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Simple, Compound and Complex sentences

Cd: He saw the danger and turned back.


Cx: As soon as he saw the danger, he turned back.
Simple: On seeing the danger he turned back.

Cd: He took the gun and shot at the bird.


Cx: As he took the gun he shot at the bird.
Simple: Taking the gun he shot at the bird.

Cd: He was honest and he was honoured.


Cx: As he was honest, he was honoured.
Simple: He was honoured for being honest. / He was honoured for his honesty.

Cx: He missed the test because he was ill.


Cd: He was ill and he missed the test.
Simple: He missed the test for his illness. / He missed the test for being ill. / Owing to his illness
he missed the test.

Cx: He confessed that he was guilty. / He confessed that it was his guilt.
Cd: He was guilty and he confessed it. / It was his guilt and he confessed it.
Simple: He confessed his guilt.

Cd: Spare the rod and spoil the child.


Cx: If you spare the rod, you spoil the child.
Simple: Sparing the rod is spoiling the child.

Cx: If you confess your fault, I will pardon you.


Cd: Confess your fault and I will pardon you.

Cd: You must work or starve.


Cx: Unless you work you may starve. / If you do not work, you may starve.
Simple: You must work in order not to starve.

Cx: The girl who was injured is in the hospital.


Cd: A girl was injured and she is in the hospital.
Simple: The injured girl is in the hospital.

Simple: This was a vague possibility.


Cx: This was a possibility which was vague.
Simple: He worked hard to pass the examination.
Cx: He worked hard so that he would pass the examination.

Cd: Search his pockets and you will find the watch.
Cx: If you search his pockets, you will find the watch.
Simple: Search his pocket to find the watch.

Cx: I am certain you have made a mistake.


Cd: You have made a mistake and I am certain of it.
Simple: I am certain of your making a mistake.

Cx: As he is unwell, he cannot attend the office.


Cd: He is unwell and he cannot attend the office.
Simple: He cannot attend the office for being unwell.

Simple: But for his help I would have failed.


Cx: If he had not helped me I would have failed.

Cd: The earth is round and we can prove it.


Cx: We can prove that the earth is round.

Cd: He was a poor man but he was always honest.


Cx: Although he was a poor man, he was always honest.
Simple: Despite being poor he was always honest. / Despite his poverty he was always honest.

Cx: If you do not take exercises, you will be ill.


Cd: Take exercise or you will be ill.
Simple: Take exercise in order not to be ill.

Cd: He has recovered from illness and I am glad of it.


Cx: I am glad that he has recovered from illness.
Simple: I am glad about his recovery from illness.

Cd: Rashid had lost a book but he has found it.


Cx: Rashid has found the book that he had lost.
Simple: Rashid has found the lost book.

Simple: We eat to live.


Cd: We eat or we cannot live.
Cx: Unless we eat we cannot live. / If we do not eat, we cannot live.

Cd: He saw the danger but carried on.


Cx: Although he saw the danger, he carried on.
Simple: Despite his seeing the danger he carried on.

Cd: He must leave now or he may be late.


Cx: Unless he leaves now, he may be late.
Simple: He must leave now in order not to be late.

Simple: A drowning man will catch at a straw.


Cx: if a man is drowning, he will catch at a straw. / A man who is drowning will catch at a straw.

Simple: A rolling stone gathers no moss.


Cx: If a stone is rolling, it gathers no moss. / A stone that is rolling gathers no moss.

Simple: Honesty is the best policy.


Cx: It is said that honesty is the best policy.

Simple: He is too weak to walk.


Cx: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Cd: He is very weak and he cannot walk.

Passive Voice:

• He saw me.
I was seen.
• They deny us the freedom of expression.
We are denied the freedom of expression.
• She is telling a lie.
A lie is being told.
• Rashid was stitching the clothes.
The clothes were being stitched by Rashid.
• They have submitted the form.
The form has been submitted.
• They had eaten all the biscuits.
All the biscuits had been eaten.

V + particle + obj
• She laughed at us.
We were laughed at.
• She is attending on the patient.
The patient is being attended on.
• Someone broke into my office last night.
My office was broken into last night.

