PASSAGE 1

In many underdeveloped countries, the state plays an important and increasingly varied role in
economic Development today. There are four general arguments, all of them related, for state
participation in development. First, the entrance requirements in terms of financial and capital
equipment are very large in certain industries, and the size of these obstacles will serve as
barriers to entry on the part of private investors. One can imagine that these obstacles are
imposing in industries such as steel production, automobiles, electronics, and parts of the textiles
industry. In addition, there are what Myint calls "technical indivisibilities in social overhead
capital." Public utilities transport, and communication facilities must be in place before industrial
development can occur, and they do not lend themselves to small-scale improvements. A related
argument centers on the demand side of the economy. This economy is seen as fragmented,
disconnected, and incapable of using inputs from other parts. of the economy. Consequently
economic activity in one part of the economy does not generate the dynamism in other sectors
that is expected in more cohesive economies. Industrialization necessarily involves many
different, sectors; economic enterprises will thrive best in an environment in which they draw on
inputs from related economic sectors and, in turn, release their own goods for industrial
utilization within their own economies. A third argument concerns the low-level equilibrium trap
ín which less developed countries find them. At subsistence levels, societies consume exactly
what they produce. There is no remaining surplus for reinvestment. As per-capita income rises,
however, the additional income will not be used for saving and investment. Instead, it will have
the effect of increasing the population that will eat up the surplus and force the society to its
former subsistence position. Fortunately, after a certain point, the rate of population growth will
decrease; economic growth will intersect with and eventually outstrip population growth. The
private sector, however, will not be able to provide the one-shot large dose of capital to push
economic growth beyond those levels where population increases eat up the incremental
advances. The final argument concerns the relationship between delayed development and the
state. Countries wishing to industrialize today have more competitors, and these competitors
occupy a more differentiated industrial terrain than previously. This means that the available
niches in the international system are more limited. For today's industrializes, therefore, the
process of industrialization cannot be a haphazard affair, nor can the pace, content, and direction
be left, solely to market forces. Part of the reason for strong state presence, then relates
specifically to the competitive international environment in which modern countries and firms
must operate.

Now answer these questions on the basis of reading the above passage

1. What does the author suggest about the "technical indivisibilities in social overhead capital"?
(a) It is a barrier to private investment
(b) It enhances the developmental effects of private sector investment
(c) It leads to rapid technological progress
(d) It can prevent development from occurring.

2. According to the passage, the "low-level equilibrium trap" in underdeveloped countries

results from
(a) The inability of market forces to overcome the effects of population growth.
(b) Intervention of the state in economic development.
(c) The tendency for societies to produce more than they can use.
(d) The tras side of the ecofragmented and disconnected nature of the demand side of the
economy.

3. According to the author, a strong state presence is necessary

(a) To provide food for everyone.
(b) To provide the capital needed to spur economic growth.
(c) To ensure the livelihood of workers.
(d) To ensure that people have more than what is necessary for subsistence.

4. In the passage, the word cohesive' means

(a) Containing many cohorts or groups
(b) Modern and competitive
(c) Naturally and logically connected
(d) Containing many different sectors

5. In the passage, the word 'imposing' means

(a) Something huge
(b) Something that strikes a pose
(c) Something that obtrudes on others
(d) To act with a delusive effect.

