SEMINAR REPORT ON

SMART POWER
GRID

SUBMITTED BY –
Manisha
B.Tech.(3rd yr-EE)
0905220016
 INDEX
 INTRODUCATION
 WHAT IS SMART GRID
 NEED OF SMART GRID
 TECHNOLOGY
 FEATURE
 SMART METER
 ADVANTAGES,DISADVANTAGES &
FUTURE
 REFERENCES
 Introduction
Smart grid refers to the next generation electric power network that makes use of
IT and high technologies. Compared to the telecommunication network, the
electric power network have not developed remarkably in terms of creating
innovative technologies. However, smart grid by revolutionizing the electric power
network and being almost as powerful as the internet, is attracting many attentions
among various industries.

Smart grid is a system that enables two-many communications in

between consumers and electric power companies. In a smart grid system
consumer’s information is received by the electric power companies in order to
provide the most efficient electric network operations. In addition to the efficient
operations of a power plant ,smart grid also make it possible to control power
demand and distributed energy, including renewable energies. By installing an
intelligent meter (smart meter) on the consumer side, especially households,
monitoring the use of energy becomes much easier and even helps to reduce
carbon dioxide emissions.
 SMART GRID
Generating
plant

Transmission Line

Substation

Distribution
System End User

A SMART GRID delivers electricity from supplier to consumers

using two- way digital technology to control appliances at consumers’ homes to save
energy, reduce cost and increase reliability and transparency. It overlays the electricity
distribution grid with an information and net metering system. Power travels from the
power plant to your house through an amazing system called the power distribution
grid. Such a modernized electricity networks is being promoted by many governments
as a way of addressing energy independences, global warming and emergency resilience
issues. Smart meters may be part of smart grid, but alone do not constitute a smart grid.
 A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that keeps track of all
electricity flowing in the system. It also incorporates the use of superconductive
transmission lines for less power loss, as well as the capability of the integrating
renewable electricity such as solar and wind. When power is least expensive the user
can allow the smart grid to turn on selected home appliances such as washing machines
or factory processes that can run at arbitrary hours. At peak times it could turn off
selected appliances to reduce demand.

Smart Grid And it’s Need

Understanding the need for smart grid requires acknowledging a few facts about
our infrastructure. The power grid is the backbone of the modern civilization, a complex
society with often conflicting energy needs-more electricity but fewer fossil fuels,
increased reliability yet lower energy costs, more secure distribution with less
maintenance, effective new construction and efficient disaster reconstruction. But while
demand for electricity has risen drastically, its transmission is outdated and stressed.
The bottom line is that we are exacting more from a grid that is simply not up to the
task.

POWER SYSTEM
 How “smart” should a smart power grid
The utilities get the ability to communicate with and control end user hardware,
from industrial- scale air conditioner to residential water heaters. They use that to better
balance supply and demand, in part by dropping demand during peak usage hours.
Taking advantages of information technology to increase the efficiency of the
grid, the delivery system, and the use of electricity at the same time is itself a smart
move. Simply put, a smart grid combined with smart meters enables both electrical
utilities and consumer to be much more efficient.
A smart grid not only moves electricity more efficiently in geographic terms, it
also enables electricity use to be shifted overtime-for example, from period of peak
demand to those of off-peak demand. Achieving this goals means working with
consumers who have “smart meters” to see exactly how much electricity is being used at
any particular time. This facilitates two-way communication between utility and
consumer. So they can cooperate in reducing peak demand in a way that it’s
advantageous to both. And it allow to the use of two way metering so that customer who
have a rooftop solar electric panel or their own windmill can sell surplus electricity back
to the utility.
1. Intelligent –
Capable of sensing system overloads and rerouting power to prevent or minimize a
potential outage; of working autonomously when conditions required resolution faster
than humans can respond and co-operatively in aligning the goals of utilities, consumers
and regulators.
2. Efficient –
Capable of meeting efficient increased consumer demand without adding
infrastructure.
3. Accommodating –

Accepting energy from virtually any fuel source including solar and wind as easily
and transparently as coal and natural gas: capable of integrating any and all better
ideas and technologies – energy storage technologies. For e.g.- as they are market
proven and ready to come online.
 4. Motivating –
Enable real-time communication between the consumer and utility, so consumer
can tailor their energy consumption based on individual preferences, like price and
or environmental concerns.
5. Resilient –
Increasingly resistant to attack and natural disasters as it becomes more
decentralization and reinforced with smart grid security protocol.
6. Green –
Slowing the advance of global climate change and offering a genuine path
towards significant environmental improvement.