Ditransitive verb: V+obj+obj


• He asked me three questions.
I was asked three questions.
• The police gave the driver a reward.
The driver was given a reward (by the police).
• They showed the visitors the rose garden.
The visitors were shown the rose garden.
• The others told the new students where to sit.
The new students were told where to sit.
• They requested the stranger to leave immediately.
The stranger was requested to leave immediately.

V + to-infinitive
• He likes to help the needy.
He likes the needy to be helped.
• I don’t like to punish the students.
I don’t like the students to be punished.

V + subject + to-infinitive
• I’d like someone to listen to me.
I’d like to be listened to.
• I’d like someone to sing to me.
I’d like to be sung to.
• I’d love others to love children.
I’d love children to be loved.

V + ing form of verb


• I like helping the poor.
I like the poor being helped.
• I don’t like discussing people.
I don’t like people being discussed.

V + subject + ing form of verb


• She hates others dictating her.
She hates being dictated.
• I don’t like people telling me how to behave.
I don’t like being told how to behave.
Imperatives
• Open the door.
Let the door be opened. Or
The door must be opened. Or
You are ordered to open the door.
• Please have a seat. Or Sit down please.
Be seated please.
• Be silent please.
You are requested to be silent.
• Take care of your policy.
You are requested to take care of your policy. Or
Your policy should be taken care of.
• Switch off the phone.
You are asked to switch off the phone. Or
The phone must be switched off.

Verbs related to senses


• The rose smells sweet.
The rose is sweet when smelt.
• This tea tastes good.
This tea is good when tasted.
• Who teaches you English?
By whom are you taught English?
• Who broke this table?
By whom was this table broken?
• How do you make tea?
How is tea made?
• How did they find you?
How were you found?

Proverbs
• Empty vessels make much noise.
It’s said that empty vessels make much noise.
• Honesty is the best policy.
It’s said that honesty is the best policy.

Modal + V1
• I can do it.
It can be done.
• You can have the form during office hours.
The form can be had during office hours.
• They should tell the truth.
The truth should be told.

Modal + have + V3
• They could have saved the child.
The child could have been saved.
• He might have signed the documents.
The documents might have been signed.

Character of Christy’s mother


“GOD could not be present everywhere, therefore HE made mothers” goes thus a Jewish
saying. Some opine that mother is the name of GOD on the lips of a child. The very word
‘mother’ brings peace to mind; a mother is simply the epitome of selflessness, love and
devotion. Christy’s mother stands as a precedence that can be used as a touchstone to assess
the affection of all mothers. Challenged by times exceptionally tough, Mrs Brown stands all
alone firm and fast like a rock in the midst of the cruel waves only to crush them to insignificant
drops. Though the relatives, friends and doctors try to persuade Mrs Brown not to waste her
time and energy looking after the imbecile child, she stands against all of them by standing by
the same child to prove all of them wrong. The indomitable spirit in this Hemmingway’s
Santiago does not let the flame of hope put out easily by this wind; in fact, the same wind, quite
ironically helps the same flame rise up to rip through the darkness around. And there is light all
around Christy.
Thus Mrs Brown’s character echoes Napoleon Bonaparte who says, “The future destiny of the
child is always the work of the mother.” It is yet again proven to the world that the bravest
battle, that ever was fought, was fought by the mothers of men. With none to bank upon
except her motherly affection and invincible determination Mrs Brown fights and fights hard,
without yielding to any pressure, to give a direction to her son’s future course of life. She
succeeds well. She is simply courage personified.

Character sketch of C. V. Raman


‘Tund e baad e mukhaalif se tu na ghabra ay uqaab,
Ye to chaltee hai tujhe ooncha udaane ke liye.’

(O ye hawk! Fear not the wind going against thee;


It blows thus, only to help thee fly high.) Dr Iqbal

History bears witness to this truth that the greatest of men, known for their high stature, have
been through lows in their life. Almost all of them have lived a poor life. And we know poverty
is a crucible that makes the finest of men. It is a furnace that makes men strong as the kiln turns
clay into a rock solid brick. And C. V. Raman is an example that proves the point. A boy who had
no clothes to wear, no books to read, no footgear to use, no facility that a middle class man
enjoys, rises one day to the stature where he stands tall, head and shoulders above all. It were
the tough times that made this soul tough as leather that never yielded to challenges of life. His
track record of early education speaks of his being a genius. It is this extraordinary intelligence
coupled with the qualities of perseverance and diligence that paved the way for winning the
Nobel Prize.
The greatness of this man can be understood from the fact that he always considered common
things in life great; he enjoyed a glass of pure water after some labour; he liked to have an
evening walk etc. He loved raw nature, and found it all source of entertainment. He had a belief
that there is no alternative to things in nature.
He lived a very simple life; ate simple food; wore simple dress. Till the very end of his life Raman
held fast to Indian traditions: he would wear a Madrasi turban with pride. He believed his
traditional way of life was his real identity, and he loved to be identified as an Indian.

