Efficiency of Mycorrhizal Fungi on Varying the Morphologenisis of Tomato

Plant (Solanum lycopersicum)

In Partial Fulfillment of the Course

Research II 2017-2018

Talamban National High School

Talamban Cebu City

Lanz Kirby Codilla

Alvin John Doromal

Jashelle Cuizon

March 2018
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers would like to thank their parents, Alan Doromal and Elvie

Doromal, Lorna C. Fernandez and Lucille A. Codilla-Shelley and Vilma Opone, for

the financial needs in this study.

The researchers would also like to express their gratitude to Mrs. Farah

Ceniza, for giving the researchers the knowledge on the proper way to conduct and

for being patient, understanding. Without her help the study wouldn’t be possible

The researchers would give thanks to their classmates for helping them in

times of need, like assisting them in going to places and let them access their gadgets

and laptops for the accomplishment of their research.

Lastly, the researchers want to thank our Almighty God. Without him, nothing

in this world would be possible.

1
 ABSTRACT
This study aims to measure the efficiency of mycorrhizal fungi in varying the

morphologenisis of tomato plant (solanum lycopersium).

This study uses the research design of Random Complete Block Design. The

experimental variable is the mycorrhizae and the loam soil which will be treated with

different treatments, specifically; 50% mycorrhizae and 50 grams of loam soil, 75%

mycorrhizae and 25 grams of loam soil and organic fertilizer. The controlled variable

is the organic fertilizer in which only remains constant. The sutdy

The result of the study will give more information about the mycorrhizae

fungi. This will provide usage of future studies that will be relevant in interacting with

mycorrhizae fungi.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Title Page i

II. Acknowledgment ii

III. Abstract iii

IV. Table of Contents

V. Chapter 1

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 3

Significance of the Study 4

Hypotheses of the Study 5

Scope and Delimitation 5

Definition of Terms 5

Conceptual Framework 6

VI. Chapter 2

Related Literature 7

Related Studies 10

VII. Chapter 3

Research Design 13

Research Environment 13

Research Subject 14

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 Research Instrument 14

Data Gathering Procedure 14

Statistical Treatment Used 16

Research Procedure 16

VIII. Chapter 4

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation 20

IX. Chapter 5

Summary 28

Findings of the Study 28

Conclusion 30

Recommendation 31

X. Bibliography 32

XI. Appendices 34

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 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Background of the Study

Mycorrhiza is a mutualistic interaction between the roots and the fungus of a

plant. The plants’ uptake of nutrients increases via the fungal mycelium. A

mycorrhizal fungus is one type of fungi that helps the germination or growth of a

plant and creates a biological link between the soil and the roots. The said fungus us

located on the roots in a thin white hair-like structure and absorb water and nutrients

of the soil which brings it to the roots and to the plant itself for food uptake. The

fungus stimulated plant growth, including the root growth due to its improved plant

nutrition.

According to the Department of Agriculture, tomato plants are known to have

low production in a period of time. Tomato plants are referred to as a luxury crop due

to the countries’ high consumption rate. Texas A&M AgriLife Extension vegetable

specialist Joe Masabni reported that fertility is extremely important for tomatoes and

tomatoes are known to have a sudden nutrient deficiency. The primary mistakes that

are made by farmers are inadequate fertility of the soil. For a best quality, the tomato

plants need more nutrients to be fully developed. Tomato plants are sensitive when it

comes to growth, nutrient uptakes and fruit production. Potassium deficiency may

result in poor harvest and weak plant growth. Potassium helps the plant’s water

absorbent and increases the resistant to diseases and helps strengthen the plant to fight

5
against adverse effect of droughts, chills, and frosts. Symptoms may be unique to

tomato plants because leaf turns pale and also may show interveinal chlorosis.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), people nowadays eat

genetically processed tomatoes and it may cause any possible effects, specifically

altered metabolism, inflammation, kidney and liver malfunction, and reduced fertility.

The researchers want to produce a health and a natural tomato fruit along the

sustenance of the mycorrhizal fungi. The researchers came up with a problem that

signifies the issue of the production rate and the growth of the tomato plant.

Tomatoes (solanum lycopersium) is an edible, often red fruit, this plant

belongs to the nightshade family, a family of perennial herbs to vines, lianas,

ephiphytes, shrubs, and trees that contains medicinal contents and herbs. The tomato

plant is used as a cultivated food that is consumed in diverse ways, including raw, as

an ingredient of salads, dishes, sauces, and drinks. In terms of height the tomato plant

typically grows about 1-3 meters (3-10 ft.) and has a weak stem that sprawls, and the

width varies according to the cultivar, with an average range of 0.5-4 inches (1.3-10.2

cm). Botanically “Tomatoes” are considered as fruits or a berry that consist of the

ovary with its seeds, of a flowering plant. However, the tomato has low sugar content

compared with other fruits therefore it is not sweet; eventually it is served as part of a

salad or a main course. In the US, the tomato is known as a “culinary vegetable” even

though it is a fruit botanically. The Tomato plant are vines, it typically growing at 180

cm(6 ft) or more above the ground if supported.

6
Rationale of the Study

The researchers chose the topic about the Efficiency of Mycorrhizal Fungi on

Tomato Plants Growth. The researchers thought about this issue due to the problems

with tomato plants. According to Department of Agriculture, tomato plants are known

to be as a sensitive plant. Tomato plants are sensitive to nutrient deficiency, in a short

period of time the leaves of the plants turns brownish-black and dies. Tomato

produces numerous of fresh fruit but due to nutrient deficiency the fruit turn pale and

rots. Nowadays, people are now consuming food products that are genetically

modified. The researchers are concern about this issue and for the sake of the farmers,

profit rate will decrease. Instead of consuming a genetically modified product,

individuals will ingest fresh big sized natural tomatoes.

This study also focuses on the development of the plant when the fungus is

applied. The farmers will apply the fungus to produce a new vigorous plant and crops.

The said fungus will help the growth of the plant, therefore in a short period of time

the yield of tomato plants increases and for the maintenance of the food storage for

each individual will no longer be a problem.

Significance of the Study

This study will benefit the following:

Farmers. In terms of production yield, the rate of harvest will increase so as the

farmers profit rate. Farmers will have lesser obligation of care for the

tomatoes. Instead of buying chemical fertilizers, they can use the fungus for

7
 planting food crops. Chemical fertilizers nowadays are overpriced for regular

farmers.

