SPWLA TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-13, 1986

A TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON LOG FOR

SOURCE ROCK EVALUATION

by

Susan L. Herron

Schlumberger-Doll Research
Old Quarry Road
Ridgefield, CT 06877-4108

ABSTRACT

The development of a total organic carbon log will open the way for a new quantitative
approach to wireline source rock evaluation. The derivation of the total organic carbon profile
will provide the opportunity to make a preliminary survey of the well for organic-rich shales.
This survey can provide a solid basis for sample selection, and it should reduce the number of
cuttings or samples taken for preliminary laboratory analysis. It will also provide a rapid means
of zoning and evacuating the well in terms of source rock richness which will in turn be valu-
able data for basin analysis.
The method for deriving total organic carbon uses log measurements of carbon-oxygen ratio
and density porosity. The model partitions the formation into a solid and a pore space on the
basis of density porosity and then treats the solid as minerals and treats the pore space as water.
The environmentally-corrected carbon-oxygen ratio is multiplied by an approximation of the
formation oxygen to obtain formation carbon. In formations containing carbonate minerals the
inorganic carbon content is estimated and subtracted from the total carbon to provide total
organic carbon.
This approach is quite different from the current practice of using some combination of
gamma ray, sonic, resistivity, neutron, and density logs to either identify or quantify organic
matter in potential source beds. Its advantages are: 1) it is sensitive to very low amounts of
organic carbon, 2) it does not require calibration with core data on either a single well or
regional basis, and 3) it does not require extensive log interpretation to produce an answer.

INTRODUCTION

A productive source rock is a fundamental prerequisite for a productive formation, and yet
conventional wireline formation evaluation does not address the problems of identifying and
evaluating source rock. The basic questions which must be answered for source rock evaluation
are:
● Is a source rock present?
. How much organic matter does it contain?
● Is the organic matter most likely to produce oil, gas, or both?
● Is the rock sufficiently mature to have already produced hydrocarbons?

Work has been done on the identification and quantification of source rocks using gamma-

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SPWLA TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-13, 1986

ray, uranium, density, neutron, sonic, and resistivity logs. For identification of potential source -“

rocks, Meyer and Nederlof (1984) derived discriminant functions to distinguish between rocks
with less than and greater than 1.5% total organic carbon (TOC) using gamma-ray, sonic, resis-
tivity, and density. In order to quantify the organic content of rocks, a number of studies have
relied on correlations such as TOC and density (Tixier and Curtis, 1967; Schmoker, 1979;
Schmoker and Hester, 1983) or TOC and gamma-ray (Supernaw et al., 1978; Fertl and Rieke,
1980; Schmoker, 1981). Others have used sonic and resistivity to qualitatively determine
organic content (Dellenbach et al., 1983; Autric and Dumesnil, 1985), and Mendelson and
Toksoz (1984) have taken a multivariate statistical approach using sonic, neutron, density, and
gamma-ray logs.
As a general rule, the relationships which have been developed have worked well only for
zones with high organic carbon contents (> 2-3 wt Yo), while the commonly accepted lower
limit for a potential source rock is a total organic carbon content of only 0.5 - l.OO/o(Tissot and
Welte, 1978). Furthermore, these correlative approaches for determining organic carbon con-
tent generally require calibration with core data on a well-by-well or regional basis.
An improved wireline method for identifying and quantifying the organic matter in source
rocks would be to directly measure the total carbon content. In non-calcareous shales the total
carbon can be taken as the total organic carbon, and in shales with known amounts of car-
bonates, the carbonate carbon can be subtracted from the total carbon to obtain total organic
carbon. A direct measurement of carbon concentrations is not available, but measurements of
carbon-oxygen ratios (C/0) are made by inelastic gamma ray spectroscopy with nuclear tools
(Roscoe and Grau, 1985). A method has been developed to derive the total formation carbon
and organic carbon using environmentally-corrected carbon-oxygen ratios measured by the
GST* tool.

