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Attributes of a corporation:
(4) All contracts entered into in its name by its regular appointed
officers and agents are the contracts of the corporation and not
those of the members or stockholders. A corporation cannot be
held liable for the personal indebtedness or obligation of a
stockholder even if he should be its president. (Smith & Co., Inc.
vs. Ford, 63 Phil. 786.) Neither is the latter liable for the
indebtedness of the former.
Disregarding fiction of Being a mere creature of the law, a corporation may be allowed to
corporate entity. exist solely for lawful purposes but where the fiction of corporate
entity is being used as a cloak or cover for fraud or illegality, this
fiction will be disregarded and the individuals composing it will be
treated as identical.
Powers, attributes, and A corporation, being a mere creation of law, may exercise only
properties of a corporation such powers as are granted by the law of its creation. An express
grant, however, is not necessary. All powers which may be
implied from those expressly provided by law and those which are
incidental or essential to the corporation’s existence may also be
exercised.
express authority.
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(b) Lay corporation or one organized for a purpose other than for
religion. Lay corporations, in turn, may be either eleemosynary or
civil.
(b) Open corporation or one which is open to any person who may
wish to become a stockholder or member thereto.
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Shares Stock or share of stock is one of the units into which the capital
stock is divided. It represents the interest or right which the
owner has —
(3) Upon its dissolution and winding up, in the property and
assets thereof remaining after the payment of corporate debts
and liabilities to creditors.
Classifying shares The shares of stock corporations may be divided into classes or
series of shares, or both, any of which classes or series of shares
may have such rights, privileges or restrictions as may be stated
in the articles of incorporation
Rules:
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(3) Any or all of the shares or series of shares may have a par
value or have no par value as may be provided for in the articles of
incorporation: Provided, however, That banks, trust companies,
insurance companies, public utilities, and building and loan
associations shall not be per-mitted to issue no-par value shares
of stock.
1) Cumulative or non-cumulative; or
2) Participating or non-participating;
Par and no par value shares (1) Par value share is one with a specific money value fixed in the
articles of incorporation and appearing in the certificate of stock
for each share of stock of the same issue.
(a) The primary purpose of par value is to fix the minimum issue
price of the shares thus assuring creditors that the corporation
would receive a minimum amount for its stock.
(b) It is not usually the price at which investors buy or sell the
stock.
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(2) No par value share is one without any stated or par value
appearing on the face of the certificate of stock. In other words, it
is a stock which does not state how much money it represents.
(a) While a no par value share has no par value, it has always an
“issued value,” i.e., the consideration fixed by the corporation for
its issuance. (see Sec. 62, last par.)
Shall be:
(2) Non-assessable
(3) The holder of such shares shall not be liable to the corporation
or to its creditors in respect thereto
Provided, That shares without par value may not be issued for a
consideration less than the value of Five pesos (P5.00) per
share: Provided, further, That the entire consideration received
by the corporation for its no-par value shares shall be treated as
capital and shall not be available for distribution as dividends.
Voting and non-voting (3) Voting share is share with right to vote.
(c) The rule is not “one stockholder, one vote’’ but “one share, one
vote’’ because representation in a corporation is commensurate
to extent of ownership.
(c) Note that the enumeration in Section 6 does not include the
election of directors or trustees (see Sec. 24.) as one of the
matters on which non-voting shares may vote.
(d) Where non-voting shares are provided for, the Code requires
that there shall always be a class or series of shares which have
complete voting rights. (Ibid., par. 1.)
Non-voting Shares
Common and Preferred (5) Common share of stock is stock which entitles the holder
thereof to pro rata division of the profits, if there are any, without
any preference or advantage in that respect over other
stockholder or class of stockholders. (2 Fletcher 43.)
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Common and preferred stocks are the two main classes or forms
of stock.
Other kinds of shares (7) Promotion share is such share as is issued to promoters, or
those in some way interested in the company, for incorporating
the company, or for services rendered in launching or promoting
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(c) Before the fulfillment of the condition, the grantee is not yet
the owner of the shares and consequently, he is not entitled to the
rights belonging to a regular stockholder.
Capital stock Capital stock is the amount fixed in the articles of incorporation,
to be subscribed and paid in by the shareholders of a corporation,
either in money or property, labor or services, at the organization
of the corporation or afterwards and upon which it is to conduct
its operation. (2 Fletcher 12.) It represents the equity of the
stockholders in the corporate assets.