Community. In terms of modern technology, people promptly eat genetically

modified products (GMO) that can cause harmful health effects and the

researchers are concerned about this issue, moreover the researchers tries to

investigate to produce a natural healthy tomatoes.

Researchers. They will use this as a reference for their study and to gain more

information about the reaction of mycorrhizal fungi on tomato plants.

Department of Agriculture. They will have more understanding of mycorrhizal fungi

on plants and will recommend it to the farmers for to produce a numerous

yield of vegetable or fruits in an economical way.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to investigate the “Efficiency of Mycorrhizal Fungi on

Varying the Morphologenesis of Tomato Plant (Solanum lycopersicum). “

This study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. How effective is the mycorrhizal fungi after infecting the tomato plant in

terms of:

1.1. Height (cm)

1.2. Leaf Count

1.3. Diameter of the stem (mm)

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 2. What is the estimated duration of infected tomato plant and uninfected tomato

plant growth in terms of:

2.1. 1-3 weeks

2.2. 4-6 weeks

2.3. 7-9 weeks

3. Which of the following fertilizers that is the most effective on tomato plants?

3.1. 50% mycorrhizal fungi and 50% loam soil

3.2. 75% mycorrhizal fungi and 25% loam soil

3.3. 100% mycorrhizal fungi

3.4. Organic Fertilizer (Control Variable)

Statement of the Hypothesis

Hα1: The efficiency of mycorrhizal fungi has a significant difference between the

tomato plants in terms of growth.

Hο1: The efficiency of mycorrhizal fungi has no significant difference between the

tomato plants in terms of growth.

Scope and Delimitations

This study is only limited to investigate the efficiency of mycorrhizal fungi on

tomato plants in terms of plant growth, fruit production, stem diameter and the

number of leaves. The study will only use tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) to

test the efficiency of the fungus. This study uses 4 treatments specifically; 25% of the

mycorrhizal fungi, 75% of the mycorrhizal fungi, 100% of mycorrhizal fungi and a

commercial fertilizer. This study is a descriptive study which data’s are to be

9
observed. The study will be conducted at Rose Square Residences, Cadahuan,

Talamban Cebu City 6000. This study uses 36 tomato plants only. The seeds are to be

planted for 2 weeks before infecting it. For care and maintenance of the plants, the

researchers will place the plants under the sun in a same place and watering the plants

every morning accompanied by watering the plants. The plants are to be checked

every 2 weeks to retrieve data of the plant’s development. This study has only the

given amount of time to conduct which will be only 8 weeks: 2 months.

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 Conceptual Framework

 Gathering the Materials

 Sterilizing the soil

 Planting and infecting the

tomato plant seeds

 Growth of the plant in terms

of height, number of leaves,

stem diameter, and fruit

production.

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Definition of Terms

Mycorrhizae . is a fungi used in this study to help the nutrient uptake of the tomato

plants.

Tomato. a plant with red pulpy fruit and is used as a subject for determining the

efficiency of mycorrhizal fungi in terms of growth of the plant.

Morphology. is the study of the physical form and the external structure of a specific

plant.

Interveinal Chlorosis. is a yellowing of the leaves between the veins with the veins

remaining green. In plants with strap-like leaves such as the daylily this results in a

striped effect. While there are several possible causes, this symptom frequently

indicates a nutritional imbalance

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 Chapter II

Review of literature and Studies

Related Literature

Majority of plants growing under natural conditions have fungal associations

with their roots and such ‘fungus-roots’ are called mycorrhizae. The mycorrhizae may

be ectotrophic or endotrophic according to the major area of fungal colonization in the

roots. The fungal partner in endotrophic mycorrhizae may belong to different groups.

The endotrophic mycorrhizae formed by the non-septate phycomycetous group is

called vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhiza. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza

(VAM) represents a symbiotic fungal association (Abbot and Robson). VA

mycorrhiza occurs on most of the plants and is found in extremely diverse groups of

them; moreover, they are common among a large number of agricultural crops

(Gerdemann,). According to Morton and Benny since certain species of VAM fungi

do not have vesicles, Arbuscular Mycorhhizae (AM) is the better general term for

them.

Fossil records suggest possible appearance of AM fungi in Devonian period

(Taylor et al.). The association between AM fungi and plants evolved through ages

and has attained the present Therefore, detailed studies of AM fungal relationships

with crops are essential for successful utilization of them in plant growth promotion

and sustainable soil management procedures.

The fungi forming arbuscular mycorrhizae were identified from spore or

sporocarps produced near mycorrhizal roots and they were recognized initially as

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one or other species of Endogone (Gerdemann, 1968). Mosse and Bowen (1968)

described the main diagnostic features of nine endogone spore types. Gerdemann

and Trappe (1974) reported 6 genera and 30 species of fungi belonging to

Endogonaceae forming mycorrhiza.. According to Hayman (1983) the AM

represent a convergent evolution of unrelated fungi over millions of years, all

becoming physiologically and morphologically adapted to the living root so that

they now appear anatomically and functionally similar.

Mycorrhizal fungi have been reported from different habitats and plant

communities. Survey of Indian soils has shown richness of Glomus spp. (Rani and

Mukerji, 1987). Muthukumar and Udaiyan (2000) surveyed the Western Ghats

region of Southern India for AM fungal associations in plants and reported 174

species of plants, including members from families assumed to be non mycorrhizal

as mycorrhizal, and identified 35 species of AM fungi. Report on the AM status of

plants and spore density of AMF in the tropical rain forest of Xishuangbanna,

southwest China (Zhao et al., 2001) shows dominance of Acaulospora and Glomus

(93%), followed by Gigaspora, Sclerocystis and Scutellospora. Rao et al. (1989)

reported the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhiza in 25 medicinal plants, after

analyzing the percentage colonization of root and rhizosphere spore count.

Mycorrhiza represents physiologically well balanced reciprocal relationships

and without mycorrhizal associations most plants would not be able to survive in

the competitive communities found in natural soil habitats (Hacskaylo, 1972).

