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RF Fundamentals
Part I
Prof. R. Lehmann
University of Texas at Dallas
• Plane wave in free space
• Sinusoidal form:
• 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 cos ω𝑡𝑡 − β𝑧𝑧 (V/m) (polarized in x-direction)
• 𝐻𝐻𝑦𝑦 = 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 cos ω𝑡𝑡 − β𝑧𝑧 (A/m) (polarized in y-direction)
• Phasor form:
• 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗β𝑧𝑧 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗ω𝑡𝑡 } (V/m)
• 𝐻𝐻𝑦𝑦 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅{𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗β𝑧𝑧 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗ω𝑡𝑡 } (A/m)
• Transverse Electromagnetic mode (TEM)
• 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 ⊥ 𝐻𝐻𝑦𝑦 ⊥ Direction of propagation
• Plane wave parameters:
• ω = 2πf = radian frequency (in radians per second)
• f = frequency in Hz (cycles per second)
𝑐𝑐
• 𝑓𝑓 = (for free space)
𝜆𝜆
• 1 radian = 57.3o
• β = 2π/λ = phase propagation constant
• λ = wavelength
• Total propagation constant, gamma: γ = α + j β
Plane waves in far field
• α = attenuation constant
• 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗γ𝑧𝑧 = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗β𝑧𝑧 when α = 0
Dipole
Antenna
• Impedance
• Impedance = Force that “impedes” flow
• Intrinsic impedance relates electric and magnetic field components (from
Maxwell’s Equations):
𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 µ 𝜇𝜇𝑜𝑜 𝜇𝜇𝑟𝑟
• 𝑍𝑍𝑜𝑜 = = =
𝐻𝐻𝑦𝑦 𝜖𝜖 𝜖𝜖𝑜𝑜 𝜖𝜖𝑟𝑟
• Mu = μ = Permeability; 𝜇𝜇𝑜𝑜 = 1.256 x 10−6 H/m
• 𝜇𝜇𝑟𝑟 = Relative permeability
• Epsilon = 𝜖𝜖 = Permittivity; 𝜖𝜖𝑜𝑜 = 8.854 x 10−12 F/m
• 𝜖𝜖𝑟𝑟 = Relative permittivity or Relative dielectric constant
• Free space impedance
𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 𝜇𝜇𝑜𝑜
• 𝑍𝑍𝑜𝑜 = 𝑍𝑍𝑓𝑓 = = = 377 Ω
𝐻𝐻𝑦𝑦 𝜖𝜖𝑜𝑜
• Impedance for different dielectric media:
𝜇𝜇𝑜𝑜 𝜇𝜇𝑟𝑟 𝜇𝜇𝑟𝑟
𝑍𝑍𝑜𝑜 = = 377
𝜖𝜖𝑜𝑜 𝜖𝜖𝑟𝑟 𝜖𝜖𝑟𝑟
• For different materials:
• Phase velocity
𝜔𝜔 1
• 𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝 = =
𝛽𝛽 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
1
• Free space: 𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝 = = c = 3.0 x 108 m/s
𝜇𝜇𝑜𝑜 𝜖𝜖𝑜𝑜
Transmission Lines
Parallel Plate Transmission Line
Coaxial Transmission Line
(“Coax cable”)
Transmission Line Parameters
Stripline Transmission Line
Stripline Characteristics
• E and H fields are almost completely enclosed in the stripline
structure.
• Good for “production” components
• Not as good for prototyping where tuning is required
• Guide wavelength is dependent on the relative dielectric constant
𝜆𝜆𝑜𝑜
• 𝜆𝜆𝑔𝑔 =
𝜖𝜖𝑟𝑟
Microstrip Transmission Line
• At RF, the alternating charge carrier flow establishes a magnetic field that
induces an electric field (according to Faraday’s Law) whose associated
current density opposes the initial current flow. As a result RF current is
“pushed” to the outer perimeter (or edges) of the conductor.
• Skin Depth, δ
• Skin depth is a term used to describe the spatial drop-off in resistance and
reactance as a function of frequency, permeability & conductivity.
1
• 𝛿𝛿 = (units of meters)
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
• Example:
• f = 10GHz, μr = 1.0, σAU = 48.544 x 106 S/m
1
• 𝛿𝛿 = = 7.22x10-7 m ≈ 0.7 μm
𝜋𝜋(10𝑥𝑥109 )(1.256𝑥𝑥10−6 )(48.544𝑥𝑥106)
• Rule of Thumb #1
• For low-loss RF operation we need a minimum of 3 skin depths of metal.
• 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 3𝛿𝛿
• For the example of gold at 10GHz:
• 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 2.1 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
εr
• AC Resistance of a wire:
𝑎𝑎
• 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑅𝑅𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
2𝛿𝛿
• where a = radius of the wire
• δ is the skin depth at the operating frequency