 241: Fire lifts
(1) In a building where the top occupied floor is over 18.5 meters above the fire appliance access
level fire lifts shall be provided.
(2) A penthouse occupying not more than 50% of the area of the floor immediately below shall be
exempted from this measurement
(3) The fire lifts shall be located within a separate protected shaft if it opens into a separate lobby
(4) Fire lifts shall be provided as the rate of one lift in every group of lifts which discharge into the
same protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising main, provided that the fire lifts
are located not more than 61 meters travel distance from the furthermost point of the floor.
ANALYSIS:
1. The fire lift in the service lift lobby are in accordance to the (3) By-Law 241 of UBBL
1984. The lift is located in a separate protected shaft, and it is open into a separate
lobby (service lift lobby and lift lobby 1)
Figure 9.12 Fire lift in a separate lift

shaft. Lift lobby 1 in ground floor
plan (refer to figure 9.3)
2. The fire lifts in Quill 9 achieve the (4) By-Law 241 of UBBL 1984. The travel distance of
each fire lifts covered are within 61 meters and covered most of the building area.
m
61
m
61
Figure 9.13 Fire lifts covering distance – Ground floor plan of Quill 9
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9.4 Emergency
9.4.1 Emergency Signal Panel
The control room in Quill 9 is located at ground floor.
(refer to figure 9.3). The emergency signal panel was
installed in the control room. The emergency signal
panel shows the current floor level where each lifts
is landing. The LED button will light up when
emergency or fire happened to allow technician acts
immediately.
Figure 9.14 Emergency signal panel

in Quill 9 control room
9.4.2 Emergency Intercom System and Alarm

The emergency interphone allows communication between technician and passengers in
the lift in case of emergency. Next to the emergency phone in the control room, there is
also emergency contact numbers to allow the technician contact the supplier if needed.
Figure 9.15 Emergency Intercom in control room Figure 9.16 Emergency alarm in elevator car
UBBL 1984 - Section 239: Voice Communication System

There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communication
systems, one a fire brigade communications system and the other a public address system between
the central control station and the following area:
(a) Lifts, lift lobbies, corridors, and staircases;
(b) In every offices area exceeding 92.9 square meter in area;
(c) In each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined
with the public address system
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9.4.3 Ventilation to Lift Shafts
Ventilated holes are well hidden at the sides of the car ceiling, giving it a modern finish look.
The holes allow air flow through into the car from the lift shaft, preventing passenger to
suffocate inside the enclosed elevator when emergency happens.
Escalator car ceiling
Holes for
Ventilation
Figure 9.17 Ventilation to lift shafts
UBBL 1964 - Section 151: Ventilation to lift shaft

Lift shaft shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square meter per lift located at the top of
the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air, the lift shafts shall be vented
to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts.
9.4.5 Smoke Detector and Fire Sprinkler at Lift Lobby

If fire happened, fire indicator will illuminate and a buzz will ring. The elevator will return to
the ground floor where the main entrance of the building at, to allow passengers to exit the
building immediately.
Smoke detector
Figure 9.18 Smoke detector at lift lobby

Smoke detector for lift lobbies If fire happened, fire indicator will illuminate and a buzz will
ring. The elevator will return to the ground floor where the main entrance of the building
at, to allow passengers to exit the building immediately.
(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors
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9.4.6 Air Vent
The service lift lobby in an enclosed lobby.
Air vent is installed to provide ventilation
to the lobby in case of fire.
Figure 9.19 Air vent at service lift lobby
9.4.7 Passenger Lift Capacity

The elevators in Quill 9 show the
passenger capacity easy for passenger
to estimate the maximum load which
the elevator can take and to prevent
overload. The lifts in Quill 9 are able to
carry the load of kg approximately
people
Figure 9.21 Passenger capacity shown in lift panel
117
9.5 Lift Motor Room
There are two lift motor rooms in Quill 9 building. One located at level 8, while the other
located at roof top.
Lift motor room
Lift shaft
Figure 9.22 Location of lift motor room – section of Qill 9
Figure 9.23 Door of lift motor room in Quill 9 Figure 9.24 Lift Motor Room in Quill 9
9.5.1 Gearless Traction Elevator

Gearless traction elevators are used in
Quill 9. The absence of a gearbox allows
the elimination of noise from gear friction.
Figure 9.25 Gearless traction elevator in Quill 9
118
9.5.2 Lift System Control Panel
Each of the lift consists of one control
system panel which control the operation of
the elevator. The control panel indicate the
movement, speed and position of the car.
Figure 9.26 Lift system control panel located in the lift

motor room
9.5.3 Safety Cover and Sign

All the wires connect to the traction
machines are fully covered and protected
to prevent damage of the wires.
Figure 9.27 Safety cover and sign located in the lift motor
room
9.5.4 Mechanical Fan

