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Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter does not aim to argue but to quench the

researcher’s curiosity with regards to the factors that is affecting

the course choice of ABM students to their academic performance.

Moreover, this chapter also includes researcher’s different

learning and explanations regarding to ABM. Furthermore, this

chapter includes researcher’s different views and studies

regarding to the effects of their choice to their performance.

Likewise, researchers believed that related literature and studies

presented would provide insights and will serve as their guide to

complete the research.

Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM)

Accounting, Business and Management combines all aspects of

business studies with financial planning and decision-making. You will

learn about techniques, concepts and debates in organizational

behaviour, financial and management accounting, marketing and

human resource management. You will build your understanding of

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business strategy, behaviour and performance in the global context

(Keele University, 2016).

The Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) strand would

focus on the basic concepts of financial management, business

management, corporate operations, and all things that are accounted

for. ABM can also lead you to careers on management and accounting

which could be sales manager, human resources, marketing director,

project officer, bookkeeper, accounting clerk, internal auditor, and a lot

more (Edukasyon, 2018).

Meanwhile, according to USJR (2016), ABM strand is designed as

an introductory course in accounting and business and management

where students are trained to think logically and scientifically and

are acquainted with the rudiments of accounting, business and

management concepts and principles in order to prepare them to

pursue college degrees that focus on business and industry where their

contribution as future accountants, entrepreneurs, and business

leaders are vital to the progress and development of the economy and

critical to the promotion of a sustainable green business.

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On the other hand, become a well-rounded professional

understanding both the operations of a business and the finances

behind it with this flexible course. In the first year you’ll gain solid

grounding on all aspects of accounting and business including

understanding organisations, business law and financial accounting.

You can then specialise in accounting, business, or both with subjects

such as managing international business and management accounting

(GLOS, 2018).

Furtheremore, ABM strand is perfect for those inclined in

mathematics and for those persons who want to venture into the world

of business, marketing and enterprise. Also, for those who plan on

taking up Economics, Business Administration, Accountancy and

Marketing in college (Ocbena, 2016).

Personal Interest

From the study of Sinkombo (2016), personal interests matter in

career choices in the sense that matching personal interests with

career choice often leads to job satisfaction. Thus, interests of the

children provided them with motives towards their career choices.

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In addition, as cited by Nyamwange (2016) from Sharf (2010)

contends that clarity and meaning of life are expressed in ones career.

Consequently, it is by being armed with better information and proper

guidance that individuals are able to make appropriate career

decisions.

Personal factors (individual factors) include cognitive and mental

processes which dictate career decision making such as attitude, self-

concept, self-efficacy and knowledge (Sharf, 1992 as cited by Amani,

2013).

Furthermore, …the main intrinsic factors responsible for

influencing career choice decisions include an individual’s personality,

interests, self concept, attitudes and cultural identity. On the other

hand, the main extrinsic factors include social contacts, role models;

availability of resources such as information and finances,

globalization, ethnic background, level of educational attainment,

choice of subjects of study and differences in job characteristics (Kerka,

2000; Bandura, Barbaranelli, Caprara and Pastorelli, 2001; McQuaid

and Bond, 2003 cited by Nyamwange, 2016).

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According to Nyamwange (2016), prior knowledge prepares an

individual on the conditions obtaining for a career and one will decide

to enter a career from a point of knowledge. Knowledge on a career

can be acquired through doing research and consultations; training,

exposure as well as industrial attachment. Other avenues through

which individuals receive prior knowledge for their careers include

mentorship, commitment, motivation and socializing with people in the

career of interest.

However, there are also those who choose to follow careers that

they have a passion for regardless of the prospects of the benefits; for

the reason that a career is a critical element in determining an

individual’s daily routine, life activities, standard of living; and the

spiritual and social aspects of life. In fact a career affects the ordering

of one’s entire life (Pummel, Harwood and Lavallee, 2008 cited by

Nyamwange, 2016).

Family Influence

As parents, you know that you affect your child’s career

development and choices, the same way you know that the career
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choices young people make will affect their job satisfaction, where they

live, how much they earn and who their friends may be (Sinkombo,

2016).

In addition, the majority of papers published on this subject

consistently ranked parents as the most important and influential

individuals regarding career decisions, as compared to teachers, peers,

counsellors and others. however, Parents often wonder and worry

about what their children will do when they grow up after many years

of investing into their formal and informal education, thus, they always

hope that their children launches into a successful career. As such, the

importance of their influence towards career choice of their children is

consistently critical (Ferry, 2006 cited from Sinkombo, 2016).

Based on the research of Huda (2014), there have several

reasons for familial and societal influence but I pointed out only four

reasons. Dependency to family is the first reason for familial influence.

As the students are dependent to their family, so they have to take

family’s decision. Students’ maturity is another reason for familial

influence. Students don’t get the right to take their own decision

because of not reaching maturity stage, thought by the parent.