PASSAGE 2

Scientists seeking new ways to repair damaged arteries and ailing hearts have coaxed stem cells
from a human embryo into forming tiny blood vessels. It's the first time human embryonic stem
cells have been nurtured to the point where they will organize into blood vessels that could
nourish the body, according to Robert Langer, leader of a laboratory tea at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology. But it isn't likely to be the last, as scientists pursue research into uses for
stem cells despite debate over the ethics of using the cells. The new development was reported
in Tuesday's online issue of proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. John
Gearhart of the Johns Hopkins Schools of Medicine said research was a "nice illustration" of
how stem cells can serve as a source of various types of cells, in this case for blood vessels is is
terrific", said Gearhart, who was not part of the research team. "It's another good example of the
isolation of an important cell type from human embryonic stem cells." "These are the kinds of
papers we are going to see a lot of" Gearhart added. Langer said the work showed that
endothelial cells could be made from human embryonic stem cells. Endothelial cells line veins,
arteries and lymph tissue. They are keys to the structures that carry blood throughout the body.
He said that if the technique was refined, scientists would eventually be able to make in the
laboratory blood vessels that could be used to replace diseased arteries in the body. "There are
thousands of operations a year now where doctors take vessels from one Dart of the body and
transplant them to another," said Langer. Eventually, he said, such vessels might be made outside
the body from embryonic stem cells. Langer said endothelial cells also might be used to restore
circulation to cells damaged art attacks. He said the processed stem cells may be able to re-
establish blood flow to hearts failing due to blocked arteries. The research was conducted under a
private grant but Langer said the cell culture used is one of 61 worldwide that have been
approved by the National Institutes of Health for federally funded research. The use of
embryonic stem cells is controversial because extracting the cells kills a living human embryo.
President Bush last summer decided that federal funding would be permitted only for stem cell
cultures that already existed and were made from embryos that were to be discarded by fertility
clinics. The aim was to prevent further killing for research purposes of other human embryos.
Langer said his lab will seek federal money to continue research using the same stem cell
cultures, which were obtained from the Ram Bam Medical Center in Haifa, Israel. Embryonic
stem cells are the ancestral cells of every cell in the body. In a developing embryo, they
transform into cells that make up the organs, bone, skin and other tissues. Researchers hope to
direct the transformation of such cells to treat ailing bearts, livers, brains and other organs.
Langer said his team cultured the cells in such a way that they were allowed to develop into the
various types of cells that are precursors to mature tissue. From this colony, the researchers
extracted cells that were following a linage that would lead to mature endothelial cells.
These were further cultured and some eventually formed primitive vascular structures.

Now answer these questions on the basis of reading the above passage:

1. Which of the following statements does not follow from the passage?
(a) Fertility clinics collect human embryos.
(b) Human embryos are destroyed in stem cell research.
(c) Stem cells are being researched especially for forming blood vessels.
(d) Stem cell research uses federal funding.

2. Which of the following would be made redundant by the

research mentioned?
(a) Sourcing embryonic cells from fertility clinics.
(b) Transplanting of blood vessels from one part to another
(c) Cardiac operations necessitated by heart attacks.
(d) Performing open heart surgeries.

3. Stem cell research involves

(a) Cell cultures from various genetically altered embryos.
(b) Killing of a live human embryo
(c) Wastage of embryo by fertility clinics.
(d) Genetic cloning of abilities.

PASSAGE 3

Emile Durkheim, the first person to be formally recognized as a sociologist and the most
scientific of the pioneers, conducted a study that stands as a research model for sociologists
today. His investigation of suicide was, in fact, first sociological study to use statistics. In
Suicide (1964, originally published in 1897), Durkheim documented his contention that some
aspects of human behavior, even something as allegedly individualistic as suicide- can be
explained without reference to individuals.

Like all of Durkheim's work, Suicide must be viewed in the context of his concern for social
integration. Durkheim wanted to see if suicide rates within a social entity (for example, a group,
organization, or society) are related to the degree to which individuals are socially involved
(integrated and regulated). Durkheim described three types of suicide: egoistic, altruistic and
anomic. Egoistic suicide is promoted when individuals do not have sufficient social ties. Since
single (never married) adults, for example, are not heavily involved with family life, they are
more likely to commit suicide than the married adults. Altruistic suicide, on the other hand, is
more likely to occur when social integration is too strong. The ritual suicide of Hindu widows on
their husbands' funeral pyres is one example. Military personnel, trained to lay down their lives
for their country, provide another illustration.

Durkheim's third type of suicide - anomic suicide increases when the social regulation of
individuals is disrupted. For example, suicide rates increase during economic depression. People
who suddenly find themselves without a job or without hope of finding one are more prone
to kill themselves. Suicides may also increase during periods of prosperity. People may loosen
their social ties by taking new jobs, moving to new communities, or finding new mates. Using
data from the government population reports of several countries (much of it from the French
Government statistical office), Durkheim found strong support for his line of reasoning. Suicide
rates were higher among single than married people, among military personnel than civilians,
among divorced than married people, and among people involved in nationwide economic crises.

It is important to realise that Durkheim's primary interest was not in the empirical (observable)
indicators he used, such as suicide rates among military personnel, married people, and so forth.
Rather Durkheim used the following indicators to support several of his contentions - (a) Social
behavior can be explained by social rather than psychological factors; (b) Suicide is affected by
the degree of integration and regulation within social entities; and (c) Since society can be
studied scientifically, sociology is worthy of recognition in the academic world. Durkheim was
successful on all three grounds.

Now answer these questions on the basis of reading the above passage:

1. In his study of suicide Durkheim's main purpose was

(a) To document that suicide can be explained withoutreference to the individual.
(b) To provide an explanation of the variation in the rate of suicide across societies.
(c) To categories various types of suicide.
(d) To document that social behavior can be explained by social rather than psychological
factors.