A GENERAL FORMULA FOR TOTAL CARBON

The derivation of total organic carbon from the carbon-oxygen ratio (C/0) is completed in
two steps. The first step is to derive the total carbon (organic plus inorganic) after correcting
the carbon-oxygen ratio for environmental and rwclear effects.. The second step is to estimate
the inorganic carbon contribution and subtract it from the total to obtain total organic carbon.
The simplest approach to deriving the total carbon from C/O is to determine the oxygen
content of the formation and then multiply C/O by the oxygen content to obtain the carbon
content. In order to obtain an expression for the oxygen content, the formation is treated as a
two component medium consisting of a solid matrix and a pore space. The formation oxygen
content is then:

‘1’orm = O,., + o“

where the subscripts form, sol, and fl denote formation, solid, and fluid (pore space), respec-
tively. These oxygen contents which are generally measured in atomic concentrations can be
expressed as:

atoms O
O,., = : O,o,-w, p“,, ( 1 – @)
[1cm3 form

q:R::l=%-[ofl-wd

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 SPWLA TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-13,1986

where N is Avogadro’s number, p~~ is grain density, 4 is porosity, and O$O1–W(and Ofl_W,are
oxygen concentrations in weight percent in the solid and fluid, respectively.
The concentration of carbon atoms per unit volume of formation is equal to the measured
carbon-oxygen ratio (C/0) times the oxygen concentration. Using the above expressions for
oxygen concentration, and converting from atomic concentrations to weight per cent carbon,
the total carbon content in g C/g sol is:

Pfl 4
TC = 0.75 C/O O,O1-.,,+ Ofl-W1
[ pn,a(l–4) I

SOLUTION FOR TOTAL CARBON

In order to solve for total carbon in the formation it is necessary to choose input values for
the densities, volumes, and oxygen contents of the solid and fluid components of the forma-
Since the exact formation composition is not known, the approach taken is to:
Divide the formation into its solid and fluid components on the basis of a density porosity
log;
Treat the solid as though it is composed of sedimentary minerals;
Treat the fluid as though it is water.

Typical values for each of the input parameters are selected and presented in Table 1:

Table 1. Input Parameters for Solution of Total Carbon

Jariable Default Value Comments

c/o Log Value Environmentally corrected

Pma 2.65 g/cm3 Can vary with Iithology

Pfl 1.0 g/cm3

4 Log-derived Density porosity, pm, =2.65

Oma-w, 0.53 g O/g solid

o“- ~, 0.89 g O/g HZO

Since it is known that each of these parameters can vary, a sensitivity analysis was con-
ducted to determine how the derived carbon content responds to variations in the input
parameters; the results are presented in Figures la - le. For each figure the value of the
independent variable shown on the x-axis increases while others are held constant, and the total
carbon is calculated for four values of COR. The parameters which are held constant for these
calculations are assigned the values listed in Table 1 with the exception of 4 which is set to 15
P.U. In each case, the parameter of interest is allowed to vary over an extreme range of values;
a more realistic estimate of the error inherent in the carbon calculation can be obtained by
focusing on about a third of the range for the independent variable. For example, in Figure 1a
a reasonable range for variations in grain density is probably about 2.6- 2.8 g/cm3. The selection

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SPWLA TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-13, 1986

of each input value and its affect on total carbon are discussed below. -.,.

● Density of the matrix.