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Additionally, parent’s job sector and experience also create interest in

to the children’s mind.

Moreover, parents are of great importance in career choices of

their children and that children seek advice from their since they trust

them more than any other people. Although schools, peers, and the

community in which the children come live in all have an impact on the

children‘s self-identity and career choice, the expectations and

perceptions of parents on vocational fit for their children have been

found to be the key players in shaping career choices of these

children… if that these parents support their children and encourage

them to work hard while at secondary school so that they may obtain

good results to help them access a good career. This could be a career

of their interest and capability (Sinkombo, 2016).

On the other hand, students can’t take their career

decision by their (student) own choice. They take families

decision either willingly or families create pressure over them to

take family’s decision. As a result the students can’t perform well

in the sector that has selected by their family, because they

didn’t like that sector. They couldn’t raise their voice against
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their family at the time of taking decision. Sometimes they feel

frustration for that and also go for addiction (Huda 2014).

In some evidence, according to Bergen (2006) as cited by

Huda (2016), it is proved that parents influence their children’s

career development and family give resources which are

important about thinking their(children) future ideas. Family give

economic and emotional support and also transfer norms, values,

goals and expectation to their child, and these factors create

strong impact in career development.

Academic Preference

Career preference is an issue since when a student is forced to

take a course against his will; such a student will not feel motivated to

perform well (Kitainge and Hellen, 2016).

Moreover, Kitainge and Hellen (2016), career preference is a

preferred choice of a course taken by a student which culminates to a

specific career. A comparative lack of interest in a career can affect

students’ interest or commitment to a course and influence their

academic performance.
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As stated by Cuthbert (2005) as cited by Abdul Latiff et. Al

(2014), understanding the students’ learning styles is important for

allowing adjustment in the educators’ pedagogic approaches.

In addition, students usually have preferences for the ways by

which they learn or understand a subject and it is advisable for

students to tailor these styles to suit their own learning needs (Lujan

and DiCarlo, 2006 cited by Abdul Latiff et. Al, 2014).

Indicators such as career preference also affect lecture

attendance and this determines whether learners perform well

academically or not and remedial measures could be implemented

before it is too late (Kitainge and Hellen, 2016).

Furthermore, It is accepted that learning styles can help students

enhance their own learning and thus encourage self-directed learning

(Abdul Latiff et. Al, 2014 cited from Coffield et. Al, 2004).

In-Demand Jobs

According to Brochert (2002), influence how students have

perceived their future in terms of the reasonable probability of a future

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in particular career fields. The issue of poverty has played an important

determining role in the opportunities available to all.

Moreover, Nyamwange (2016) cited from Hewit (2010) notes that

most people are heavily influenced either by professions that their

parents favour; or the ones that their educational achievements have

opened for them. Yet, other individuals are influenced by careers that

offer prospects of higher benefits including salary, allowances and

holidays.

Financial sustainability plays a major role in alterations of career

life. They need to work in order to sustain their studies, as wells as to

help their family about expenses and earlier exposure to a company

(Polytechnic University of the Philippines, 2010).

Social Influence

As Huda (2016) said, society is another factor that influence in

decision making. And the effect of societal influence on people is high.

Gender also influence in career decision making.

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In addition, sometimes neighbors or some well-known persons of

the society try to influence on students career decision making by

sharing their experience and knowledge (Huda 2016).

According to the study of Sinkombo (2016), many adolescents'

career decisions are influenced by the media or by their peers with

little thought of what they might personally be interested in or

motivated to do. If they are college bound, they may simply keep

changing majors until they find something they like.

Furthermore, Huda (2016) cited from Fisher and Stanfford (1999)

mentioned that friends’ and peers’ influence is not seen at all. But

society has also little impact on career decision making process. Beside

familial influence I also assumed a reason which is related to social

impact. I assumed that some neighbors or prominent members of the

society try to create hidden influence over students’ career decision

making process. They share their personal experience with the

students. In this way they try to make an impression to the students

about their career decision. That’s how society influences over the

students.
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On the other hand, social factors which are also viewed as

external forces from the society may also affect ones career decisions.

A good example for this is social influences from significant others.

Therefore, individual’s motives for career choice intentions are also

determined by both personal and social oriented factors. A person is

more likely to perform the behaviour if significant others support his or

her intentions to do so (Amani, 2013 cited from Ajzen, 2006).

Also, as cited by Amani (2013) from Kidd (2006) that when

people are provided with adequate information at the right time, it can

make a big difference in career planning. Thus, this study examined

how occupational knowledge and social influence determines ones’

decision whether or not to join the careers of his/her choice.

