Appendix

a) Quality of a steam at boiler, x

Boiler pressure P1 = 240 kN/m2

= 240 kPa + 101.325 kPa
= 341.325 kPa

Boiler Temperature T1= 137.0 ˚C

Refer to saturated steam table and look at P = 341.325 kPa

P T hf hfg
325 136.27 573.19 2155.4
341.325 137.0 a b
350 138.86 584.26 2147.7

Interpolation

(341.325 − 325)
𝑎 = 573.19 + [ ](584.26 − 573.19)
(350 − 325)
𝑎 = 580.4187

(341.325 − 325)
𝑏 = 2155.4 + [ ](2147.7 − 2155.4)
(350 − 325)
𝑏 = 2150.3719

TCalorimeter = 100.8 ˚C

Interpolate =
From Saturated Steam Tables :

Temp (˚C) hg
100 2675.6
100.8 c
105 2683.4

(100.8 − 100)
𝑧 = 2675.6 + [ ](2683.4 − 2675.6)
(105 − 100)

hg = hsat vap = c = 2676.848 kJ/kg

Quality of steam (dryness fraction= x)

2676.848 − 580.4187
𝑥=
2150.3719

𝑥 = 0.97491
Boiler pressure P2 = 250 kN/m2
= 250 kPa + 101.325 kPa
= 351.325 kPa

Boiler Temperature T2= 139.0 ˚C

Refer to saturated steam table and look at P = 351.325 kPa

P T hf hfg
350 138.86 584.26 2147.7
351.325 139.0 a b
375 141.30 594.73 2140.4

Interpolation

(351.325 − 350)
𝑎 = 584.26 + [ ](594.73 − 584.26)
(375 − 350)
𝑎 = 584.81491

(351.325 − 350)
𝑏 = 2147.7 + [ ](2140.4 − 2147.7)
(375 − 350)
𝑏 = 2147.3131

TCalorimeter = 101.3˚C

Interpolate =
From Saturated Steam Tables :

Temp (˚C) hg
100 2675.6
101.3 c
105 2683.4

(101.3 − 100)
𝑧 = 2675.6 + [ ](2683.4 − 2675.6)
(105 − 100)

hg = hsat vap = c = 2677.628 kJ/kg

Quality of steam (dryness fraction= x)

2677.628 − 584.81491
𝑥=
2147.3131

𝑥 = 0.97462
Boiler pressure P3 = 320 kN/m2
= 320 kPa + 101.325 kPa
= 421.325 kPa

Boiler Temperature T3= 145.0 ˚C

Refer to saturated steam table and look at P = 351.325 kPa

P T hf hfg
400 143.61 604.66 2133.4
421.325 145 a b
450 147.90 623.14 2120.3

Interpolation

(421.325 − 400)
𝑎 = 604.66 + [ ](623.14 − 604.66)
(450 − 400)
𝑎 = 612.54172

(421.325 − 400)
𝑏 = 2133.4 + [ ](2120.3 − 2133.4)
(450 − 400)
𝑏 = 2127.81285

TCalorimeter = 101.6˚C

Interpolate =
From Saturated Steam Tables :

Temp (˚C) hg
100 2675.6
101.6 c
105 2683.4

(101.6 − 100)
𝑧 = 2675.6 + [ ](2683.4 − 2675.6)
(105 − 100)

hg = hsat vap = c = 2678.096 kJ/kg

Quality of steam (dryness fraction= x)

2678.096 − 612.54172
𝑥=
2127.81285

𝑥 = 0.97074
Boiler pressure P4 = 250 kN/m2
= 250 kPa + 101.325 kPa
= 351.325 kPa

Boiler Temperature T4= 139.0 ˚C

Refer to saturated steam table and look at P = 351.325 kPa

P T hf hfg
350 138.86 584.26 2147.7
351.325 139.0 a b
375 141.30 594.73 2140.4

Interpolation

(351.325 − 350)
𝑎 = 584.26 + [ ](594.73 − 584.26)
(375 − 350)
𝑎 = 584.81491

(351.325 − 350)
𝑏 = 2147.7 + [ ](2140.4 − 2147.7)
(375 − 350)
𝑏 = 2147.3131

TCalorimeter = 101.6˚C

Interpolate =
From Saturated Steam Tables :