Character of Mrs Bouncer


Mrs Bouncer may be regarded as the connecting thread to the whole plot of the play ‘Box and
Cox’. She stands out as the pivotal character in the farce. She is a wily landlady whose shrewd
nature can be gauged from her act of lending one room to two people in such a smart way that
neither of the men can see through her mind. Though wicked in nature she deserves all
appreciation for handling the situation with aplomb. It is actually her time management skills
that serve to her purpose well. Her ability to arrange the things in the room according to the
tastes of both the tenants helps her out to outsmart them. Every time on the stage we do find
her threatened by imminent troubles but every time her wit comes to her rescue to keep the
trouble at bay. She uses her creative talents to cook up different excuses whenever there is a
complaint or a protest from her tenants. She has reasons ready to counter the arguments of
the tenants. One wonders how skillfully she engages with two virtually irritating fellows. Mrs
Bouncer has both sharp wits and oily tongue to support her capital idea to make maximum out
of the minimum. Had she not been driven by grief, Mrs Bouncer would have been an
enterprising lady with all good things around.

Character sketch of Mriganko Babu


Satyajit Ray is one of those writers who create characters that leave an indelible impression on
the minds of the readers. Mriganko Babu is one such character whose qualities make the reader
quite envious of him. A prolific writer who writes stories for the Bharat, a magazine that
appears monthly, Babu has other great qualities that picture him as a great human being. He is
quite amiable, reasonable, creative and above all kind to others.
His stature as a great writer can be gauged from the fact that a club in Durgapur invites him to a
function to felicitate him for his contribution to writing.
One can notice his kind behaviour to his servants from his having bought a new shirt for his
servant, Abhiram. Even Abhiram himself says that Mriganko Babu did a lot for him. His amiable
nature comes to the front when instead of snapping at his driver Sudheer for his carelessness,
Babu expresses his irritation in a gentleman’s way.
Babu is a man of rationale who does not believe in any superstition. He never consults an
almanac before setting out on a journey.
In short, it could be said that owing to wonderful qualities Mriganko Babu finds a corner in the
heart of the reader.

Theme of ‘Love Across the Salt Desert’


Love is a feeling that can never be subjected to any dirty politics; it is a bird that knows no
captivation; it is a wind that is impossible to be kept in chains. Love recognizes no boundaries
and barriers, be they political, religious, lingual, regional or whatever. It is subjected to no time
and space either. Love is a binding force, strong enough to bring two different people together
to live for each other. Love teaches self-annihilation and selflessness. The two sister countries,
India and Pakistan have always been at daggers drawn; there has been more hatred than love
between the two nations; they have been separated by a gulf of enmity. Keki Daruwalla, like
any other human being who has a feeling heart, suggests that love be given a chance to meet
the differences. He also makes a point that those people who are ruled by the power of love
have no room for war politics, hatred or jealousy in their hearts. They are pure and sincere. It is
such a feeling that brings relief to millions of people. Khavda, the village where Najab lives, has
been going through really hard times for three successive years; it is the arrival of Fatima,
symbol of love, that brings rain with it to end the long spell of drought. Love is a divine force
that changes the destiny of individuals and nations. Let love reign the world.

Theme of ‘The Sniper’


Or
What major idea is the writer trying to get across to the readers in the
story ‘The Sniper’?