Synthesis

The above-mentioned review of related literature were all

considered significant because this made researcher understands

better the most fundamental concept studied in the said

research.
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Based on Keele University (2016), Edukasyon (2018), Univesity of

San Jose-Recoletos (USJR) 2016, Univesity of Gloucestershire (GLOS)

2018 and Ocbena (2016), ABM strand is the path way that will lead you

to different courses and job careers in this society and comprises all

aspects of business studies with financial planning.

This strand may went through the career of management and

accounting which could be sales manager, human resources,

marketing director, project officer, bookkeeper, accounting clerk,

internal auditor and also becoming an accountants, entrepreneurs,

and business leaders.

Furthermore, according to Sinkombo (2016), Nyamwange (2016)

cited from Sharf (2010), Sharf (1992) as cited by Amani (2013), Kerka

(2000); Bandura, Barbaranelli, Capara and Patorelli (2001); McQuaiad

and Bond (2003) cited by Nyamwange (2016), Nyamwange (2016) and

Pummel, Harwood and Lovallee (2008) cited by Nyamwange (2016),

that personal interests matter in career choices because it will make

you feel comfortable, satisfied to your chosen course. Also, you may be

feel the eagerness to learn a lot in that course. Moreover, Sinkombo

(2016), Ferry (2006) cited from Sinkombo (2016), Huda (2014) and
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Bergen (2006) as cited by Huda (2016) states that family influenced a

lot the way their child choice their career or courses because they

know the right thing for their child, whether it would be good or bad

for them. But, some child didn’t actually like the chosen career of their

family for them. In that way, some of them didn’t perform well because

they frustrate due to a lot of expectations. In addition, Kitainge and

Hellen (2016), Cuthbert (2005) as cited by Abdul Latiff et. Al (2014),

Lujan and DiCarlo (2006) cited by Abdul Latiff et. Al (2014) and Abdul

Latiff et. Al (2014) cited from Coffield et. Al (2004) states that

academic preference/attainments and educational achievements of a

students demands urgent attention to attain their goals and helps

them a lot through choosing a course that fits for them.

In general, the synthesis of related studies and literature

focuses on the important aspects of this research namely:

Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM), factors affecting

the course choice of ABM students such as personal interest,

family influence, academic preference, in-demand jobs and social

influence together with the effects of course choice of ABM

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students to their academic performance such as . The

information gathered form this chapter will be further use in the

preceding chapter of this research.

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Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter will deal with the method of research that will

be used, the respondents of the study, the instrument to be

utilized in this investigation, the data gathering which will be

adopted, and the statistical treatment that will apply to data that

is being obtained in the study.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The researchers will use a descriptive research design to link to

quantitative research. According to Sicat-De Laza (2016) as cited by

Briones et. Al (2018), the descriptive approach illustrates the specific

and current conditions of the event and not the past or the future. This

study will illustrate the factors affecting the academic course choice of

ABM students in their academic performance at Tanauan City College.

RESEARCH LOCALE

In relation to the research study, the researchers will conduct a

survey to the ABM students of Tanauan City College at Trapiche 1,

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Tanauan City, Batangas to collect the data and results in response to

problems raised by researchers.

POPULATION

The respondents of the researchers are composed of twenty

students from the ABM of Grade 12 and sixteen students from the ABM

of Grade 11 with the total population of thirty-six students.

RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

To proceeds reliable and accurate results, the researcher s

will choose Tanauan City College (TCC) within the Division of

Tanauan City since the research will specifically confined with

ABM Senior High School students only.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The researchers will prepare a researcher-made-questionnaire to

be an instrument of the study. The development of the questionnaire

will be based on the data and information gathered from all the

readings which primarily gathered to answer the questions of the

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study. The self-made research questionnaire can be categorized as a

diagnostic assessment that assisting to know the factors affecting the

academic course choice of ABM students in their academic

performance.

In accordance to what is mentioned above, a self-constructed

checklist in line with the factors affecting the academic course choice

of ABM learners.

Option Range Verbal

Interpretation
4 3.50-4.49 High Extent
3 2.50-3.49 Fair Extent
2 1.50-2.49 Less Extent
1 1.00-1.49 Not Applicable

The respondents’ answers with regard to the factors affecting the

academic course choice of ABM students in their academic

performance will be presented through the scale of: 1- Not Applicable,

2- Less extent, 3- Fair extent and 4- high extent.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

In order to gather information, the researchers will make a letter

to the Senior High School principal that will contain the consent of

researchers to give questionnaires to the ABM students for validation

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purposes. Furthermore, the researchers will also provide letter to ABM

students as a participant in the research conducted, to which they are

one of the components in gathering data to support the study.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT

Researchers developed tables to quickly determine the results

of a survey conducted. Also apply the appropriate formula to the

computation of each number that the participants are responsible for.

The statistical formula used by researchers is:

f
n x100
N

In other words, in this statistical formula (f) means the number

of answers to the questionnaire. Meanwhile, (N) means the number of

participants in the study and (n) means frequency percentage.