Mycorrhizal fungi through cohabitation with plant roots have developed a more

secure food supply (Anderson, 1988). Plants receiving a balanced nutrient solution

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without P consistently had the greatest percentage of root length colonized by AM

fungi (Douds and Schenck., 1990). Graves et al. (1997) confirmed the carbon

transfer between the root system of neighbouring plants connected by common

mycorrhizal network. Francis et al. (1986) studied the interplant hyphal bridges

formed by VA mycorrhizal mycelia and confirmed that AM infection can provide

channels for direct interplant nutrient transfer. Haystead et al. (1988) also made a

similar observation. Thompson (1987) reported that long fallow disorder is caused

by the decline in viable propagules of mycorrhizal fungi during fallowing,

resulting in poor root colonization and symbiotic effectiveness of a subsequent

crop

In sour orange seedlings, Timmer and Leyden (1980) observed P induced

copper deficiency, which in turn was due to inhibition induced by very high level

of P on mycorrhizal development in roots of seedlings inoculated with Glomus

fasciculatus. Levy and Krikun (1980) revealed that mycorrhizal association

influenced stomatal regulation rather than root resistance in the water relations of

Citrus jambhiri. According to Hayman and Tavares (1985) different endophytes

vary enormously in the symbiotic effectiveness at different soil pH. Sylvia and

Neal (1990) found that plant nitrogen stress affects the host root colonization by

AM fungi.

Graham et al. (1981) explained the role of root exudates in AM fungal

infection. The author found that under low P nutrition increased membrane

permeability leads to net loss of metabolites at sufficient levels to sustain the

germination and growth of mycorrhizal fungus during pre and post infection

15
periods. The subsequent improvement in P nutrition leads to reduction in

membrane mediated loss of root metabolites. According to the same authors,

nutrient transport in mycorrhizal symbiosis is bidirectional, with flux of phosphate

to the plant and carbohydrate to the fungus across specialized plant-fungus

interfaces which indicates a carbon drain from the host, but that does not affect the

productivity of the host as the mycorrhizal association enables better nutrient and

water absorption. In annuals the expenditure of carbon on fungal sporulation may

occur during senescence so that it would not affect the harvestable yield (Smith et

al., 1994). Tawaraya et al. (1996) suggested that the P nutrition of host plants

influences the composition of root exudates and thereby the hyphal growth of AM

fungi

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 Inoculation of Glomus fasciculatum in low land rice roots showed increased

mycorrhizal infection at harvest and increased straw and grain yield, although there was

no significant effect on plant height or number of productive tillers (Sivaprasad et al.,

1990). Inoculation of AM fungi had no effect on shoot dry weight, but increased area and

dry weight of leaf blades and caused higher rate of transpiration in AM plants (Kothari et

al., 1990b). In common bean the increase in leaf area due to mycorrhizae and increased

soil application of P were similar (Lynch et al., 1991). Gupta and Janardhanan (1991)

reported two fold growth and three fold biomass production in palmarosa (Cymbopogon

martinii) inoculated with Glomus aggregatum compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. Ellis

et al. (1992) reported that diversity of AM fungi in the soils might contribute to high crop

productivity as the plants with mycorrhizal colonization may be able to resist

environmental stresses better. Habte and Fox (1993) studied the effectiveness of AM

fungi in non-sterile soils before and after optimization of P in soil solution. They found

that effects of mycorrhizal inoculation varied from soil to soil depending on the extent to

which the effectiveness of indigenous and introduced endophytes was enhanced by P

optimization. Omar (1995) reported increase in dry matter of maize plants inoculated

with Glomus constrictum. Thapar et al. (1996) and Priyarani et al. (1998) reported

significant increase of dry biomass of Acacia nilotica inoculated with AM. Solaiman and

Hirata (1997) studied the effect of AM fungal inoculation on rice seedlings at the nursery

stage in field and greenhouse conditions and concluded that AM fungal inoculation at the

nursery stage increased growth, grain yield and nutrient acquisition. Nelson and Achar

(2001) reported stimulation of growth and nutrient uptake by AM fungi in Brassica

oleracea var. capitata. They also observed that during early stages of colonization the

17
AM fungi may trigger the defense mechanism of the host plant that enables protection

against root pathogens in cabbage. Fisher and Jayachandran (2002) observed significant

increase in the dry weight and P content of Amorpha crenulata and Jacquemontia

reclinata due to AM fungi in native soil low in P.

The role of mycorrhizal fungi in stimulating plant growth through enhanced

nutrient and water uptake is now widely recognized. Mineral nutrients especially

phosphorus appear to be the major constrain for plant growth in naturalecosystem

(Brundrett, 1991). But plants have developed strategies to ensure nutrientuptake and

conservation through mycorrhization. Most plants in natural ecosystems areoften less

efficient in absorbing nutrients from soils than more opportunistic ruderalspecies which

have low nutritional requirements. (Cardus, 1980; Chapin et al., 1986;Chapin, 1988).

Plants in natural ecosystems are adapted to low nutrient levels and have 12less and slow

growth rates which results in less demand for nutrients. Byalis (1975) has pointed out that

plant species with poor development of root hairs tend to be mycotrophici.e. dependent

upon mycorrhizal fungi for nutrient uptake.

The principal benefit of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis for higher plants is an

increased supply of phosphorus which is taken up by hyphae outside the root,

translocated to internal fungal structures, and ultimately released cortical cells of the

roots. As the phosphorus level of the soil or growth medium is increased, mycorrhizal

colonization is reduced. This apparently results from physiological changes

accompanying high concentrations of phosphorus in plant tissue, rather than a direct

18
effect of phosphorus on growth of mycorrhizal fungus (Sanders, 1975; Ratnayake et

al.,1978). Newman et at, (1992) demonstrated that nutrients could be transferred from

dying roots to living plants through mycorrhizal links resulting in a preferential cycling

of nutrients. It is known that some species in nature fail to grow in the absence of

mycorrhizal association. (Janos, 1980). In some cases this is because of an

ineffective coarse root system (Byalis, 1975). The presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal

propagules in the most undisturbed natural ecosystem, ensure mycorrhization of these

plants, thus facilitating the capture of nutrients and survivability to such species

contributing to the maintenance of the diversity (Read, 1993).

Related Studies
Krishna et al. (2010) studied the interactions between AM fungus and

Streptomyces cinnamomeous and their effects on finger millet and found that both of

them improved P nutrition in finger millet when applied individually but they interacted

antagonistically when added simultaneously. Wilson (2011) studied the competition for

infection between different species of AM fungi and found that the outcome of

interactions varied according to the fungi involved and successful endophytic growth

appeared to be inversely related to degree of infection.

