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EERF6396

RF Fundamentals
Part I

Figures from: RF Circuit Design, 2nd Ed, by Ludwig and Bogdanov


(Textbook figures used with permission)

Prof. R. Lehmann
University of Texas at Dallas
• Plane wave in free space
• Sinusoidal form:
• 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 cos ω𝑡𝑡 − β𝑧𝑧 (V/m) (polarized in x-direction)
• 𝐻𝐻𝑦𝑦 = 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 cos ω𝑡𝑡 − β𝑧𝑧 (A/m) (polarized in y-direction)
• Phasor form:
• 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅{𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗β𝑧𝑧 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗ω𝑡𝑡 } (V/m)
• 𝐻𝐻𝑦𝑦 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅{𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗β𝑧𝑧 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗ω𝑡𝑡 } (A/m)
• Transverse Electromagnetic mode (TEM)
• 𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 ⊥ 𝐻𝐻𝑦𝑦 ⊥ Direction of propagation
• Plane wave parameters:
• ω = 2πf = radian frequency (in radians per second)
• f = frequency in Hz (cycles per second)
𝑐𝑐
• 𝑓𝑓 = (for free space)
𝜆𝜆
• 1 radian = 57.3o
• β = 2π/λ = phase propagation constant
• λ = wavelength
• Total propagation constant, gamma: γ = α + j β
Plane waves in far field
• α = attenuation constant
• 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗γ𝑧𝑧 = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗β𝑧𝑧 when α = 0

Dipole
Antenna
• Impedance
• Impedance = Force that “impedes” flow
• Intrinsic impedance relates electric and magnetic field components (from
Maxwell’s Equations):
𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 µ 𝜇𝜇𝑜𝑜 𝜇𝜇𝑟𝑟
• 𝑍𝑍𝑜𝑜 = = =
𝐻𝐻𝑦𝑦 𝜖𝜖 𝜖𝜖𝑜𝑜 𝜖𝜖𝑟𝑟
• Mu = μ = Permeability; 𝜇𝜇𝑜𝑜 = 1.256 x 10−6 H/m
• 𝜇𝜇𝑟𝑟 = Relative permeability
• Epsilon = 𝜖𝜖 = Permittivity; 𝜖𝜖𝑜𝑜 = 8.854 x 10−12 F/m
• 𝜖𝜖𝑟𝑟 = Relative permittivity or Relative dielectric constant
• Free space impedance
𝐸𝐸𝑥𝑥 𝜇𝜇𝑜𝑜
• 𝑍𝑍𝑜𝑜 = 𝑍𝑍𝑓𝑓 = = = 377 Ω
𝐻𝐻𝑦𝑦 𝜖𝜖𝑜𝑜
• Impedance for different dielectric media:
𝜇𝜇𝑜𝑜 𝜇𝜇𝑟𝑟 𝜇𝜇𝑟𝑟
𝑍𝑍𝑜𝑜 = = 377
𝜖𝜖𝑜𝑜 𝜖𝜖𝑟𝑟 𝜖𝜖𝑟𝑟
• For different materials:

Material Relative Dielectric Constant, 𝝐𝝐𝒓𝒓


Duroid substrate 2.2
FR-4 substrate 4.6
Silicon 11.7
Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) 12.7

• Phase velocity
𝜔𝜔 1
• 𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝 = =
𝛽𝛽 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
1
• Free space: 𝑣𝑣𝑝𝑝 = = c = 3.0 x 108 m/s
𝜇𝜇𝑜𝑜 𝜖𝜖𝑜𝑜
Transmission Lines
Parallel Plate Transmission Line
Coaxial Transmission Line
(“Coax cable”)
Transmission Line Parameters
Stripline Transmission Line
Stripline Characteristics
• E and H fields are almost completely enclosed in the stripline
structure.
• Good for “production” components
• Not as good for prototyping where tuning is required
• Guide wavelength is dependent on the relative dielectric constant
𝜆𝜆𝑜𝑜
• 𝜆𝜆𝑔𝑔 =
𝜖𝜖𝑟𝑟
Microstrip Transmission Line

Microstrip “guide” wavelength is dependent on the effective dielectric constant


𝜆𝜆𝑜𝑜
𝜆𝜆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝜖𝜖𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
Microstrip E and H Field Patterns
Distributed nature of an RF Transmission Line
Microstrip Zo vs. w/h ratio
Effective Dielectric Constant vs. w/h
• Skin Effect
• At RF frequencies even straight wires or etch runs on PCBs demonstrate
frequency dependent resistance and inductance.
• For a cylindrical cross-section conductor:
𝑙𝑙
• 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 2
𝜋𝜋𝑎𝑎 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
where: 𝑙𝑙 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑎𝑎 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝜎𝜎 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑆𝑆/𝑚𝑚) (S = 1/Ω)

Metal Conductivity, σ (S/m)


Aluminum 40.0 x 106
Copper 64.5 x 106
Gold 48.5 x 106

• At RF, the alternating charge carrier flow establishes a magnetic field that
induces an electric field (according to Faraday’s Law) whose associated
current density opposes the initial current flow. As a result RF current is
“pushed” to the outer perimeter (or edges) of the conductor.
• Skin Depth, δ
• Skin depth is a term used to describe the spatial drop-off in resistance and
reactance as a function of frequency, permeability & conductivity.
1
• 𝛿𝛿 = (units of meters)
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

• Note: δ is large for low frequency


δ is small for high frequency

• Example:
• f = 10GHz, μr = 1.0, σAU = 48.544 x 106 S/m
1
• 𝛿𝛿 = = 7.22x10-7 m ≈ 0.7 μm
𝜋𝜋(10𝑥𝑥109 )(1.256𝑥𝑥10−6 )(48.544𝑥𝑥106)
• Rule of Thumb #1
• For low-loss RF operation we need a minimum of 3 skin depths of metal.
• 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 3𝛿𝛿
• For the example of gold at 10GHz:
• 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 2.1 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇

εr

Microstrip Transmission Line

• AC Resistance of a wire:
𝑎𝑎
• 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑅𝑅𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
2𝛿𝛿
• where a = radius of the wire
• δ is the skin depth at the operating frequency

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