The matrix density is set to 2.65 glcm~, and as can be seen in Figure la, extreme vari-
ations of this parameter have almost no impact on total carbon. For a C/O value of 0.10,
as p,,,,, increases from 2.4 g/crn~ to 3.0 g/cm 3, the calculated total carbon decreases by less
than 0.1 wt ‘/o, a relative change of only 2°/0. In terms of preliminary source rock evalua-
tion this is an insignificant change, and consequently if matrix density is not known, it is
reasonable to use a constant matrix density of 2.65 g/cm3.
● Density of the fluid,
The impact of fluid density on total carbon is also small, as illustrated in Figure 1b,
For C/O= O.IO, as p,] increases from 0.8 to 1.4 g/cm~, the calculated carbon content
increases from 4.3 to 4.6 wt ‘/o. This is only a 60/0 relative increase in carbon for an
extreme range of fluid densities, and a more reasonable estimate of the potential error due
to variations in fluid density would be about 2 relative percent. As a default, fluid density
is set to 1.0 g/cm~.
. Porosity
Porosity has a greater impact on calculated carbon content, as illustrated in Figure lc.
As porosity increases from O to 30 p.u., for C/0=0.10, the carbon concentration increases
from 4.00/0to 5. l(% by weight. If the porosity uncertainty in a suspected source bed were as
high as 10 P.U. (e.g. 15 & 5 P.u. ), the relative error on total carbon content would be 8 ‘Ye.
. Oxygen content of the solid.
The selection of the oxygen content in the solid is governed by the fact that for most “,,
...
common sedimentary minerals there is only a small variation in oxygen content (Hurlbut,
1971; Westaway et al., 1980). This is true for quartz as well as the common feldspars,
clays, micas, carbonates, and sulfates, all of which have oxygen concentrations of close to
500/0by weight. Since there is so little variation, for the sensitivity analysis, the oxygen
content of the solid formation is approximated by that of quartz, 53 wt ‘/o. The potential
error introduced by this approximation is shown in Figure ld: for each of the C/O curves
presented, the total carbon increases by about 20 relative ‘/o as oxygen concentration
varies over a broad range from 47 to 59 wt ‘/o. If a formation is composed of predom-
inantly quartz and clay minerals, a more reasonable range for oxygen would be about 50-
55 wt ‘/o, in which case the error introduced by the constant oxygen assumption would be
proportionately reduced.
. Oxygen content of the fluid.
The assumption governing the selection of the fluid properties is that the fluid is water;
consequently the oxygen concentration in the fluid is 89 wt ‘/o. Theoretically, the oxygen
concentration could vary between zero in a formation fully saturated by hydrocarbons to
89 wt ‘/o in a formation fully saturated by water. Figure le shows that for C/O =0.10, the
weight percent of carbon increases from 4.0 to 4.40/0 over the range of possible oxygen
contents.

With these assumptions concerning the volumes, densities, and oxygen contents of the solid
and fluid components, the formation is treated as though it does not contain any organic
matter, and consequently the impact of organic matter on the calculation has to be considered.
In most source rocks, the organic content consists largely of solid organic matter, or kerogen,
and probably much smaller amounts of bitumen or hydrocarbons. Even though much of it is
solid, the organic matter has a density close to 1 g/cm3 which means that when the formation is ‘-%

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 SPWLA TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-13, 1986

partitioned into solid (1 - 1$) and fluid (4), the organic matter is included in the fluid. With
this in mind, it would be reasonable to increase the fluid density slightly, to about 1.1 g/cm3,
but this would have relatively little impact on the final outcome (Figure 1b). The assumed
oxygen content for the fluid portion of the formation however could have a more significant
impact, especially at high organic carbon contents. If the organic carbon content is quite high (
> 10-15 wt Ye), it might be helpful to use the assumptions outlined above to derive a prelim-
inary value, decrease the fluid oxygen content accordingly, and re-calculate the carbon content.
Such adjustments to the fluid properties were not made for the examples which follow.