According to the study of Daft and Okusanya (2013), the influence of Endogone

infection on the stem anatomy and reproduction in tomato, maize, strawberry and

Petunia and he observed that the amount of vascular tissue increased in tomato,

Petunia and maize due to mycorrhizal infection. Mosse (2012) studied plant growth

responses due to arbuscular mycorrhiza in soils with additional phosphate. The author

19
found that in some soils the plants with mycorrhizae grew better at all levels of

additional phosphate but in other soils the phosphorus concentration in mycorrhizal

plants attained supra-optimal levels and worse growth with more added phosphate.

According to the findings of Margaret L. Ronsheim the variation and the

developmental stage on the plant- mycorrhizal fungi is very important, both can shift

the association along the mutualism-parasitism continuum. The study of Margaret L.

Ronsheim examines the effect of the phosphorus level on the response of Allium

vineale to mycorrhizae across all plant life stages, including the plant fecundity and

the relative allocation of resources to three different reproductive modes. For A

vineale , the impact of mycorrhizae varies significantly with life stage, as an early

growth depression at 1 mo was reversed by 15 mo, resulting in nonmycorrhizal plants

having larger bulbs over all P levels and producing more bulbils and larger offsets

than nonmycorrhizal plants at lower P levels. (Ronsheim, M.L. 2012)

The results in Margaret L. Ronsheim’s study Twenty-three AMF

morphospecies belonging to four genera were registered: 11 corresponded to Glomus,

10 to Acaulospora, one to Gigaspora and one to Ambispora. Ambispora gerdemannii,

Acaulospora spinosa, A. scrubiculata, A. foveata, Septoglomus constrictum,

Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Glomus tenebrosum, Sclerocystis sinuosum,

Diversispora aurantium, and Rhizophagus fasciculatus were identified to species level.

We report for first time the presence of G. tenebrosum and C. etunicatum in natural

areas of the humid Mexican tropics. The rhizosphere soil of the trees harbor more

morphospecies than soil form seedlings (21 and 11 morphospecies, respectively).

Sorghum plants inoculated with rhizosphere soil from big-leaf trees showed higher

20
percentages of total mycorrhizal colonization, arbuscules and hyphae compared with

plants inoculated with rhizosphere soil from seedlings. (Ronsheim, M.L. 2012)

From the study she concluded that twenty-three AMF morphospecies included

in the genera Glomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora and Ambispora were found associated

with rhizosphere soil of mahogany trees growimg in its natural habitat. The diversity

of AMF genera and species found was around two times greater in mature trees than in

seedlings. Some AMF species were only detected when trap-plants culture methods

were employed, stressing the importance of this technique. This information has great

potential for biotechnological application when performing reintroductions or

reforestation with the tropical tree mahogany. (Ronsheim, M.L. 2012)

Dixon et al. (2013) studied the potential of mycorrhizal fungus to

replace the fertilizer requirement in Prosopis and found that the AM increased drought

tolerance as well and is a good biofertilzier in degraded semiarid sites.

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 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study, entitled “Efficiency of Mycorrhizal Fungi on Varying the

Morphologenisis of Tomato Plant (Solanum lycopersicum) .” The researchers will make

use of the scientific method on gathering the data specifically, Random Complete Block

Design. The experimental variable is the mycorrhizae and the loam soil which will be

treated with different treatments, specifically; 50% mycorrhizae and 50 grams of loam

soil, 75% mycorrhizae and 25 grams of loam soil and organic fertilizer. The controlled

variable is the organic fertilizer in which only remains constant. The independent variable

is the different amounts of mycorrhizae used and the dependent variable is the number of

leaves, stem diameter, fruit production, and height.

Research Locale

This study will be conducted at Rose Square Residences, Cadahuan Talamban

Cebu City provided with the complete materials that will be used in the study. The said

place would be appropriate for the plant growth to be ministered with an appropriate

space, sunlight, and water.

Research Subject

Tomato plants will be used in the study as subjects for determining the efficiency

of mycorrhizal fungi on the plant growth in terms of height, number of leaves and stem

diameter of the tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum). Tomato plants produce a tomato

22
fruit which will be examined in a period time to testify the effectiveness of the

mycorrhizae fungi. Tomato plants are known for fast duration of time plant growth. The

study will be feasible and will be accomplished in a given amount of time.

Research Instruments

The researchers will utilize a mechanical tool such as the hand gloves, shovel,

sprinkler, measuring tape, ruler, hoe, spoon, measuring cup, plastic bottles, scissors and

weighing scale.

Data Gathering Procedure

For data gathering, the researchers will observe the, the size, height of the plant,

stem diameter and the leaf count to verify the improvement of the plant. The researchers

will make use of a clerical tool which is an observation table to compare the

improvement of the tomato plant and to compare data in a clear and a precise way. To

verify the plants growth or improvements, the researchers will examine the plant for

every 3 weeks.

A. Leaf count

50% mycorrhizal fungi 75% mycorrhizal fungi 100% mycorrhizal

and 50g of loam soil and 25g of loam soil fungi

T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

R1 X X X X X X X X X

R2 X X X X X X X X X

23
R3 X X X X X X X X X

Organic Fertlizer

T1 T2 T3

R1 X X X

R2 X X X

R3 X X X

B. Stem diameter (mm)

50% mycorrhizal fungi 75% mycorrhizal fungi 100% mycorrhizal

and 50g of loam soil and 25g of loam soil fungi

T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

R1 X X X X X X X X X

R2 X X X X X X X X X

R3 X X X X X X X X X

Organic Fertlizer

24
 T1 T2 T3

R1 X X X

R2 X X X

R3 X X X

C. Height ( inches )

50% mycorrhizal fungi 75% mycorrhizal fungi 100% mycorrhizal fungi

and 50g of loam soil and 25g of loam soil

T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

R1 X X X X X X X X X

R2 X X X X X X X X X

R3 X X X X X X X X X

Organic Fertlizer

T1 T2 T3

R1 X X X

R2 X X X

R3 X X X

25
Statistical Treatment

The researchers will use the One-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) on the data

gathered in which the significant differences of the means of 2 or more independent

samples are to be tested.

Procedure

A. Gathering the Materials

Materials are to be gathered such as hand gloves, shovel, Soluble Endo

Mycorrhizae 2 oz, water, tomato seeds, 36 pieces of flower pot, measuring cup

tablespoon, weighing scale, etc. The Endo Myco will be purchased online in which

there is no availability of the said product in the Philippines.