The Code does not set a minimum authorized capital stock except
as otherwise provided by special law as long as the paid-up
capital, as required by Section 13, is not less than P5,000.00.
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ILLUSTRATION:
(1) Where the capital stock consists only of par value shares, the
minimum subscription should be 25% of the amount of the
authorized capital stock or 25% of the aggregate value of all the
shares of stock the corporation is authorized to issue.
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(3) Where the capital stock is divided into par value shares and no
par value shares, the requirement as to par value shares is as
indicated above and for the no par value shares, the 25% is based
on the number of said no par value shares.
Authorized capital stock Authorized capital stock is synonymous with capital stock where
the shares of the corporation have par value. (see Secs. 14[8], 15
[seventh].) If the shares of stock have no par value, the
corporation has no authorized capital stock, but it has capital
stock, the amount of which is not specified in the articles of
incorporation as it cannot be determined until all the shares have
been issued. (Ibid.) In this case, the two terms are not
synonymous.
Subscribed capital stock Subscribed capital stock is the amount of the capital stock
subscribed whether fully paid or not. It connotes an original
subscription contract for the acquisition by a subscriber of
unissued shares in a corporation (see Secs. 60, 61.) and would,
therefore, preclude the acquisition of shares by reason of
subsequent transfer from a stockholder or resale of treasury
shares. (Sec. 9.)
Outstanding capital stock Outstanding capital stock is the portion of the capital stock
which is issued and held by persons other than the corporation
itself. The Code defines the term as “the total shares of stock
issued to subscribers or stockholders, whether fully or partially
paid (as long as there is a binding subscription agreement),
except treasury shares.” (Sec. 137.) It is thus broader than
“subscribed” capital stock.
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Paid-up capital stock Paid-up capital stock is that portion of the subscribed or
outstanding capital stock that is paid.
Unissued capital stock Unissued capital stock is that portion of the capital stock that is
not issued or subscribed. It does not vote and draws no
dividends.
Legal capital Legal capital is the amount equal to the aggregate par value
and/or issued value of the outstanding capital stock.
Par value When par value shares are issued above par, the premium or
excess is not to be considered as part of the legal capital. (see Sec.
43.) In the case of no par value shares, the entire consideration
received forms part of legal capital and shall not be available for
distribution as dividends. (see Sec. 6, par. 3.)
ILLUSTRATION:
In the strict sense, the term refers to that portion of the net assets
paid by the stockholders as consideration for the shares issued to
them, which is utilized for the prosecution of the business of the
corporation.
Capital and capital stock (1) Capital is the actual corporate property. It is, therefore, a
distinguished concrete thing. Capital stock is an amount. It is, therefore,
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something abstract.
Capital stock and legal Like capital stock, legal capital is merely an amount and remains
capital distinguished unchanged except as outstanding shares are increased or
reduced in number or amount. But while capital stock limits the
maximum amount or number of shares that may be issued
without formal amendment of the articles of incorporation (see
Sec. 38.), legal capital sets the minimum amount of the corporate
assets which for the protection of corporate creditors, may not be
lawfully distributed to stockholders.
ILLUSTRATION:
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Capital stock and share of As distinguished from capital stock, the term “stock” or “share of
stock distinguished stock” is commonly used in a distributive sense to refer to the
stock in the hands of the stockholders. Therefore, it belongs to
them. On the other hand, the former is used in a collective sense
to signify the whole body of shares of stock in the corporation. (11
Fletcher 18 [1971].)
Founders’ shares. Founders’ shares have been defined as “shares issued to the
organizers and promoters of a corporation in consideration of
some supposed right or property. Such shares usually share in
profits only after a certain percentage has been paid upon the
common stock, but are often given special privileges over other
stock as to voting and as to division of profits in excess of a
minimum dividend on the common stock.” (Webster’s Second
International Dictionary, p. 997.)
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(4) Terms and conditions. — Section 8 requires that all the terms
and conditions affecting such shares must be stated not only in
the articles of incorporation but also in the certificate of stock
representing said shares. Except as otherwise provided therein,
the redemption rests entirely with the corporation, and the
stockholder is without right to either compel or refuse the
redemption of his stock.
