2-20 A 1.

0-mm-diameter wire is maintained at a temperature of 400oC and exposed to a convection

environment at 40oC with h = 120 W/m2·oC. Calculate the thermal conductivity which will just cause
an insulation thickness of 0.2 mm to produce a “critical radius”. How much of this insulation must be
added to reduce the heat transfer by 75 percent from that which would be experienced by the bare wire?

2-22 Derive a relation for the critical radius of insulation for a sphere.
2-28 Derive an expression for the temperature distribution in a plane wall having uniformly distributed
heat sources and one face maintained at a temperature T1 while the other face is maintained at a
temperature T2. The thickness of the wall may be taken as 2L.
2-34 Heat is generated in a 2.5-cm-squre copper rod at the rate of 35.3 MW/m3. The rod is exposed to
a convection environment at 20oC, and the heat-transfer coefficient is 4000 W/m2·oC. Calculated the
surface temperature of the rod.
2-39 A 3.0-cm-thick plate has heat generated uniformly at the rate of 5 × 105 W/m3. One side of the
plate is maintained at 200oC and the other side at 50oC. Calculate the temperature at the centre of the
plate for k = 20 W/m·oC.
2-42 A 3.2-mm-diameter stainless-steel wire 30 cm long has a voltage of 10 V impressed on it. The
outer surface temperature of the wire is maintained at 93oC. Calculate the centre temperature of the wire.
Take the resistivity of the wire as 70 µΩ·cm and the thermal conductivity as 22.5 W/m·oC.
2-58 A thin rod of length L has its two ends connected to two walls which are maintained at temperatures
T1 and T2, respectively. The rod loses heat to the environment at T∞ by convection. Derive an expression
(a) for the temperature distribution in the rod and (b) for the total heat lost by the rod.
2-60 One end of a copper rod 30 cm long is firmly connected to a wall which is maintained at 200oC.
The other end is firmly connected to a wall which is maintained at 93oC. Air is blown across the rod so
that a heat-transfer coefficient of 17 W/m2·oC is maintained. The diameter of the rod is 12.5 mm. The
temperature of the air is 38oC. What is the net heat lost to the air in watts?
2-62 An aluminium rod 2.5 cm in diameter and 15 cm long protrudes from a wall which is maintained
at 260oC. The rod is exposed to an environment at 16oC. The convection heat-transfer coefficient is 15
W/m2·oC. Calculate the heat lost by the rod.
2-65 A long, thin copper rod 6.4 mm in diameter is exposed to an environment at 20oC. The base
temperature of the rod is 150oC. The heat-transfer coefficient between the rod and environment is 24
W/m2·oC. Calculate the heat given up by the rod.
2-67 An aluminium fin 1.6 mm thick is placed on a circular tube with 2.5-cm OD. The fin is 6.4 mm
long. The tube wall is maintained at 150oC, the environment temperature is 15oC, and the convection
heat-transfer coefficient is 23 W/m2·oC. Calculate the heat lost by the fin.
2-69 A triangular fin of stainless steel (18% Cr, 8% Ni) is attached to a plane wall maintained at 460oC.
The fin thickness is 6.4 mm, and the length is 2.5 cm. The environment is at 93oC, and the convection
heat-transfer coefficient is 28 W/m2·oC. Calculate the heat lost from the fin.

2-73 An aluminium fin 1.6 mm thick surrounds a tube 2.5 cm in diameter. The length of the fin is 12.5
mm. The tube-wall temperature is 200oC, the environment temperature is 20oC. The heat-transfer
coefficient is 60 W/m2·oC. What is the heat lost by the fin?
4-1 A copper sphere initially at a uniform temperature To is immersed in a fluid. Electric heaters are
placed in the fluid and controlled so that the temperature of the fluid follows a periodic variation given
by

T∞ − Tm = A sin 𝜔𝑟

where Tm = time-average mean fluid temperature

A = amplitude of temperature wave

𝜔 = frequency
Derive an expression for the temperature of the sphere as a function of time and heat-transfer coefficient
from the fluid to the sphere. Assume that the temperatures of the sphere and fluid are uniform at any
instant so that the lumped-capacity method of analysis may be used.
4-6 A piece of aluminium weighing 5.5 kg and initially at a temperature of 290oC is suddenly immersed
in a fluid at 15oC. The convection heat-transfer coefficient is 58 W/m2·oC. Taking the aluminium as a
sphere having the same weight as that given, estimate the time required to cool he aluminium to 90oC,
using the lumped-capacity method of analysis.
4-10 A stainless-steel rod (18% Cr, 8% Ni) 6.4 mm in diameter is initially at a uniform temperature of
50oC and is suddenly immersed in a liquid at 200oC with h = 120 W/m2·oC. Using the lumped-capacity
method of analysis, calculate the time necessary for the sphere temperature to reach 120oC.
4-15 An aluminium can having a volume of about 350 cm3 contains beer at 1oC. Using a lumped-
capacity analysis, estimate the time required for the contents to warm to 15oC when the can is placed in
a room at 22oC with a convection coefficient of 15 W/m2·oC. Assume beer has the same properties as
water.