B. Sterilizing the Soil

1. Place soil on a plastic sheeting under the heat of the sun

2. Next, boil water until it reaches its boiling point

3. After, pour the heated water on the soil. Make sure the soil are totally soaked

4. Set it for one day and sterilize it with the heat of the sun

C. Planting the seeds

Plant the tomato seeds first right before infecting it. The mycorrhizae

fungus will be activated only when there are roots present in the plant. Prepare 36

plastic bottles for the seeds to grow until 2 weeks. Use the sterilized soil so that

they will have equal amount of nutrient uptake.

1. First, prepare 36 bottles

2. Next, apply the sterilized soil approximately 50 grams in the bottle

26
 3. Dig a small hole at the center wherein the seeds will germinate

4. Finally, cover up the hole with soil and water it down

D. Preparing the Planting Site

1. The planting bed measures 1 meter in length and 1 meter in with sterilized

soil.

2. Next, dig an inch hole wherein the plants will be transferred.

E. Transferring

1. After 2 weeks, measure the height, the number of leaves, the stem diameter

using a tape measure.

2. Next, separate the plastic cup from the plant for transplant.

3. Next, put in organic fertilizer in the hole depending the required measurement

(100 ml, 50 ml, 25 ml) and mix it with the soil.

4. Place the plant 1 inch apart and cover up the empty spaces and set it.

F. Infecting the Plant

1. Dig a hole at estimated place on top of the roots. Don’t rupture the roots of the

plants.

2. Put in the Endo Mycohizae with at the amount given by different set-ups

stated on the table (75% myco – 15ml, 50% myco – 10 ml, 25% myco - 5 ml).

3. Then, cover up the spaces with soil and water the plant in order to activate the

fungi.

G. Maintenance

The plants should be watered everyday and should be directed from the

sunlight

27
 Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Initial Measurements (2 weeks after planting)

Table 1.1 Height of the Tomato Seeds (in inches)

50% Mycorrhizal 75% Mycorrhizal 100% Mycorrhizal

Fungi and 50% Loam Fungi and 25% Loam Fungi

Soil Soil

T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

R1 .7 .6 .4 .7 .9 .7 .6 .8 .6

R2 .8 .4 .5 .8 .8 .8 .9 .8 .9

R3 .6 .5 .5 .8 .9 .75 .7 .7 .7

Ave .5 .79 .74

100% Loam Soil

T1 T2 T3

R1 .8 .8 .6

R2 .5 .5 .8

R3 .65 .9 .85

28
 Ave .71

Table 1.2 Leaf Count

50% Mycorrhizal Fungi 75% Mycorrhizal Fungi 100%

and 50% Loam Soil and 25% Loam Soil Mycorrhizal Fungi

T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

R1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

R2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

R3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Ave 2 2 2

100% Loam Soil

T1 T2 T3

R1 2 2 2

R2 2 2 2

R3 2 2 2

Ave 2

29
Table 1.3 Stem Diameter
50% Mycorrhizal Fungi 50% Mycorrhizal Fungi 100% Mycorrhizal Fungi

and 50% Loam Soil and 50% Loam Soil

T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

R1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1

R2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1

R3 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1

Ave .1 .1 .1

100% Loam Soil

T1 T2 T3

R1 .1 .1 .1

R2 .1 .1 .1

R3 .1 .1 .1

Ave .1

As shown on the tables above, table 1.1 shows that the Set B (25% Mycorrhizal Fungi

and 75% Loam Soil) had an average of .79 which is the most highest of all set-ups, in

table 1.2 shows that they have all the same measurement of the leave counts and in table

1.3 shows that they have all the same measurement of stem diameters.

30
 2nd Week (after infecting)

Table 2.1 Height of the Tomato Seeds (in inches)

.50% Mycorrhizal 75% Mycorrhizal 100% Mycorrhizal

Fungi and 50% Loam Fungi and 25% Loam Fungi

Soil Soil

T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

R1 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.8 1.8 2.1 2 1.7

R2 1.7 1.3 1.6 1.8 2 1.5 2 1.9 1.8

R3 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.8

Ave 1.6 1.7 1.9

100% Loam Soil

T1 T2 T3

R1 2 1.5 1.7

R2 1.7 1.8 1.7

R3 1.5 1.6 1.8

Ave 1.7

31
Table 2.2 Leaf Count

50% Mycorrhizal Fungi 75% Mycorrhizal Fungi 100% Mycorrhizal Fungi

and 50% Loam Soil and 25% Loam Soil

T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

R1 4 5 4 6 5 5 5 6 6

R2 4 5 5 6 4 5 5 6 6

R3 3 4 3 7 5 6 6 7 6

Ave 37 49 53

100% Loam Soil

T1 T2 T3

R1 5 6 4

R2 4 5 4

R3 6 5 4

Ave 43

32
Table 2.3 Stem diameter
50% Mycorrhizal Fungi 50% Mycorrhizal Fungi 100% Mycorrhizal Fungi

and 50% Loam Soil and 50% Loam Soil

T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

R1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2

R2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2

R3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2

Ave 1.8 1.8 1.8

100% Loam Soil

T1 T2 T3

R1 .3 .2 .3

R2 .2 .3 .3

R3 .3 .3 .3

Ave 2.5

As shown on the tables above, in table 2.1 shows that the Set C (100% Mycorrhizal

Fungi) has the highest average, in table 2.2 shows that the Set C (100% Mycorrhizal

Fungi) has the highest average, and in table 2.3 shows that the 100% Loam Soil has the

highest average.