Treasury shares. Treasury share is share which has been lawfully issued by the
corporation and fully paid for and later reacquired by it either by
purchase, redemption (Sec. 8.), donation, forfeiture or other
lawful means.
(a) Treasury shares are not retired shares. They do not revert to
the unissued shares of the corporation but are regarded as
property acquired by the corporation which may be reissued or
resold by the corporation at a price to be fixed by the board of
directors. (SEC Rules Governing Redeemable and Treasury
Shares [CCP] No. 1-1982.) Hence, the price paid out of retained
earnings for the value of reacquired shares should be treated in
the corporate books as payment for the purchase of the shares
(SEC Opinion, Feb. 20, 1991.) and an investment on such
property.
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(b) Treasury shares are issued shares but being in the treasury
they do not have the status of outstanding shares (Comm. vs.
Manning, 66 SCRA 14.), in the sense that they do not constitute a
liability of the corporation. (see Sec. 137.)
five but not more than fifteen, all of legal age, and a majority of
whom are residents of the Philippines.
Notes:
(3) The incorporators must have the capacity to enter into a valid
contract, the act of forming a cor-poration as between the parties
being contractual.
Term of corporate The corporation shall exist for the term specified in the articles of
existence. incorporation not exceeding fifty years, unless sooner legally
dissolved (Secs. 19, 22, 117-122, 144, 145.) or unless its
registration is revoked upon any of the grounds provided by law.
(see Sec. 6, Pres. Decree No. 902-A; see Sec. 22.)
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Contents:
(10) Such other matters as are not inconsistent with law and
which the incorporators may deem necessary and convenient.
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(9) Under the Flag Law. — In the purchase of articles for the
Government, preference shall be given to materials and supplies
produced, made, or manufactured in the Philippines, and to
domestic entities. The term “domestic entities” means any citizen
of the Philippines or any corporate body or commercial company
at least 75% of the capital of which is owned by citizens of the
Philippines. (C.A. No. 138.)
Powers of a corporation Every corporation incorporated under this Code has the power
and capacity:
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Expressed Powers Express powers are the powers expressly conferred upon the
corporation by law. These powers can be ascertained from the
special law creating the corporation, or from the general
incorporation law under which it is created, the general laws of
the land applicable to corporations (i.e., Corporation Code), and
its articles of incorporation. (6 Fletcher 183.)
Implied powers Implied powers are those powers which are reasonably necessary
to exercise the express powers and to accomplish or carry out the
purposes for which the corporation was formed.
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Power to extend or shorten The corporate term of a private corporation may be extended or
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(3) A reduction or increase of the capital stock can take place only
in the manner and under the conditions prescribed by law. (see
Sec. 38.)
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Right of pre-emption of Whenever the capital stock of a corporation is increased and new
stockholders. shares of stock are issued, the new issue must be offered first to
the stockholders who are such at the time the increase was made
in proportion to their existing share-holdings and on equal terms
with other holders of the original stocks before subscriptions are
received from the general public. For example, if a stockholder
with pre-emptive right owns 10% of the outstanding shares of a
corporation, he may subscribe to 10% of any shares of stock
issued by the corporation. The principle is known as the right of
pre-emption or pre-emptive right of stockholders.
ILLUSTRATION:
Power to sell, lease, etc. all A corporation, by the action of its board of directors or trustees
or substantially supported by the vote of shareholders or members, may sell,
lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge, or otherwise dispose of all or
all corporate assets.
substantially all of its property and assets including its goodwill.
(see Title IX.)
The requisites for the validity of such sale, etc. are as follows:
(a) The board is given the right to decide upon the terms and
conditions of the sale including the consideration for the property
sold, for at any rate, the sale is still subject to approval, by the
stockholders or members.
Sec. 40337
consent has been secured, the corporation can buy their shares
only if the conditions for the purchase (infra.) are present. (see
SEC Opinion, Aug. 11, 1961.)
(4) That the corporation acts in good faith and without preju-dice
to the rights of creditors and stockholders; and
Sec. 41339
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Trust fund doctrine. This doctrine holds that the assets of the corporation as
represented by its capital stock are “trust funds” to be
maintained unimpaired and to be used to pay corporate creditors
in the sense that there can be no distribution of such assets
among the stockholders without provision being first made for
the payment of corporate debts and that any such disposition of it
is a fraud on the creditors of the corporation and, therefore, void.