Technology
The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such as
manufacturing and telecommunications and are being adapted for use in grid
operations. In general, smart grid technology can be grouped into five key areas

I. Integrated communications
Some communications are up to date, but are not uniform because they
have been developed in an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. In most
cases, data is being collected via modem rather than direct network connection.
Areas for improvement include: substation automation, demand response,
distribution automation, supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA), energy
management systems, wireless mesh networks and other technologies, power-
line carrier communication s and fiber-optics. Integrated communication will
allow for real time control, information and data exchange to optimize system
reliability, asset utilization, and security.
II. Sensing and measurement
core duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoring
equipment health, energy theft prevention, and control strategies support.
Technologies include: advanced microprocessor meters (smart meter) and meter
reading equipment, wide-area monitoring system, dynamic line rating(typically
based on online reading by distributed temperature sensing combined with Real
time thermal rating (RTTR) systems), electromagnetic signature
 measurement/analysis, time-of-use and real-time pricing tools, advanced
switches and cables, backscatter radio technology, and Digital protective relays.
III. Smart meters
A smart grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that
record usage in real time. Smart meters are similar to Advanced Metering
Infrastructure meters and provide a communication path extending from
generation plants to electrical outlets (smart socket) and other smart grid-
enabled devices. By customer option, such devices can shut down during times of
peak demand.
IV.
Advanced components
Innovations in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage, power
electronics, and diagnostics components are changing fundamental abilities and
characteristics of grids. Technologies within these broad R&D categories include:
flexible alternating current transmission system devices, high voltage direct
current, first and second generation superconducting wire, high temperature
superconducting cable, distributed energy generation and storage devices,
composite conductors, and “intelligent” appliances.

REDUCTION OF LOSSES IN GRID

TECHNICAL LOSSES IN T&D SYSTEM
 Transmission system comprises of transmission towers, conductors, insulators
and switchgear protection system transmits power from generating station to
any particular distribution substation.
 Distribution system comprises of feeder towers, poles and insulators etc. which
distribute power from distribution substation to any particular area.
 Parameters influencing T&D system:
1) Transformer
2) Transmission line
3) Distribution line
TRANSFORMER LOSSES :-

Transformer losses

Iron losses Copper losses

(constant losses) (variable losses)

a) IRON LOSSES
The loss of power consumed to sustain the magnetic field in transformer steel
core. It is also known as iron losses.
Magnetic losses = hysteresis loss + eddy current loss
b) COPPER LOSSES
The total power loss taking place in the winding of transformer is called as
copper (Cu) loss or electrical losses.
Cu losses = I12R1+ I22R2
Now, that we have learned the number of losses in T&D sector so also lets have a
view to reduce or conserve this losses. The major percentage of losses occurring in T&D
sector are only transformer losses. It contributes to 40% of losses in T&D system. So, it
is sole responsibility to reduce them.

 ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIOUES -

ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEM:

Transformer is a static device. It does not have any moving parts. So, a
transformer is free from mechanical and frictional losses. Thus, it faces only electrical
losses and magnetic losses. Hence the efficiency of conventional transformer is high
around 95-98%.

Thus, energy conservation opportunities for trans former are available only in design and
material used. Also optimizing loading of transformer can increase efficiency of system.
  ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES IN
TRANSFORMER
 OPTIMIZATION OF LOADING OF TRANSFORMER

The environmental protection agency (EPA) brought study report that nearly 61
billion K WH of electricity is wasted in each year only as transformer losses. Study of
typical grid system showed that, power transformer contributes nearly 40% to 50% of
total transmission and distribution losses.

Maintaining maximum efficiency to occur at 38% loading (as recommended by REC),

the overall efficiency of transformer can be increased and its losses can be reduced. The
load loss may be even reduced by using thicker conductors.

Transformer ratings Reduction in losses at 38% loading

25 KVA 685-466W
63KVA 1235-844W
100KVA 1760-1196W

 IMPROVISION IN DESIGN AND MATERIAL OF TRANSFORMER

This is nothing but the reducing No-Load losses or Core Losses. They can be
reduced by following methods:-

1) BY USING ENERGY EFFICIENT TRANSFORMER-

By using superior quality or improved grades of CRGO (Cold Rolled Grain
Oriented) laminations, the no-load losses can be reduced to 32%.
 2) BY USING AMORPHOUS TRANSFORMER
Transformer with superior quality of core material i.e. amorphous
alloy is called Amorphous Transformers. Amorphous alloy is made up of Iron-
boron-silicon alloy. The magnetic core of this transformer is made with
amorphous metal, which is easily magnetized / demagnetized. Typically, core loss
can be 70–80% less than its Molten metal mixture when cooled to solid state at a
very high speed rate, retain a random atomic structure that is not crystalline. This
is called Amorphous.

Amorphous transformer

 ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSMISSION LINE:-

Transmission losses can be reduced as follows:-

1) BY REDUCING RESISTANCE -

Losses are directly proportional to I2r in conductor. So, if we reduce ‘R’ from this surely
the losses will be reduced. For this we can use stranded or bundled conductors or ACSR
conductors. And even this method is been adopted and also successful.