EXAMPLE FROM A TEST WELL

This model for deriving the total carbon content of a formation was applied to the Conoco
33-1 well located at the Conoco Borehole Test Facility in Oklahoma. Over 150 5-minute sta-
tionary measurements were taken with the GST*tool in order to obtain carbon-oxygen ratios of
the formation. Subsequent to making environmental corrections, the C/O data were used to
calculate total carbon. The test well was fully cored, and core samples provided by Conoco
were analyzed for both total carbon content and total organic carbon (TOC) content. For the
analysis of this well, the input parameters were altered from those presented in Table 1 in two
ways: first, the matrix density varied from 2.65 g/cm3 in the shales to 2.71 g/cm’s in the car-
bonates; and second, the solid oxygen content was set to 490/0 based on core data. Neither of
these significantly alters the results.
The well does not contain source rocks, but it does contain massive shales with low organic
contents and minor amounts of carbonate minerals, thus providing a rigorous test for the
model. Over the depth interval of 2500’ to 2900’ where there are data from both core and logs
(Figure 2), the Conoco core description indicates that the Iithology grades from a gray coarse-
to fine-grained sandstone at 2500’ to interbedded shale and sandstone to a black fissile shale by
about 2560’. At 2725’ there is a six-inch coaly section, and starting at 2735’ is a gray limestone
which extends to about 2755’, and beneath this is another black shale. Near the bottom of the
section, at about 2880’ is a second gray limestone, and at 2885’ there is a two foot interval
described as a black coaly shale.
The results of the carbon analysis are shown in Figure 2 and summarized in Table 2. Over
the depth interval shown here, there is generally very good agreement between the log-derived
carbon and the carbon measured on core samples. In the upper shale zone, between 2505’ and
2735’, there is an average carbon content of 1.5 & 1.5 wt ‘/o (mean and standard deviation)
measured on the core samples compared to an average of 1.4 & 1.0 wt ‘/oderived from the sta-
tionary GST carbon-oxygen ratios. In the top hundred feet of this zone, the carbon content is
quite variable due to the presence of carbonate sand laminae and carbonate-filled fractures; this
can be seen in both the measured and the log-derived data. At 2735’ the log data indicate a car-
bon content of over 20°/0, which is high, but quite reasonable if the log station was located on
or adjacent to a coaly interval. The agreement between measured and derived carbon content is
also quite good ‘in the lower shale section between 2795’ and 2865’. Here the core values are
0.9 & 0.2 wt ‘/o carbon compared to log-derived values of 0.6 & 0.7 wt ‘/o. At the bottom of
the section, the log-derived carbon contents increase to almost 130/0 while the core values
increase to about 120/0in the limestone.

Correction for Inorganic Carbon

In shales which contain no carbonate minerals, the carbon content of the formation is essen-
tially equal to total organic carbon. However, if carbonate minerals are present in the forma-

“ Mark of %hlumberger

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SPWLA TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-13, 1986

tion, it is necessary to determine the inorganic carbon content and subtract it from the total car-
bon in order to obtain the total organic carbon content. For this well, the procedure used to
correct for the inorganic carbon content was to: 1) determine the calcium content from the GST
calcium yield obtained during the five-minute stations, 2) attribute that calcium to an appropri-
ate carbonate mineral, in this case calcite, and 3) calculate total organic carbon from total car-
bon minus carbonate carbon. Alternatively, the inorganic correction could be based on any
interpretation which yields carbonate concentrations.
The calcium content of the formation was estimated using the GST calcium yield, and the
comparison of log calcium with core calcium is presented in Figure 3. In the upper shale and in
the carbonates there is excellent agreement between the two, but in the lower shale the log cal-
cium is a bit high. The high estimates in the lower shale ultimately cause a slight overcompen-
sation for inorganic carbon in this zone.
The comparisons of core and log organic carbon are presented in Figure 4. Over this 400’
interval, the log-derived inorganic carbon is of the order of 0.5°/0. In the upper shale, between
2505’ and 2735’, the log-derived TOC is 0.9 ~ 0.70/0and the core TOC is 0.4 Y 0.2°/0. If the
zone of comparison is limited to the interval between 2561‘ and 2729’, the comparison
improves to 0.7 t 0.50/0 and 0.5 A O.10/o,for logs and core respectively. In the deeper shale
the logs indicate 0.2 A 0.30/0TOC while the cores have 0.4 A O.O1°/o.
Of particular interest in Figure 4 are the relatively high, log-derived organic carbon contents.
At 2735’, the log indicates that there is very little inorganic carbon and that instead, there is 19
O/oorganic carbon. This is quite different from the data at 2750’ where 10 ‘/oof the total carbon
is attributed to calcite, with 4.5 ‘/oremaining as organic carbon. From these data, it appears that
there is a thin organic-rich layer at 2735’ overlying the carbonate zone. The coaly section
observed at 2725’ on the core description is not observed here; it is possible that they are one
and the same. Finally, near the bottom of the section where the total carbon contents from ...
both the log and the core increase, the log-derived TOC values decrease to 3.50/0 In this zone,
most of the core values decrease to about 10/oTOC, but a single sample at 2986’ has 12.2 wt ‘/o
organic carbon.
Conoco’s Exploration Research Division also provided total organic carbon data for a black,
slightly calcareous interval between 2375’ and 2420’. The same procedures were followed to
obtain total organic carbon from the log data and the results are presented in Figure 5. Again
there is very good agreement between the log and core results.
A summary of the comparisons between data presented in Figures 2 and 4 is provided in
Table 2, In general, the agreement between the log-derived data and the core data is quite
good for both total carbon and total organic carbon. Although the logs did not actually traverse
a source rock, the shales, organic-rich beds, and carbonates provided a good test of our ability
to detect both low and high carbon and organic carbon contents.