Power to invest funds in By virtue of the provisions of Section 42, a corporation may be
other corporations organized with multiple lawful purposes so long as the primary
purpose is indicated in the articles of incorporation. However, the
or for other purposes.
investment of its funds (includes any of its corporate property) is
limited to the primary purpose. In order that it may invest its
funds in any other corporation or business or for any purpose
other than the primary purpose, compliance with the
requirements of Section 42 is necessary (see De la Rosa vs.
Mao-Sugar Central Co., Inc., 27 SCRA 247.) and, of course,
subject to the prohibition against certain corporations from
having more than one purpose.
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Sec. 42341
Power to declare dividends. The board of directors of a stock corporation has the power to
declare dividends out of the “unrestricted retained earnings”
which shall be payable in cash, in property, or in stock to all
stockholders on the basis of outstanding stock held by them.
Concept of dividends.
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(2) Profits are not dividends until so declared or set aside by the
corporation. In the meantime, all profits are a part of the assets of
the corporation and do not belong to the stockholders
individually. (Ibid., 640.)
Dividends payable out of Under the law, dividends other than liquidating dividends (which
unrestricted are not really dividends as they are from capital) may be declared
and paid out of “the unrestricted retained earnings” of the
retained earnings.
corporation. (Ibid.) A corporation cannot make a valid contract to
pay dividends other than from retained earnings or profits and an
agreement to pay such dividends out of capital is unlawful and
void.
The Code deleted the phrase “arising from its business.” It may be
argued that the term “unrestricted retained earnings,” as used in
the Code, refers to all the excess of assets of the corporation over
its liabilities including legal or stated capital. Hence, it is not
limited to accumulated net profits of the corporation “arising from
its business” but may comprehend also other gains such as those
derived from the sale of fixed assets. But it does not include the
unrealized increase in value of fixed assets. (infra.)
Power to enter into Under Section 44, a corporation is expressly allowed to enter into
management contract. a management contract with another corporation, which refers
“to any contract whereby a corporation undertakes to manage or
operate all or substantially all of the business of another
corporation, whether such contracts are called service contracts,
operating agreements or otherwise.”
The following are the limitations for the exercise of the power:
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(2) The period of the contract must not be longer than five (5)
years for any one term except that contracts which relate to the
exploration, development, exploitation or utilization of natural
resources may be entered into for such periods as may be
provided by pertinent laws or regulations.
ILLUSTRATIONS:
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Ultra vires and intra vires It is well-settled that a corporation is not restricted to the exercise
acts explained. of powers expressly conferred upon it but has the implied or
incidental powers to do what is reasonably necessary to carry out
its express powers and to accomplish the purposes for which it
was formed.
ILLUSTRATION:
Ultra vires act When properly used, an ultra vires act means simply an act
distinguished from which is beyond the conferred powers of a corporation or the
purposes for which it is created. (Republic vs. Acoje Mining Co.,
an illegal act.
Inc., 7 SCRA 661 [1963].)
Ratification of ultra vires (1) Where the contract is illegal per se, it is wholly void or
acts. inexistent. It cannot be ratified or validated. (Art. 1409, Civil
Code.)
(2) Where the contract is not illegal per se but merely beyond the
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(2) When an ultra vires contract has been fully performed on both
sides, neither party thereto can lawfully set aside the same or to
recover what has been given. No public interest is involved here
since both parties have already received to their advantage the
benefits of the contract voluntarily entered into; and
(3) When an ultra vires contract has been performed on one side
and the other has received benefits by reason of such
per-formance, recovery is permitted in most courts on behalf of
the former (7 Fletcher, 620.) on the ground that it would be
unjust to allow retention of benefits by a party coupled with his
refusal to perform. Other courts hold the contract unenforceable
but re-quire the party who has received the benefits of
performance to return what he has received or failing to do that,
to pay its rea-sonable value. (Ibid., 613.)
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(b) For the same reason that a corporation can act only through
the board of directors, a resolution adopted at a meeting of
stockholders refusing to recognize a corporate contract effected
with the approval of the board of directors or repudiating it, is
without effect. (Ramirez vs. Orientalist, 38 Phil. 634.)
Term of office of directors It is now expressly provided that the board of directors or trustees
or trustees. to be elected “shall hold office for one (1) year and until their
successors are elected and qualified.” (Sec. 23, par. 1.) Upon
failure of a quorum at any meeting of the stockholders or
members called for an election, the directorate naturally holds
over and continues to function until another directorate is chosen
and qualified. (see Sec. 24, last sentence.)