33
 4th Week (after infecting)

Table 3.1 Height of the Tomato Seeds (in inches)

50% Mycorrhizal 75% Mycorrhizal 100% Mycorrhizal

Fungi and 50% Loam Fungi and 25% Loam Fungi

Soil Soil

T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

R1 3.7 3.5 3.4 4.1 3.5 3.5 4.3 4.5 3.8

R2 3.5 3.7 3.5 4 3.4 3.6 3.9 3.9 4.3

R3 4 3.5 3.4 4.1 3.4 3.4 3.6 4 4.3

Ave 3.6 3.7 4.2

100% Loam Soil

T1 T2 T3

R1 4.3 3.5 3.6

R2 4.5 4.2 3.5

R3 3.7 3.6 4

Ave 3.9

34
Table 3.2 Leaf count

50% Mycorrhizal Fungi 75% Mycorrhizal Fungi 100% Mycorrhizal Fungi

and 50% Loam Soil and 25% Loam Soil

T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

R1 4 5 4 3 4 4 4 4 4

R2 4 4 5 3 5 4 5 3 4

R3 5 4 3 4 5 4 4 4 4

Ave 37 49 53

100% Loam Soil

T1 T2 T3

R1 4 4 4

R2 5 4 5

R3 4 4 3

Ave 43

Table 3.3 Stem Diameter

50% Mycorrhizal Fungi 50% Mycorrhizal Fungi 100% Mycorrhizal Fungi

and 50% Loam Soil and 50% Loam Soil

T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 T1 T2 T3

R1 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3

35
 R2 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3

R3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3

Ave 2.7 2.7 2.7

100% Loam Soil

T1 T2 T3

R1 .3 .3 .3

R2 .3 .3 .3

R3 .3 .3 .4

Ave 2.8

As shown in the tables above, in table 3.1 shows that the Set C (100% Mycorrhizal

Fungi) has the highest average while in table 3.2 shows that the Set and in table 3.3

shows that Set D (100% Loam Soil) got the highest average.

36
 CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study investigated the “Efficiency of Mycorhizal Fungi on Varying the

Morphologenisis of Tomato Plants (solanum lycopersicum).” This study aimed to

investigate the efficiency of the fungi to the growth of the tomato plants. The researchers

made an organic alternative growth medium. Since mycorrhizal fungi it is readily

accessible, the researchers came to the point to use this fungi as an organic alternative

growth medium instead of using the organic fertilizers. This study used One-way

ANOVA as their statistical tool to determine the efficiency of the fungus. The researchers

utilized Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in conducting the study. The

fungus was injected in the sterilized soil wherein the tomato plant was grown and the

alternative growth medium was compared to the organic fertilizer.

Findings of the Study

Based on the data retrieved from the experiment, the researchers first calculated

the means of the data in each set up from each week, then compared the following

results:

1.

Conclusion

1. Therefore, there is a significant difference between the mycorrhizal fungi and the

organic fertilizer in terms of height in the 6th week, stem diameter and leaf count.

2. Therefore, there is no significant difference between the mycorrhizal fungi and

the organic fertilizer in terms of height in the 2nd week and the 8th week.
37
Recommendations

For the improvement of this study, the researchers have decided to recommend for the

future researchers who will investigate similarly to our study:

1. Ask assistance from other professionals about on how to care the plant correctly.

2. Undertake the fungus on other plant species to determine the efficiency of the

fungus. (e.g. Solanum Melangena)

38
Bibliography

39
APPENDICES

40
 Appendix A
Documentation

41
 Appendix B
Calculations

Formulas used:

𝑀𝑆𝑆
𝐹 = 𝑀𝑆𝑆 𝐵 𝑑𝑓𝐵 = 𝑘 − 1 𝑑𝑓𝑊 = 𝑛 − 𝑘
𝑊

1. Height (2nd week)

Table 1. Finding the means and the value of SSW

Set up A Set up B Set up C Set up D (x1-𝑥̅ 1)2 (x2-𝑥̅ 2)2 (x3-𝑥̅ 3)2 (x4-𝑥̅ 4)2

.7 .7 .6 .8 0 0.04 .0081 .0081

.6 9 .8 .8 0 0.001 .0121 .0081

.4 .7 .6 .6 0 .001 .0081 .0121

.8 .8 .9 .5 1 .09 .0001 .0081

.4 .8 .8 .8 1 0.01 .0001 .0121

.5 .8 .9 .5 0 0 .0001 .0036

.6 .8 .7 .65 1 .01 .0001 .0036

.5 .9 .7 .9 1 0 .081 .0361

.5 .75 .7 .85 0 0 .0016 .0196

ng = 9 ng = 9 ng = 9 ng = 9 ∑ = .062 ∑= ∑= ∑=
.0384 .1024 .1519

nG = 36 SSW = .3547

𝑥̅ g = .5 𝑥̅ g = .79 𝑥̅ g = .74 𝑥̅ g = .71

𝑥̅ G = .69

k=4

42
Table 2. Finding the value of SSB

Ng (𝑥̅ 1 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (.5-69)2 .3249

Ng (𝑥̅ 2 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (.79-.69)2 .09

Ng (𝑥̅ 3 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (.74-.69)2 .0225

Ng (𝑥̅ 4 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (.71-.69)2 .0036

∑ = .441

Table 3. Results of the computation

Source Sum of Squares Degrees of Mean Square F

(SS) Freedom (df) (MS)

Between (B) .441 3 .147 MSB/MSW =

13.36

Within (W) .3547 32 .011 dfF = 3.32

Total (T) .7957 35

2. Leaf count (2nd week)

Table 4. Finding the means and the value of SSW

Set up A Set up B Set up C Set up D (x1-𝑥̅ 1)2 (x2-𝑥̅ 2)2 (x3-𝑥̅ 3)2 (x4-𝑥̅ 4)2

2 2 2 2 256 256 256 256

2 2 2 2 256 256 256 256

2 2 2 2 256 256 256 256

2 2 2 2 256 256 256 256

2 2 2 2 256 256 256 256

2 2 2 2 256 256 256 256

2 2 2 2 256 256 256 256

43
 2 2 2 2 256 256 256 256

2 2 2 2 256 256 256 256

ng = 9 ng = 9 ng = 9 ng = 9 ∑= ∑= ∑= ∑=
2304 2304 2304 2304

nG = 36 SSW = 9216

𝑥̅ g = 18 𝑥̅ g = 18 𝑥̅ g = 18 𝑥̅ g =18

𝑥̅ G = 18

k=4

Table 5. Finding the value of SSB

Ng (𝑥̅ 1 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (18-18)2 0

Ng (𝑥̅ 2 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (18-18)2 0

Ng (𝑥̅ 3 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (18-18)2 0

Ng (𝑥̅ 4 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (18-18)2 0

∑=0

Table 6. Results of the computation

Source Sum of Squares Degrees of Mean Square F

(SS) Freedom (df) (MS)