2. According to Durkheim, suicide rates within a social entity can be explained in terms of
(a) Absence of social ties
(b) Disruption of social regulation
(c) Nature of social integration
(d) All of the above
3. since single adults are not heavily involved with family life, they are more likely to commit
suicide which Durkheim categorized as
(a) Anomic suicide
(b) Altruistic suicide
(c) Egoistic suicide
(d) both (b) and (c)

4. Higher suicide rate during rapid progress in a society is a manifestation of

(a) Altruistic suicide
(b) Anomic suicide(c) egoistic suicide
(d) None of the above

5. Ritual suicide of Hindi widows on their husband’s funeral pyres was

(a) A manifestation of strong social integration
(b) An example of brutality against women
(c) An example of anomic suicide
(d) An example to egoistic suicide.

6. Increase in the suicide rate during economic depression is an example of

(a) Altruistic suicide
(b) Anomic suicide(c) egoistic suicide
(d) Both (a) and (c)

7. According to Durkheim, altruistic suicide is more likely among

(a) Military personnel than among civilians
(b) Single people than among married people
(c) Divorcees than among married people
(d) People involve in nation-wide economic crisis

8. To support his contentions, Durkheim relied on the following indicators

(a) Social behavior is explicable predominantly through social factors.
(b) Suicide is contingent upon the degree of regulation and interaction.
(c) Recognizing sociology is to acknowledge that society is susceptible to scientific
investigation.
(d) All of the above

9. Basing himself on his own indicators, Durkheim was

(a) Right on some counts not others.
(b) Vindicated on all counts.
(c) Wrong but did not realize that he was right.
(d) Substantially correct but formally wrong.
Direction
Read the following sentences and select the option that corrects the underlined part. If the
sentences parts are correct as written, then choose option:-

Once upon a time, a small person named Little Red Riding Hood initiated plans for the
preparation, delivery and transportation of food stuffs to her Grandmother.
(a) and transportation of food stuffs to her Grandmother
(b) and transportation of food stuffs to her Grandmother
(c) and transportation of food supplies to her Grandmother
(d) and transportation of foodstuffs to her Grandmother

II)
Jessica Mitford wrote The American Way of Death', a best-selling book that led eventually to an
official investigation of the funeral industry.
(a) that led eventually
(b) that had led eventually
(c) that eventually led
(d) which eventually led

III)
Quebec rises in a magnificent way above the St. Lawrence River.
(a) rises in a magnificent way above
(b) rises in a magnificent way, way above
(c) rises magnificently above
(d) rises magnificently way above

Direction
Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate pair of word/words given below.

1) The thought of....... his weaker and more pitiable companion never perhaps...... to him.
(a) leaving struck
(b) abandoning - came
(c) discarding - flashed
(d) deserting owned

2) At midnight the storm..... the rolling clouds parted and the stars........
keenly above the sleeping camp.
(a) ceased - twinkled
(b) stopped - appeared
(c) abated - glittered
(d) continued - shined
3) In a situation like the one emerging in Southern Afghanistan, America's present strategy is
highly......... to succeed.
(a) impractical
(b) illustrious
(c) unlikely
(d) impossible

Read the following statements carefully

Statement I If you want to understand the causes that existed in the past, look at the results as
they are manifested in the present.

Statement II Murali did not work as hard as his friends but had secured Ist rank in the
examination.

Which of the following options is correct with respect to the above two statements?
(a) If Statement II is right, Statement I is invalid
(b) Statement I and Statement II are contradictory to each other
(c) Statement II supplements Statement I
(d) Statement II is a rare occurrence and hence irrelevant
(e) Statement I will hold true even if Statement II is valid.

Which of these is not a compound word?

(a) Hard-wired
(b) Run-of-the-mill
(c) Bottleneck
(d) Minestrone

Find the antonym of Native'

(a) Tarnished
(b) Characteristic
(c) Intrinsic
(d) Exotic

Ranu is an ordinary sportsperson. In the last two university sprint events, her performances in the
heats were pathetic.
Which of the following, if true, weakens the above argument the most?

(a) She had participated in the college swimming

competition and finished last
(b) She is a national shot-put champion
(c) The last two times, Ranu had to compete with national level runners. Had she been in other
heats, she would have reached quarterfinals
(d) Ranu was the only player who represented her college in the sprint events
(e) In the college sprint events, Ranu always won
Six words are given below.
1. Cacophonic
2. Cacographic
3. Calamitous
4. Catastrophic
5. Contraindicative
6. Cataclysmic
Which of the above words have similar meanings?
(a) 4 and 4
(b) 1, 2 and 5
(c) 2, 5 and 4
(d) 3, 4 and 6
(e) 3, 4, 5 and 4

Read the four sentences given below.