Number of directors or (1) Under the Code, the number must be “not be less than five (5)
trustees. nor more than fifteen (15)” (Sec. 14[6].) except as otherwise
provided by the Code or special law.
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by-laws, “may be more than fifteen (15) in number,” with the term
of office of 1/3 of their number expiring every year. (see Sec. 92,
par. 1.)
(6) The board of trustees of religious societies shall also “be not
less than five
(a) Every director must own at least one share of the capital
stock;
b. Election and removal The following limitations or conditions are imposed in the election
of directors or trustees:
(7) The requisite notice must be given. (see Sec. 50, par. 1.)
Methods of voting. Every stockholder entitled to vote shall have the right to vote in
person or by proxy the numbers of shares of stock standing, at
the time fixed in the by-laws, in his own name on the stock books
of the corporation or where the by-laws are silent, at the time of
the election, and said stockholder may vote his shares in any of
the ways mentioned below.
ILLUSTRATION:
Under this method, the votes are distributed equally among the
five candidates without preference.
ILLUSTRATIONS:
(1) If A owns 100 shares of stock and there are five directors to be
elected, he is entitled to 500 votes all of which he may cast in
favor of any one candidate.
ILLUSTRATIONS:
(1) With 100 shares of stock, A is entitled to 500 votes if there are
five directors to be elected. A may distribute his votes to
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D = [A x B] / [C + 1] + 1
E=DxC
where:
Thus:
D = [20,000 x 3] / [11 + 1] + 1 or
D = 5001 shares
E = 5001 x 11 or
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ILLUSTRATION:
If he has only one candidate he can cast only one (1) vote for said
candidate unless cumulative voting is authorized in the arti-cles
of incorporation or in the by-laws. Thus, where cumulative
vot-ing exists, and there are nine (9) trustees to be elected, a
member is entitled to cast nine (9) votes for one candidate or by
distributing the same among as many candidates as he shall see
fit.
Requisites for board Under Section 25, validity of a corporate act is predicated on the
meeting. presence of the following requisites:
(4) Meeting at the place (see Sec. 51, par. 1.), time, and in the
manner provided in the by-laws. (see Secs. 47[12], 53, 101.)
Quorum.
(3) Number provided greater than majority. — Unlike the old law
which sets the quorum at “a majority of the directors” without
giving the corporation the power to provide otherwise, the Code
gives the corporation the power to require a number greater than
the majority of the board members to constitute
the quorum necessary to transact business. So that, given a
corporation with nine (9) directors, the presence of five (5)
members will be sufficient to hold a board meeting and a vote of
three (3) will be enough to pass a board resolution. However, the
same corporation can provide in its articles of incorporation or
by-laws, that the required quorum shall be seven (7) members. In
this case, a vote of at least four (4) members is necessary for the
approval of any board resolution. But “the vote of a majority of all
the members of the board” or at least five (5) members, shall be
required for the election of officers. (see Sec. 97, par. 1[13].)
ILLUSTRATION:
No.
But if the board subsequently met with 6 directors present and all
of them voted unanimously to approve and ratify said resolu-tion,
such action would have the effect of curing the defect and giv-ing
effect to the resolution.
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The offense need not involve moral turpitude. The rule applies
regardless of the nature or classification of the offense as long as
it is punishable by imprisonment for a period exceeding six (6)
years. If the disqualification is based on a violation of the Code
(see Sec. 144.), the duration of the imprisonment is immaterial
but the commission (not conviction) of the violation must have
taken place within five (5) years prior to the date of the election or
appointment.
Removal of directors or Stockholders cannot tell directors how they are to manage the
trustees. corporation but they do maintain indirect control since they can
remove directors any time if they wish.
(1) Generally; limitation. — The law does not specify cases for
removal of a director or trustee nor even require that removal
should be for sufficient cause or reason. A director or trustee may
be removed by the prescribed vote of the stockholders or
members without cause subject to the limitation that a director
or trustee cannot be removed without cause if the effect of such
removal is to deprive minority stockholders or members who
united in cumulative voting to elect such director, of right of
representation to which they may be entitled under Section 24.