Between (B) .0 3 0 MSB/MSW = 0

Within (W) 0 32 0 dfF = 3.32

Total (T) 0 35

3. Stem Diameter (2nd week)

Table 7. Finding the means and the value of SSW

44
Set up A Set up B Set up C Set up D (x1-𝑥̅ 1)2 (x2-𝑥̅ 2)2 (x3-𝑥̅ 3)2 (x4-𝑥̅ 4)2

.1 .1 .1 .1 .64 .64 .64 .64

.1 .1 .1 .1 .64 .64 .64 .64

.1 .1 .1 .1 .64 .64 .64 .64

.1 .1 .1 .1 .64 .64 .64 .64

.1 .1 .1 .1 .64 .64 .64 .64

.1 .1 .1 .1 .64 .64 .64 .64

.1 .1 .1 .1 .64 .64 .64 .64

.1 .1 .1 .1 .64 .64 .64 .64

.1 .1 .1 .1 .64 .64 .64 .64

ng = 9 ng = 9 ng = 9 ng = 9 ∑ = 5.76 ∑ = 5.76 ∑ = 5.76 ∑=

5.76

nG = 36 SSW = 23.04

𝑥̅ g = .9 𝑥̅ g = .9 𝑥̅ g = .9 𝑥̅ g =.9

𝑥̅ G = .9

k=4

Table 8. Finding the value of SSB

Ng (𝑥̅ 1 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (,9-,9)2 0

Ng (𝑥̅ 2 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (.9-.9)2 0

Ng (𝑥̅ 3 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (.9-.9)2 0

Ng (𝑥̅ 4 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (.9-.9)2 0

∑=0

Table 9. Results of the computation

45
 Source Sum of Squares Degrees of Mean Square F
(SS) Freedom (df) (MS)

Between (B) .0 3 0 MSB/MSW = 0

Within (W) 0 32 0 dfF = 3.32

Total (T) 0 35

4. Height (4th week)

Table 10. Finding the means and the value of SSW

Set up A Set up B Set up C Set up D (x1-𝑥̅ 1)2 (x2-𝑥̅ 2)2 (x3-𝑥̅ 3)2 (x4-𝑥̅ 4)2

1.5 1.9 2.1 2 .01 .04 .04 .09

1.6 1.8 2 1.5 0 .01 .01 .04

1.5 1.8 1.7 1.7 .01 .01 .04 0

1.7 1.8 2 1.7 .01 .01 .01 0

1.3 2 1.9 1.8 .9 .09 0 .01

1.6 1.5 1.8 1.7 0 .04 .01 0

1.6 1.7 1.8 1.5 0 0 .01 .04

1.8 1.6 1.9 1.6 .04 .01 .01 .01

1.7 1.5 1.8 1.8 .01 .04 .01 .01

ng = 9 ng = 9 ng = 9 ng = 9 ∑ = .12 ∑ = .25 ∑ = .14 ∑ = .20

nG = 36 SSW = 2.35

𝑥̅ g = 1.6 𝑥̅ g = 1.7 𝑥̅ g = 1.9 𝑥̅ g = 1.7

𝑥̅ G = 1.725

k=4

46
Table 11. Finding the value of SSB

Ng (𝑥̅ 1 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (1.6-1.725)2 .141

Ng (𝑥̅ 2 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (1.7-1.725)2 .0056

Ng (𝑥̅ 3 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (1.9-1.725)2 0.28

Ng (𝑥̅ 4 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (1.7-1.725)2 .0056

∑ = 0.4322

Table 12. Results of the computation

Source Sum of Squares Degrees of Mean Square F

(SS) Freedom (df) (MS)

Between (B) .1441 3 .63 MSB/MSW =

28.64

Within (W) .022 32 .02 dfF = 3.32

Total (T) 2.6 35

5. Leaf count (4th week)

Table 13. Finding the means and the value of SSW

Set up A Set up B Set up C Set up D (x1-𝑥̅ 1)2 (x2-𝑥̅ 2)2 (x3-𝑥̅ 3)2 (x4-𝑥̅ 4)2

4 6 5 5 1089 1849 2304 1444

5 5 6 6 1024 1936 2209 1369

4 5 6 4 1089 1936 2209 1521

5 6 5 4 1024 1849 2304 1521

5 4 6 5 1024 2025 2209 1444

4 5 6 4 1089 1936 2209 1521

47
 3 7 6 6 1156 1764 2209 1369

4 5 7 5 1089 1936 2116 1444

3 6 6 4 1156 1849 2209 1521

ng = 9 ng = 9 ng = 9 ng = 9 ∑= ∑= ∑= ∑=
9740 17080 19978 13154

nG = 36 SSW = 59952

𝑥̅ g = 37 𝑥̅ g = 49 𝑥̅ g = 53 𝑥̅ g = 43

𝑥̅ G = 45.5

k=4

Table 14. Finding the value of SSB

Ng (𝑥̅ 1 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (37-45.5)2 620.25

Ng (𝑥̅ 2 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (49-45.5)2 110.25

Ng (𝑥̅ 3 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (53-45.5)2 506.25

Ng (𝑥̅ 4 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (43-45.5)2 56.25

∑ = 1,323

Table 15. Results of the computation

Source Sum of Squares Degrees of Mean Square F

(SS) Freedom (df) (MS)