Temp (˚C) hg
100 2675.6
101.6 c
105 2683.4

(101.6 − 100)
𝑧 = 2675.6 + [ ](2683.4 − 2675.6)
(105 − 100)

hg = hsat vap = c = 2678.096 kJ/kg

Quality of steam (dryness fraction= x)

2678.096 − 584.81491
𝑥=
2147.3131

𝑥 = 0.97484
Boiler pressure P5 = 242 kN/m2
= 242 kPa + 101.325 kPa
= 343.325 kPa

Boiler Temperature T5= 136.4 ˚C

Refer to saturated steam table and look at P = 351.325 kPa

P T hf hfg
325 136.27 573.19 2155.4
343.325 137.0 a b
350 138.86 584.26 2147.7

Interpolation

(343.325 − 325)
𝑎 = 573.19 + [ ](584.26 − 573.19)
(350 − 325)
𝑎 = 581.3043

(343.325 − 325)
𝑏 = 2155.4 + [ ](2147.7 − 2155.4)
(350 − 325)
𝑏 = 2149.7559

TCalorimeter = 101.0˚C

Interpolate =
From Saturated Steam Tables :

Temp (˚C) hg
100 2675.6
101.0 c
105 2683.4

(101.0 − 100)
𝑧 = 2675.6 + [ ](2683.4 − 2675.6)
(105 − 100)

hg = hsat vap = c = 2677.16 kJ/kg

Quality of steam (dryness fraction= x)

2677.16 − 584.81491
𝑥=
2147.3131

𝑥 = 0.97440
 Spring Load (N), F1 Quality of steam boiler
1.0 0.97491
1.5 0.97462
2.0 0.97074
2.5 0.97484
3.0 0.97440

b) Boiler Efficiency, b

ms h1  hw 
boiler 
Q1

Boiler pressure, P1=

𝑘𝑔 𝐽
1.4 𝑥 10−3 𝑠 (2150.3719 − 580.4187)(103 )
𝑘𝑔
η= 𝑥100%
𝐽
5500 𝑠

η = 39.8606%

Boiler pressure, P2=

𝑘𝑔 𝐽
1.36667 𝑥 10−3 𝑠 (2147.3131 − 584.81491)(103 )
𝑘𝑔
η= 𝑥 100%
𝐽
5500
𝑠
η = 38.8258%

Boiler pressure, P3=

𝑘𝑔 𝐽
1.7 𝑥 10−3 𝑠 (2127.3131 − 612.54172)(103 )
𝑘𝑔
η= 𝑥100%
𝐽
5500 𝑠

η = 46.8202%
Boiler pressure, P4=
𝑘𝑔 𝐽
1.8333𝑥 10−3 𝑠 (2147.3131 − 584.81491)(103 )
𝑘𝑔
η= 𝑥100%
𝐽
5500 𝑠

η = 52.08233%
 Boiler pressure, P5=
𝑘𝑔 𝐽
2.01667 𝑥 10−3 𝑠 (2149.7559 − 581.3043)(103 )
𝑘𝑔
η= 𝑥100%
𝐽
5500 𝑠

η = 57.50999%

c) Power Output of engine

2𝜋𝑅(𝐹1 − 𝐹2)𝑁
𝑊=
60
𝑊 = 5.86431𝑥10−3 (𝐹1 − 𝐹2)N
For First Load :-
F1 = 1N
F2 = 1N
R = 0.056 m
N= 2000 rev/min
2𝜋(0.056𝑚)(1 𝑁 − 1𝑁)2000𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑊=
60
𝑊 = 0𝑊

d) Rankine Cycle Efficiency, R

𝑊1
ηRankine =
𝑚𝑠 (ℎ𝑤 − ℎ1)