Power of the board to The board of directors (or trustees) has no power to remove one of
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Power of court to remove The Corporation Code does not confer expressly upon the courts
directors or trustees. the power to remove a director or trustee of a corporation.
But where the properties and assets of the corporation are amply
protected by the appointment of a receiver, such removal is
unnecessary and unwarranted in view of the provisions of Section
28 prescribing the manner of removal of directors or trustees. (see
Angeles vs. Santos, 64 Phil. 697 [1937].)
Requisites for removal of Section 28 specifies the following requisites for the removal of
directors directors or trustees:
or trustees. (1) The removal must “take place either at a regular meeting of the
corporation or at a special meeting called for the purpose”;
Filling of vacancies in the The person elected to fill a vacancy holds office only for the
office unexpired term of his predecessor. A vacancy in the office of
director or trustee may be filled as follows:
of director or trustee.
(1) By the stockholders or members. — In any of the following
cases:
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ILLUSTRATION:
If four (4) of nine (9) directors died, the remaining five (5)
direc-tors still constitute a quorum, and a majority of the five (5)
or three (3) may fill the four (4) vacancies.2 But if five (5) of the
directors died, the vacancies will have to be filled by the
stockholders in a regular or special meeting duly called for the
purpose.
Powers and fiduciary duties The directors of a corporation are its agents. They also occupy a
fiduciary relation to the corporation. By numerous authorities
they have been called “trustees” (McEwen vs. Kelly, 79 S.E. 777.),
with certain powers and subject to certain duties in the
management of its property, and each stockholder a cestui que
trust according to his interest and shares. (Jackson vs. Ludeling,
21 Wall. [U.S.] 616.)
(3) Directors are not liable, however, for business losses incurred
because of honest bad judgment not amounting to bad faith or
gross negligence. (see Ballantine, 160; see also Board of
Liquidators vs. Heirs of Maximo Kalaw, 20 SCRA 987 [1967].)
Sec. 31305
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(2) Not all the conditions set forth are present but the corporation
(through the board) elects not to question the validity of the
contract without prejudice to the liability of the directors or
trustees for damages under Section 31; or
ILLUSTRATION:
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The “corporate Under this doctrine, a director who, by virtue of his office,
opportunity’’ doctrine. acquires for himself a business opportunity which should belong
to the corporation, thereby obtaining profits to the prejudice of
such corporation, is guilty of disloyalty and should, therefore,
account to the latter for all such profits by refunding the same,
notwithstanding that he risked his funds in the venture.
Under Section 34, the guilty director will only be exempted from
liability to the corporation if his disloyal act is ratified by the vote
of the stockholders owning or representing at least 2/3 of the
outstanding capital stock. Note that there is no similar provision
in Section 31.
(b) Special or those held by the board at any time upon the call of
the president or as provided in the by-laws. (Secs. 49-53.)
Necessity of meetings. The corporate powers are vested in the board of directors or
trustees and/or the stockholders or members as a body and not
as individuals.
(1) Under Section 16, any corporation may amend its articles of
incorporation
(3) In any of the cases mentioned in Section 101, any action taken
by the directors of a close corporation without a meeting shall
nevertheless be deemed valid, unless otherwise provided in the
by-laws.
Requisites for a valid The following requisites must be complied with in order that there
meeting of stock-holders or will be a valid meeting of stockholders or members:
members.
(1) It must be held at the proper place (Sec. 51.);
(2) It must be held at the stated date and at the appointed time or
at a reasonable time thereafter (Ibid.);
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(3) It must be called by the proper person (Sec. 50, last par.);
(4) There must be a previous notice (Secs. 50, 51, 53.); and
Matters in which the law Hereunder are enumerated the corporate acts together with the
requires specific number of corresponding minimum votes required for their approval:
votes.
(1) to amend the articles of incorporation — a majority vote of the
board of directors or trustees and vote or written assent of 2/3 of
the outstanding capital stock or of the members (Sec. 16.);
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(8), (9), (10), (11), (12), (14), (18), (19), and (20), the acts
mentioned must be approved by both the board of directors of
trustees and the stockholders or members.