Between (B) 1,323 3 410.67 MSB/MSW =

28.64

Within (W) 59,952 32 1851.63 dfF = 3.32

Total (T) 61,275 35

6. Stem Diameter (4th week)

48
Table 16. Finding the means and the value of SSW

Set up A Set up B Set up C Set up D (x1-𝑥̅ 1)2 (x2-𝑥̅ 2)2 (x3-𝑥̅ 3)2 (x4-𝑥̅ 4)2

.3 .3 .3 .3 5.76 5.76 5.76 5.76

.3 .3 .3 .3 5.76 5.76 5.76 5.76

.3 .3 .3 .3 5.76 5.76 5.76 5.76

.3 .3 .3 .3 5.76 5.76 5.76 5.76

.3 .3 .3 .3 5.76 5.76 5.76 5.76

.3 .3 .3 .3 5.76 5.76 5.76 5.76

.3 .3 .3 .3 5.76 5.76 5.76 5.76

.3 .3 .3 .3 5.76 5.76 5.76 5.76

.3 .3 .3 .3 5.76 5.76 5.76 5.76

ng = 9 ng = 9 ng = 9 ng = 9 ∑= ∑= ∑= ∑=
51.84 51.84 51.84 51.84

nG = 36 SSW = 207.36

𝑥̅ g = 2.7 𝑥̅ g = 2.7 𝑥̅ g = 2.7 𝑥̅ g =2.7

𝑥̅ G = 2.73

k=4

Table 17. Finding the value of SSB

Ng (𝑥̅ 1 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (2.7-2.73)2 8.1

Ng (𝑥̅ 2 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (2.7-2.73)2 8.1

Ng (𝑥̅ 3 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (2.7-2.73)2 8.1

Ng (𝑥̅ 4 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (2.7-2.73)2 8.1

∑ = 32.4

Table 18. Results of the computation

49
 Source Sum of Squares Degrees of Mean Square F
(SS) Freedom (df) (MS)

Between (B) 32.4 3 0 MSB/MSW =

Within (W) 207.36 32 0 dfF = 3.32

Total (T) 239.76 35

7. Height (6th week)

Table 19. Finding the means and the value of SSW

Set up A Set up B Set up C Set up D (x1-𝑥̅ 1)2 (x2-𝑥̅ 2)2 (x3-𝑥̅ 3)2 (x4-𝑥̅ 4)2

3.7 4.1 4.3 4.3 .01 .16 .01 .16

3.5 3.5 4.5 3.5 .01 .04 .09 .16

3.4 3.5 3.8 3.6 .04 .04 .16 .09

3.5 4 3.9 4.5 .01 .09 .09 .36

3.7 3.4 3.9 4.2 .01 .09 .09 .09

3.5 3.6 4.3 3.5 .01 .01 .01 .16

4 4.1 4.6 3.7 .16 .16 .16 .04

3.5 3.4 4 3.6 .01 .09 .04 .09

3.4 3.7 4.3 4 .04 0 .01 .01

ng = 9 ng = 9 ng = 9 ng = 9 ∑ = .3 ∑ = .68 ∑ = .66 ∑ = .71

nG = 36 SSW = 2.35

𝑥̅ g = 3.6 𝑥̅ g = 3.7 𝑥̅ g = 4.2 𝑥̅ g = 3.9

𝑥̅ G = 3.85

k=4

50
Table 20. Finding the value of SSB

Ng (𝑥̅ 1 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (3.6-3.85)2 .5625

Ng (𝑥̅ 2 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (3.7-3.85)2 .2025

Ng (𝑥̅ 3 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (4.2-3.85)2 1.1025

Ng (𝑥̅ 4 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (3.9-3.85)2 .0225

∑ = 1.89

Table 21. Results of the computation

Source Sum of Squares Degrees of Mean Square F

(SS) Freedom (df) (MS)

Between (B) 1.89 3 .63 MSB/MSW =

28.64

Within (W) .71 32 .02 dfF = 3.32

Total (T) 2.6 35

8. Leaf count (6th week)

Table 16. Finding the means and the value of SSW

Set up A Set up B Set up C (x1-𝑥̅ 1)2 (x2-𝑥̅ 2)2 (x3-𝑥̅ 3)2

9 7 9 0.01 0.31 0.05

9 7 8 0.01 0.31 0.61

10 8 9 1.23 0.19 0.05

8 8 10 0.79 0.19 1.49

9 7 9 0.01 0.31 0.05

8 7 9 0.79 0.31 0.05

51
 9 8 9 0.01 0.19 0.05

9 8 8 0.01 0.19 0.61

9 8 8 0.01 0.19 0.61

ng = 9 ng = 9 ng = 9 ∑ = 2.87 ∑ = 2.19 ∑ = 3.57

nG = 27 SSW = 8.63

𝑥̅ g = 8.89 𝑥̅ g = 7.56 𝑥̅ g = 8.78

𝑥̅ G = 8.41

k=3

Table 17. Finding the value of SSB

Ng (𝑥̅ 1 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (8.89 – 8.41)2 2.07

Ng (𝑥̅ 2 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (7.56 – 8.41)2 6.50

Ng (𝑥̅ 3 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (8.78 – 8.41)2 1.23

∑ = 9.8

Table 18. Results of the computation

Source Sum of Squares Degrees of Mean Square F
(SS) Freedom (df) (MS)

Between (B) 9.8 2 4.9 MSB/MSW =

13.61

Within (W) 8.63 24 0.36 dfF = 3.4208

Total (T) 18.43 26

9. Stem Diameter (6th week)

52
Table 25. Finding the means and the value of SSW

Set up A Set up B Set up C Set up D (x1-𝑥̅ 1)2 (x2-𝑥̅ 2)2 (x3-𝑥̅ 3)2 (x4-𝑥̅ 4)2

.3 .3 .3 .3 5.76 5.76 5.76 5.76

.3 .3 .3 .3 5.76 5.76 5.76 5.76

.3 .3 .3 .3 5.76 5.76 5.76 5.76

.3 .3 .3 .3 5.76 5.76 5.76 5.76

.3 .3 .3 .3 5.76 5.76 5.76 5.76

.3 .3 .3 .3 5.76 5.76 5.76 5.76

.3 .3 .3 .3 5.76 5.76 5.76 5.76

.3 .3 .3 .3 5.76 5.76 5.76 5.76

.3 .3 .3 .3 5.76 5.76 5.76 5.76

ng = 9 ng = 9 ng = 9 ng = 9 ∑= ∑= ∑= ∑=
51.84 51.84 51.84 51.84

nG = 36 SSW = 207.36

𝑥̅ g = 2.7 𝑥̅ g = 2.7 𝑥̅ g = 2.7 𝑥̅ g =2.7

𝑥̅ G = 2.73

k=4

Table 26. Finding the value of SSB

Ng (𝑥̅ 1 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (2.7-2.73)2 8.1

Ng (𝑥̅ 2 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (2.7-2.73)2 8.1

Ng (𝑥̅ 3 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (2.7-2.73)2 8.1

Ng (𝑥̅ 4 − 𝑥̅ 𝐺 )2 9 (2.7-2.73)2 8.1

∑ = 32.4

Table 27. Results of the computation

53
 Source Sum of Squares Degrees of Mean Square F
(SS) Freedom (df) (MS)

Between (B) 32.4 3 0 MSB/MSW =

Within (W) 207.36 32 0 dfF = 3.32

Total (T) 239.76 35

54
 APPENDIX C

Expenses

Product Price (Php) Quantity Total (Php)

Loam Soil 480

Endo Mycorrhizae
1,192 1 1,192
2 oz

Tomato Seeds
108
(Cherry Tomato) 12 36

12 2 24

Transportation - 177

Total = 839

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