For the First Load :-

W1= 0
𝑘𝑔
Ms= 1.4 𝑥 10−3 𝑠
𝐽
hw= 580.4187
𝑘𝑔

𝐽
h1=2150.3719
𝑘𝑔

0 𝐽/𝑠
ηRankine = 𝑥 100%
𝑘𝑔 𝐽
1.4𝑥10−3 𝑠 (580.4187 − 2150.3719)(103 )
𝑘𝑔
=0%
 e) Thermal efficiency
𝑊1
ηThermal =
𝑄1 + 𝑚𝑠(ℎ𝑤 − ℎ3)

For the First Load :-

W1= 0
𝐽
Q1 = 5500
𝑠
𝑘𝑔
Ms= 1.4 𝑥 10−3
𝑠
𝐽
hw= 580.4187 𝑘𝑔

Condenser Cooling Water Temperature Outlet = 38.1 oC

h3= between 35oC to 40oC

T hf
35.0 146.64
38.1 a
40.0 167.53

Interpolation

(38.1 − 35.0)
𝑎 = 146.64 + [ ](167.53 − 146.64)
(40.0 − 35.0)
𝑎 = 159.5918

0
= 𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝐽 𝑥 100%
5500 + 1.4 𝑥 10−3 (580.4187−159.5918)(103 )
𝑠 𝑠 𝑘𝑔

= 0%
For the Second Load :-
W2= 5.86431 W
𝐽
Q = 5500 𝑠
𝑘𝑔
Ms= 1.36667 𝑥 10−3 𝑠
𝐽
hw=584.81491 𝑘𝑔

Condenser Cooling Water Temperature Outlet = 39.6 oC

h3= between 35oC to 40oC

T hf
35.0 146.64
39.6 a
40.0 167.53

Interpolation

(39.6 − 35.0)
𝑎 = 146.64 + [ ](167.53 − 146.64)
(40.0 − 35.0)
𝑎 = 165.8588

5.86431
ηThermal = 𝑥100%
5500 + 1.36667𝑥10−3 (584.81491 − 165.8588)(103 )
ηThermal = 0.09657%
For the Third Load :-
W3= 11.72861 W
𝐽
Q = 5500 𝑠
𝑘𝑔
Ms= 1.7 𝑥 10−3 𝑠
𝐽
hw= 612.54172 𝑘𝑔

Condenser Cooling Water Temperature Outlet = 37.5 oC

h3= between 35oC to 40oC

T hf
35.0 146.64
37.5 a
40.0 167.53

Interpolation

(37.5 − 35.0)
𝑎 = 146.64 + [ ](167.53 − 146.64)
(40.0 − 35.0)
𝑎 = 157.085

11.72861
ηThermal = 𝑥 100%
5500 + 1.7𝑥10−3 (612.54172 − 157.085)(103 )
ηThermal = 0.18693%
For the Fourth Load :-
W4= 17.59292 W
𝐽
Q = 5500 𝑠
𝑘𝑔
Ms= 1.8333 𝑥 10−3 𝑠
𝐽
hw= 584.81491 𝑘𝑔

Condenser Cooling Water Temperature Outlet = 39.4 oC

h3= between 35oC to 40oC

T hf
35.0 146.64
39.4 a
40.0 167.53

Interpolation

(39.4 − 35.0)
𝑎 = 146.64 + [ ](167.53 − 146.64)
(40.0 − 35.0)
𝑎 = 165.0232

17.59292
ηThermal = 𝑥 100%
5500 + 1.8333𝑥10−3 (584.81491 − 165.0232)(103 )
ηThermal = 0.28061%
For the Fifth Load :-
W5= 23.45723 W
𝐽
Q = 5500 𝑠
𝑘𝑔
Ms= 2.01667 𝑥 10−3 𝑠
𝐽
hw= 581.3043 𝑘𝑔

Condenser Cooling Water Temperature Outlet = 44.6 oC

h3= between 40oC to 45oC

T hf
40.0 167.53
44.6 a
45.0 188.44

Interpolation

(44.6 − 40.0)
𝑎 = 167.53 + [ ](188.44 − 167.53)
(45.0 − 40.0)
𝑎 = 186.7672

23.45723
ηThermal = 𝑥 100%
5500 + 2.01667𝑥10−3 (581.3043 − 186.7672)(103 )
ηThermal = 0.37259 %