Powers, duties, rights and The theory of a stock corporation is that the stockholders may
obligations of stockholders have all the profits but shall turn over the complete management
of the enterprise to their representatives or agents called
directors. (Ramirez vs. Orientalist, 38 Phil. 634 [1918]; Wolfson
vs. Araneta Stock Exchange, 72 Phil. 492 [1941].) The
stockholders, however, as part owners of the corporation, have
certain rights expressly recognized by the corporation law. These
rights may be summarized as follows:
(4) Right to adopt and amend or repeal the by-laws or adopt new
by-laws (Secs. 46, 48.);
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Derivative suit explained. A derivative suit is thus defined as one brought by one or more
stockholders or members in the name and on behalf of the
corporation to redress wrongs committed against it or to protect
or vindicate corporate rights, whenever the officials of the
corporation refuse to sue, or are the ones to be sued or hold
control of the corporation. In such action, the suing stockholder
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(a) In a strict legal sense, the mere sale of all its property by a
corporation and the distribution of its assets do not work a
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(c) The sale of the assets for stock, if followed by dissolution, has
the effect of a merger.
ILLUSTRATION:
Y Inc. is not liable for the liabilities of X Inc. except where Y Inc.
expressly or impliedly assumed said liabilities, or Y Inc. is merely
a continuation of X Inc. especially where the sale to Y Inc. was
ef-fected in furtherance of a fraudulent purpose to evade payment
by X Inc. of its outstanding obligations. In the second case, the
two corporations are treated as one.
ILLUSTRATION:
A Inc. and B Inc. are existing corporations. A Inc. transfers all its
assets to B Inc. B Inc. absorbs and acquires all the property,
rights and liabilities of A Inc. which is dissolved. B Inc. continues
its cor-porate existence.
ILLUSTRATION:
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Power to dissolve It is an accepted theory that what the law itself has granted, the
corporation. law may take away. And so a corporation may come to an end and
its life extinguished only by the act or with the consent of the
State by which it was established. (16 Fletcher 659.)
Two legal steps in corporate Dissolution of a corporation involves two legal steps:
dissolution.
(1) The termination of the corporate existence at least as far as
the right to go on doing ordinary business is concerned; and
(2) The winding-up of its affairs, the payment of its debts, and the
distribution of its assets among the shareholders (16 Fletcher
655.) or members and other persons in interest. After
winding-up, the existence of the corporation is terminated for all
purposes.
Methods or causes of A corporation can have perpetual existence. The law, how-ever,
corporate dissolution. permits the dissolution of corporations. Under Section 117, a
private corporation organized under the law may be dissolved
either voluntarily or involuntarily.
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Effects of dissolution. (1) The corporation ceases as a body corporate to continue the
business for which it was established (Sec. 122, par. 1.);
Methods of corporate There are three methods by which a dissolved corporation may
liquidation. wind-up its affairs:
Liquidation by the The normal method or procedure is for the corporation through
corporation itself. the directors or trustees and executive officers to have charge of
the winding-up operations.
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(1) As the law (Sec. 122.) grants it a period of three years after the
time when it would have been so dissolved within which to
wind-up its affairs, the claims by and against it not presented and
settled within that period become unenforceable as there exists
no longer a corporate entity against which they can be enforced.
Liquidation by a trustee. The liquidation of the corporation may be placed in the hands of a
trustee or assignee to whom the corporate assets are conveyed.
(1) By the terms of Section 122 (par. 2.), the effect of the
conveyance is to make the trustee the legal owner of the property,
subject to the beneficial interest therein of the creditors,
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(2) The same rules governing duration and the time for filing of
claim where the liquidation is done by a receiver apply to
liquidation effected by a trustee. (see Board of Liquidators vs.
Heirs of Maximo Kalaw, 20 SCRA 987 [1967].)
Priority of application of The question of the right of a claimant against the assets of a
assets. corporation that is being dissolved and liquidated to priority in
the payment of his claims becomes of importance only when the
assets of the corporation are not sufficient to pay all claims. It is
evident that if the corporate assets are sufficient to pay all claims,
it cannot matter practically which claim is paid first or is entitled
to preferential payment. (13 Am. Jur. 1208-1210.)
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not mere creditors, but the money is set apart for them and is,
therefore, not available for general distribution. (19 Am. Jur. 2d
1035-1036.)
License and certificate of Under Section 123, foreign corporations shall not be permit-ted
authority required to transact or do business in the Philippines until they have
secured a license for that purpose from the Securities and
of foreign corporations.
Ex-change Commission (see Sec. 126.) and a certificate of
authority from the appropriate government agency.