ACC ACSR Conductor

 2) BY CONTROLLING VOLTAGE LEVELS -

This can be done by following methods-

1. By using voltage controllers

2. By using voltage stabilizer

3. By using power factor controller

AWRENESS IN CONSUMERS -

This is one of most important and useful/helpful for energy conservation. This can be
done by asking consumer to make use of energy efficient equipments, by giving seminar
about energy conservation and make them aware and understand about the happening and
there advantages and disadvantages etc.

Effective use of smart grid technologies by customer helps utilities –

 Optimizes grid use.

 Improve grid efficiency and security.
 Better align demand with supply constraints & grid congestion.
 Enable distributed generation (especially from renewable sources)
  ENERGY CONSERVATION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM :-
This is done by considering following points:-

1) BALANCING OF PHASE LOAD-

As a result of unequal loads on individual phase sequence, components
causes over heating of transformers, cables, conductors motors. Thus, increasing
losses and resulting in the motor malfunctioning under unbalanced voltage
conditions. Thus, keeping the system negative phase sequence voitage within
limits, amount of savings in capital (saving the duration of equipment )as well as
energy losses. Thus, to avoid this losses, the loads are distributed evenly ‘as is
practical’ between the phases.

1) POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT-

Low power factor will lead to increased current and hence increase losses
and will affect the voltage. The power factor at peak is almost unity. However,
during off peak hours, mainly (11 am to 3 pm ) the power factor decreases to
around 0.8, this may be due to following reasons,
 Wide use of fans.
 Wide industrial loads.
 Wide use of agricultural and domestic pumping motors.
 Less use of high power factor loads like lightubg etc.
Now, to improve power factor at off peak hours the consumers must
be aware of the effects of low power factor and must connect compensation
equipments DSTACOM, capacitor bank.

SMART METERS
A smart meter generally refers to a type of advanced meters that identifies
consumption in more detail than a conventional meter and communicates that
information back to the local utility for monitoring and billing, a process known as
telemetering.
 These meters includes additional functions to power measurement such as
communication, data storage, remote programming, and time-of-use rates , and are
intended to be deployed as advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) solution. Smart
meters are the next generation of electricity and gas meters. smart meter will empower
customer to make choices on how much energy they use. Supplier will install two-way
communication system that display accurate real time information on energy use in the
home to the consumer and back to the energy supplier.

COMPARISION BETWEEN TODAY’S GRID AND SMART

GRID (MODERN GRID)

Characteristics Today’s grid Smart grid

1) Self-heals Respond to prevent further
damage. focus is on
protection of assets following
system faults.
2) Motivates & Consumers are uniformed
includes the &non-participative with the
consumers power system.
3) Resist attack Vulnerable to malicious acts
of terrors natural disasters.
4) Provided power Focused on outstage rather
quality for 21st than power quality problems.
century needs Solve response in revolving
PQ issues.
5) Accommodates all Relatively small no. of large
generation and generating plants. numerous
storage option. obstacles exist for
interconnecting DER.
(Modern grid)
Automatically detects &
respond to actual & emerging
transmission &distribution
problems. Focus is on
prevention. minimizes
computer impacts.
Informed involve &active
consumers. Broad penetration
of demand response.
Resilient to attach &natural
disasters with rapid restoration
capabilities.
Quality of power meets
industry standards &
consumers need. PQ issues
identified &revolved prior to
manifestation. Various levels
of PQ at various prices.
Very large no. of diverse
distributed generation &
storage devices deployed to
complements the large
generating plant.
Advantages Of Smart Grid-
 Reduces the cost of blackouts.
 Helps measure and reduces energy conservation and costs.
 Help businesses to reduce their carbon footprints.
 Opens up new opportunities for tech companies meaning more jobs created.

Disadvantages Of Smart Grid
 Biggest concern: it has security and privacy.

 Two-way communication between power consumer and provider and sensors so it is

costly.

 Some type of meter can hacked.

 HACKER-

 Gain control of thousand even millions, of meters.

 Increases or decreases the demand of power.

 Not simply a single component .various technology components are used are
software, system integrators, the power generators.

Future –
 In the new future, will not be any vast development.
 Risky because of financial developments and regulations.
 In the long run, attitudes will change, wide spread usage of the smart grid from
every business to every home just like the internet.
Resources of information

 Articles –

 Energy Conservation Through Energy Management

- by Prof. S. P. Rath (IEEMA magazine, January 2008)

 WIRELESS Transmission Of Electric Power

- by Syed Khadeerullah (Electrical India magazine, January
2008)
 Magazine of “Electrical India 2010”

 Websites:-
 www.nima.com
 www.howstuffworks.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.xcelenergy.com/smartgridcity
 www.schneider.com
 www.powersmiths.com
 www.renewableenrgyworld.com