LOGGING REQUIREMENTS

The carbon-oxygen ratios which are presented here were all obtained from five-minute sta-
tionary measurements in order to achieve relatively high precision. In the same well, the GST
tool was run six times in a continuous mode at logging speeds between 300 and 420 ft/hr. A
comparison of the stationary data with the laterally-averaged continuous data shows very good
agreement for the C/O values but of course there is considerably more scatter in the continuous
data. The actual logging has to be designed to address individual requirements: if a given zone
is relatively thick and an average carbon content is desired, then vertically averaged data from
continuous logs would probably suffice. On the other hand, wherever a high degree of reliabil-
ity is desired and low carbon contents are suspected, stationary data should be obtained. The

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 SPWLA TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-13, 1986

Table 2. Comparison of Log-derived and Core Carbon Contents

Depth Interval Total Carbon Organic Carbon

Mean S.D. Mean S.D.

Core 2505-2735 (59) 1.5 1.5 0.4 0.2

Log 2518-2730 (54) 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.7

Core 2561-2725 (29) 1.4 .7 0.5 0.1

Log 2561-2730 (32) 0.9 0,5 0.7 0.5

Core 2795-2845 (24) 0.9 0.2 0.4 0.01

Log 2795-2865 (33) 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.3

Core 2375-2406 (28) -- -- 1.3 0.4

Log 2376-2407 (17) .. -- 1.5 0.8

best general approach to source rock logging would be to make one slow continuous pass which
would provide full coverage and would reveal thin organic-rich layers such as those at 2410’ and
2735’ in the examples shown here and to follow that with a series of stationary measurements.

APPLICATION TO SOURCE ROCK EVALUATION

The construction of a total carbon or total organic carbon log constitutes a major step toward
wireline evaluation of source rocks: it offers a new means of simultaneously identifying poten-
tial source rocks and quantifying organic matter. A total organic carbon log will provide the
opportunity to rapidly identify organic-rich zones; to quantify their organic richness and thereby
classify them as potential source rocks; to determine which zones should be sampled for spe-
cialized geochemical analysis; to provide depth control for correlation with data from mud cut-
tings, and to determine the vertical distribution of organic carbon in the formation for input to
basin evaluation models. This particular method also provides an independent derivation of
organic content which can be used in conjunction with other logs to more fully evaluate source
potential.
The examples presented here illustrate the ability to determine the total organic carbon con-
HH
tent in both organic-poor and organic-rich zones. The results which have been obtained to date
from three different wells show close agreement between log-derived TOC and core TOC
values, both in massive shale beds where the organic carbon content is quite low (0.5°/0) as well
as in thin organic-rich zones where the organic carbon content is as high as 100/o. These include
data from both calcareous and non-calcareous formations.
The major advantages of this method over those currently used are that it is capable of
quantifying low organic carbon contents (.5 - 2 wt ‘/o), it requires little log analyst input, and it
does not require calibration with core data.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We gratefully acknowledge Conoco Inc. Exploration Research Division for provding the
. opportunity to log the Conoco 33-1 well and for providing core samples, core data, and a com-
plete core description.

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SPWLA TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-13, 1986

o , o 1 1 1
2.4 2,8 3 0.8 1.2 1.4
Mine;a!Density (g/cc) Fluid ‘Density (g/cc)
Fig. la. Mineral Density Fig. lb. Fluid Density
8

6 6 ... .. .....