Meaning of “transacting (1) Circumstances of each case. — No general rule can be laid
business.” down as to what constitutes “doing” or “engaging” “or
transacting” business. Indeed, each case must be judged in the
light of its peculiar environmental circumstances. It should
appear, however, that the corporation and its officers intended to
establish as continuous business and not one of a temporary
character. (Marshall Welis Co. vs. Elser & Co., 46 Phil. 71; see Far
East Int. Import & Export Corp. vs. Nankai Kogyo Co., Ltd., 6
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SCRA 725.)
(2) Acts included. — The Code does not define the phrase “doing
or transacting business.” The Omnibus Investments Code of
1987. (Exec. Order No. 226, Art. 44.), and the Foreign
Investments Act (R.A. No. 7062, Sec. 2[d].), however, give a
definition which may be adopted for purposes of the Corporation
Code. Under the two laws, “doing business” by a foreign
corporation shall include:
(3) Acts not included. — Under the Foreign Investments Act, the
phrase “doing business” does not, however, include:
Application for and A foreign corporation applying for a license to transact business
issuance of license. in the Philippines must comply with the following requirements
and conditions precedent to the issuance of the license by the
Securities and Exchange Commission:
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the Code and those imposed by other special laws, rules and
regulations, the Commission shall issue a license authorizing it
to transact business in the Philippines for the purpose or
purposes specified therein. (Sec. 126, par. 1.)
Resident agent. The resident agent is an individual who must be of good moral
character and of sound financial standing, residing in the
Philippines, or a domestic corporation lawfully transacting
business in the Philippines (Sec. 127.), designated in a written
power of attorney, by a foreign corporation authorized to transact
business in the Philippines, “on whom any summons and other
legal processes may be served in all actions or other legal
proceeding against such corporation.”
Withdrawal of a foreign Section 136 prescribes the rules for the withdrawal of a foreign
corporation. corporation from business in the Philippines.
(3) The courts may review the action of the Commission approving
the withdrawal of a foreign corporation for the law should not be
interpreted as to permit a foreign corporation to escape the
results of pending action against it by withdrawing from the
Philippines with all the securities it has deposited, provided it
gets the sanction of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
(see Ibid.)
Books and records to be (1) Under the Corporation Code. — Section 74 requires every
kept private corporation, stock or non-stock, to keep books and
records at its principal office as follows:
by corporations.
(a) A record of all business transactions;
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Right to inspect corporate The right of inspection of corporate books is granted by express
books. provision of our corporation law. Said provision states that “the
record of all business transactions of the corporation and the
minutes of any meeting shall be open to the inspection of any
director, trustee, or stockholder or member of the corporation at
reasonable hours on business days.” (Sec. 74, par. 2.)
Remedies and sanctions for (1) Action for mandamus. — In case the officers of the
enforcement corporation wrongfully denies a stockholder or member of the
right to inspect corporate books or papers, the usual remedy to
of right.
enforce his right is by filing an action for mandamus against the
corporation. The secretary should be included as party defendant
since such official is customarily charged with the custody of all
documents and records of the corporation against whom personal
orders of the court would be made. (Ibid., SEC Opinion, April 27,
1970.)
(2) Civil and criminal liability. — Under Section 74 (par. 3.), any
officer or agent of the corporation who shall refuse to allow any
director, trustee, stockholder or member of the corporation to
examine and copy excerpts from its records or minutes, in
accordance with the provisions of the Code, shall be liable to such
director, etc. for damages, and, in addition, shall be guilty of an
offense which shall be punishable under Section 144 of the Code.
However, if such refusal is pursuant to a resolution or order of
the board of directors or trustees, the liability for such action
shall be imposed upon the directors or trustees who voted for
such refusal.
Basis and purpose of right (1) Beneficial ownership of corporate assets. — Those in charge of
to inspect the corporation are merely the stockholders’ or members’ agents
concerning whose good faith in discharging their duties the
corporate books.
stockholders or members have an interest and right to be
informed. (3 Fletcher, Sec. 2213.)
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It has also been stated that the purpose of the law which requires
corporations to keep books of account and gives stockholders the
right to examine the records of their corporation is not only to
protect the interests of stockholders but also to protect the public
from monopolies, unlawful combinations, and unreasonable
exactions from corporations. (18 Am Jur. 2d 710.)
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