The mechanical fan is installed in the
motor room to radiate heat produced
from the machine. This prevents the room
to be overheated.
Figure 9.28 Safety cover and sign located in the lift

motor room
119
9.6 Gearless Traction Machine Component
Drive
motor
Drive Break and

sheave break drum
Double
wrap
sheave
Bed plate
Figure 9.28 Gearless traction machine located in the lift motor room
120
9.7 Schematic Diagram of Elevator
Figure 9.29 Lift sheave and lift motor room dimensions (Refer to figure 9.22)
ANALYSIS
Unfortunately, there is not any escalator and travellator found in the building. The
elevators are the only mechanical vertical transport system that are used as the main
transport system through the floors.
In case the fire, the passengers will need to depend solely on fire escape staircase to exit
the building. It causes great disadvantages for the users in higher floors.
121
10 conclusion
The building services system that was applied in Quill 9 are all in good condition and
well maintain. We noticed that the facilities was taken good care by the Facilities
Management by having regular maintenance.
The building also well planned and followed the rules ans regulations that was set by
the Department of Standards Malaysia. The design and placement of the building service
systems are very wise and efficient. This allow the building to function with maximum
efficiency and utmost quality.
Overall, this project not only introduce us to more variety of services system but also
allow us to further develop and have a better understanding about the applications and
design features of all the systems. We have learn more than just the basic workability and
functions of each and every system in the building. Besides, we have also learn about how
the services systems are applied and operated to provide a better experiences and
comfortable environment for the users in the building.
122
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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture

BUILDING SERVICES (BLD 61403)

Tutor: Ar. Mohamad Zafarullah Mohamad Rozaly

Chee Jia Xin 0337392

4.1 Mechanical Ventilation System 5 - 11

5 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 29 - 51

6 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 52 - 66

6.1 Overview and Equipment Connections 53 - 55

7.1 Fire Alarm and Detection System 68

8 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 93 - 105

9 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 106 - 119

9.1 Introduction 107

11 REFERENCES 121 - 122

Address: Quill 9, 112 Jalan Semangat, 46300 Petaling Jaya, Selangor

Quill 9 building is another prominent commercial development by Quill Group of

Figure 4.1.1 How does the ventilation function

Function of ventilation system in a building

Natural Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation

Figure 4.1.2 Diagram of example of basic mechanical ventilation system

4.1.2 Functions of mechanical ventilation system

c) Conditioning of incoming air

Figure 4.1.3 Diagram of example of mechanical ventilation system

NATURAL VENTILATION MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Difficulty in controlling airflow path Airflow path can be controlled

d) Reduce noise and air pollution

4.1.5 Application of mechanical ventilation system

a) Supply Ventilation System

Figure 4.1.4 Diagram of supply ventilation system

Exhaust ventilation systems are relatively simple and inexpensive to install.

Figure 4.1.5 Diagram of exhaust ventilation system

Figure 4.1.6 Diagram of balanced ventilation system

a) HVAC building Automation system

b) Air conditioner control room

f) Air Handling Unit (AHU)

h)Air Cooled Split Unit

These systems are considered to be a proactive approach to extinguishing fires and

b) Main Fire Control Panel

d) Fire Pump Room

h) Hand Operated Fire Fighting Equipment

i) External Fire Hydrant System

4.3.2.1 Purpose Group and Compartment

c) Fire Rated Door

b) Emergency Escape Route

c) Escape Travel Distance

d) Fire Escape Staircase

e) Fire Escape Plan

f) Emergency Escape Sign

Figure 4.4.0 Elevator in Quill 9 Figure 4.4.1 Escalator

Figure 4.4.2 Travellator

Pneumatic Elevator Hydraulic Elevator Climbing Elevator Traction Elevator

Machine Roomless Machine Room Machine Roomless

Figure 4.4.3 Types of elevators

4.4.3.1 Machine Room Gearless Traction Elevator

Figure 4.4.4 Types of elevator – Traction

Figure 4.4.5 Gearless machine components

Figure 4.4.6 Gearless Traction Elevators.

Figure 4.4.7 Types of elevator – Traction

Figure 4.4.9 Geared machine components

Figure 4.4.8 Geared Traction Elevators

Figure 4.4.11 Machine roomless (MRL) Elevators

HOLED HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR HOLELESS HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR ROPED HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR

It is often used in work and construction areas.