I. He is the most........of the speakers to address us today.
II. The belief in......... justice is the essence of his tallk.
III. This hall would have been full but for the....rain
IV. Many in the audience have achieved in their.......... respective fields.

Which of the following sequence of words would most appropriately fit the blanks?

(a) I Eminent II Imminent III Immanent IV Eminence

(b) I Immanent II Imminent III Imminence IV Eminence
(c) I Eminent II Immanent III Imminent IV Eminence
(d) I Eminent II Immanent III Imminent IV Eminence
(e) I Immanent II Imminence III Eminent IV Eminence

Direction:-
In the given questions paragraph has been jumbled up. It is followed by four options. Pick the
option which is correct.

1. Add other relevant statistics, such as the number of cold calls made versus the number
of resulting sales. Discuss any challenges that hindered sales for the week, such as rainy weather
keeping your staff from selling outdoor equipment

2. Give the week's sales numbers, then compare them. After giving the week's biggest
accomplishment, break down the sales numbers for the week. This could be broken down by
product or salesperson or whatever makes sense for the product or service you're selling.
Then, include a summary of how this week's numbers compare to this time last year, to last
week's numbers or how much closer you are to your quarterly sales goal.

3. Start the sales report with the date. Include the dates, the report covers, the specific department
and other pertinent information, such as the sales region covered or specific product
4. Lead with the main accomplishment or most significant number of the week. e.g. if you
exceeded sales goals for the week, start with a sentence describing how much you exceeded the
goals. If you increased sales 10% over the previous week, share that information.

(a) 1, 4, 2, 3
(b) 3, 1, 4, 2
(e) 4, 3, 2, 1
(d) 1, 4, 3, 2n

(II)
1. It is, however desirable that you hold securities in demat form as physical securities carry the
risk of being fake, forged or stolen.

2.Just as you have to open an account with a bank if you want to save your money, make cheque
payments, etc. Now-a-days, you need to open a demat account if you want to buy or
sell stocks.

3Demat refers to a dematerialised account. Though the company is under obligation to offer
the securities in both physical and demat mode, you have the choice to receive the securities
in either mode.

4.If you wish to have securities in demat mode, you need to indicate the name of the depository
and also of the depository participant with whom you have depository account in your
application.

(a) 2, 3, 4, 1
(b) 3, 4, 2, 1
(c) 1, 2, 3, 4
(d) 1, 4, 3, 2
 (III)
1. The next list you'll need to make outlines your business's opportunities and threats. Think of
both as external to your business - factors that
you can't control but can try to predict. Opportunities can include new markets, new products and
trends that favour your business. Threats include competition and advances in technology that
put you at a disadvantage.

2. Think of your company as if it was a person with its own unique personality and identity
With that in mind, create separate lists that identify your business's strengths, weaknesses and
goals. Put everything down and create big lists. Don't edit or reject anything.

2. Get down to the details that are concrete and measurable. Your marketing strategy should
become a plan that includes monthly review, tracking and measurement, sales forecasts,
expense budgets and non-monetary metrics for tracking progress. These can include leads,
presentations, phone calls, links, blog posts page views, conversion rates, proposals and trips,
among others.

4. Now, it's time to pull your lists together. Look for the intersection of your unique identity and
your target market. In terms of your business
offerings, what could be your drop off the list because it's not strategic. Then, think about
dropping those who aren't in your target market.

(a) 2, 1, 3, 4
(c) 2, 1, 4, 3
(b) 2, 3, 1, 4
(d) 2, 3, 4, 1

Q 10
Direction:-
In the following questions word with different usages has been used in four different
sentences. Match their usage with the sentence and choose the correct option.

. TURN
A. Rotate
1. The plough turned the soil
and the farmer was happy
ball.
At the station he turned his
B. Away from
2. It was my turn to throw the
C. Opportunity
3.
head from his father.
D. To bring the lower 4. Turn the tap so that it can
to the surface
be opened.
Codes
(a) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
(c) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-2
(b) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
(d) A-1, B-4, C-4, D-3

CELL
A. A small prison 1. The circuit is incomplete
B. A biological unit 2. The cell is fundamental
3. The cell of organisation
D. A smaller group 4. The convict has to
room
without a cell
unit of life
C. A battery
is on strike
of a large
organisation
spend the night in his
cell.
Codes
(a) A-4, B-3, C-3, D-2
(b) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
(c) A-2, B-1, C-2, D-3
(d) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3