1
4 4~

\/ \ /
\/ \/ \
2 2; ( \l /.\ ... . . .!.?......
/\

0
0 10 20 30 4s 60 66 60
Porosity Oxygen Content (wt %)

Fig. Ic. Porosity Fig. ld. Mineral Oxygen

8

Legend
2
A c/o = .01

x c\o = .05
0
0 9“0
•1 c/o = .10
Oxyge;Conten;O(wt %)

IX c/o = .15
Fig. le. Fluid Oxygen

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 SPWLA TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-13, 1986

30

0
. .... ..
20 . ... .,

10 . . . .. . . . . . . ..... ...
)
... ..P
●
\

0
2500 2600 2700 2800 2900
Depth
Figure 2. Total Carbon
-—
40

20

0
2500 2600 2700 2800 2900
Depth (ft)
.-
Figure 3. Calcium Concentrations

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SPWLA TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-13, 1986

..
30

0 Core

● Log ..... ... .... . .... ..

20 ( I

10

0
. ..... ... ........

V 0

2500 2600 2700 2800 2900

Depth (ft)
Figure 4. Total Organic Carbon
-,

15

0 Core

10

5
‘@
:0

0 I I 1 1
I
I

2370 2380 2390 2400 2410 2420

Depth
Figure 5. Total Organic Carbon

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 SPWLA TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 9-13, 1986

PREFERENCES

Autric, A., Dumesnil, P.; “Resistivity, Radioactivity, and Sonic Transit Time Logs to Evaluate
the Organic Content of Low Permeability Rocks,” Log Analyst, 36-45, May-June 1985.
Dellenbach, J., Espitaile J., Lebreton F.; “Source Rock Logging,” Eighth European Formation
Evaluation Symposium Transactions, SPWLA, London, 1983.
Fertl, W. H., Rieke III, H. H.; “Gamma Ray Spectral Evaluation Techniques Identify Fractured
Shale Reservoirs and Source-rock Characteristics,” J. Pet. Tech., November 1980, 2053-2062,
1980.
Hurlbut, C. S., Dana’s manual of mineralogy: New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 579 p., 1971.
Mendelson, J. D., Toksoz, M. N.; “Source Rock Characterization Using Multivariate Analysis of
Log Data,” SPWLA Twenty-sixth Annual Logging Symposium, June 1985.
Meyer, B.L., Nederlof, M. H.; “Identification of Source Rocks on Wireline Logs by
Density /Resistivity and Sonic Transit Time/Resistivity Crossplots,” AAPG Bull., 68, 121-129,
1984.
Roscoe, B.A., Grau, J. A.; “Response of the Carbon/Oxygen Measurement for an Inelastic
Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Tool,” SPE 14460, 1985.
Schmoker, J. W., “Determination of Organic Content of Appalachian Devonian Shales from
Formation-Density Logs,” AAPG Bull., 63, 1504-1537, 1979.
Schmoker, J. W., “Determination of Organic-Matter Content of Appalachian Devonian Shales
from Gamma-Ray Logs,” AAPG Bull., 65, 1285-1298, 1981.

,- Schmoker, J. W., Hester, T. C.; “Organic Carbon in Bakken Formation, United States Portion of
Williston Basin.” AAPG Bull., 67, 2165-2174, 1983.
Supernaw, I.R., Arnold, D. M., Link, A. J., Method for In Situ Evaluation of the Source Rock
Potential of Earth Formations: U.S. Patent 4,071,755, 1978.
Tissot, B.P., Welte, D. H., Petroleum Formation and Occurrence: A New Approach to Oil and
Gas Exploration: New York, Springer-Verlag, 538 p., 1978.
Tixier, M. P., Curtis, M.R. “Oil Shale Yield Predicted from Well Logs,” Seventh World
Petroleum Congress, Mexico City, 3, 713-715, 1967.
Westaway, P., Hertzog R., Plasek R. E.; “The Gamma Spectrometer Tool Inelastic and Capture
Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy for Reservoir Analysis,” SPE-9461, 1980. HH

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SPWLA TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL LOGGING SYMPOSIUM,JUNE g-13,1986

Susan Hcrron joined Schlumberger-Doll Research as a Member of the Prol’essional Stotl‘ in

1984 were she IS involved in geologic interpretation 01‘ wireline logs. She graduated from .ruI‘ts
University in 1975 with ;I B.S. degree in geology, and she received her M.A. and Ph.D. degrees
in geological sciences I’rom the State University of New York at Buffit in 1977 and 1982.

SLIS~II is a member of AAPG, SPWLA, and Sigma Xi.

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