War leaves us all bereft; it doesn’t decide what is right, it decides what is left. Those
warmongers who boast of their military chauvinism and hold fast to this false belief that war is
a solution to the issues should be told bold that they have lost their heads completely. War can
never settle things for ever; in fact, before the dust settles after a battle ends, another war is
already taking a shape. It is a vicious cycle of violence that finds no end. War breeds hatred,
animosity, anarchy and above all loss of human life. The irony is that it is not any other species
that consumes human life, but the human beings themselves who have stooped to the level of
a cannibal animal. Both the killer and the killed belong to one big family, MANKIND. All unfair is
treated fair, and people take pleasure in committing fratricide, patricide, homicide and worst of
all genocide. The concept of humanity is blurred to obscurity, and it is replaced with ‘Might is
Right’ jungle law. How has this Crown of the Creation disgraced himself and brought shame to
this appellation! We need to rise above all bias, and introspect for a while so that the doves
may replace the vultures, and peace be restored.

Theme of ‘After Twenty Years’


Man is a social being. He finds himself in the web of responsibilities. To be specific, in the words
of Nelson Mandela every man has twin obligations- one to his family and friends, and the other
to the nation. Both these should be fulfilled according to ones abilities. But at a time when a
man is at crossroads where he has to choose one between the two, he should not hesitate in
giving his nation preference numero uno. He must sacrifice his personal relations for being
responsible to his nation. Jimmy Wells is the mouthpiece of O’Henry through whom the author
brings the point home that no man can evade the responsibilities to his nation. Though his
friendship with Bob is an ideal one, it does not keep Jimmy from performing his duties of
getting the friend, now an underworld Don, arrested only to serve the nation. The story also
teaches us to be content; one should try to make fortune only through fair means. One should
refrain from practising unlawful actions to move ahead in life. Some overambitious people like
Silky Bob do try to make millions overnight; they always land themselves in trouble. They may
enjoy all pleasures of life, but such things are not long lasting. These things finally leave bitter
taste in life. Silky Bob represents such a character who is not content with things at all, and
takes resort to foul means to make his fortune. Foul does not go unpaid for a long time. Both
human and divine laws have their ante against this monster; and it cannot escape all the time.
‘Liberty is not a personal affair, but a social contract. It is an adjustment of
interests.’

These lines have been extracted from the essay ‘The Rule of the Road’ written by a genius A.G.
Gardiner. The author wants to make us realize our responsibilities as a social being. Man cannot
live by his own interests only; in fact, his interests are linked with those of others in the society
that he is part of. He cannot be too selfish to ignore others’ freedom. He needs to develop civic
sense in him so that he may not be considered a nuisance by the others.
‘Liberty is responsibility, that’s why most men dread it’, says G. B. Shaw. If the word ‘liberty’ is
taken in its literal sense, meaning one can enjoy carte-blanche, that is, one is free to do any
damn thing one wishes to, it certainly will lead to social anarchy. An individual must understand
he is caught in a web of relations where he needs to adjust his interests with those of others.
He must be sensitive to the rights of his fellow men, and must honour their rights. In the words
of Stuart Mill, a well-known British philosopher ‘the liberty of an individual must be thus far
limited; he must not make himself a nuisance to other people’.

This is the way that autumn came to the trees


It stripped them down to the skin
Left their ebony bodies naked.
It shook out their hearts, the yellow leaves,
Scattered them over the ground.
Anyone could trample them out of shape.
Undisturbed by a single moan of protest.

These lines have been extracted from the poem ‘When Autumn Came’, a literary masterpiece
that has carved a niche for itself in the gallery of best art. There are only few translations in
English that are received well by the literati. ‘When Autumn Came’ enjoys a due space in the
annals of English literature. The poem is revolutionary in tone; it is a flame that helps the poet
kindle the same in bosom of his fellow countrymen. Translating his forceful emotions into
charged words, Faiz pulls the string of human heart in order to make them feel the intensity of
disgrace meted out to them. In a metaphoric language Faiz laments the desperation of the
weak and coward subject who are taken by slumber. Like a conscious leader he takes the onus
to awaken the dead; he blows the trumpet to stir the dispirited souls. The poem begins with
desperation but ends with hope. Echoing Shelley ‘if winter comes, can spring be far behind’,
Faiz gives vent to optimism within.
Here in these lines autumn has been personified as a despot, a tyrant ruler that has unleashed
the terror of its might to crush the ruled. The freedom of the ill-fated subject is trampled over
in toto. The human beings are treated as dogs, expected to keep their heads low. People can’t
walk with head held high. Faiz wails over this state of affairs as the harsh treatment goes down
without a single moan of protest. He is seen frustrated at the attitude of the poltroons who
accept all this as something they were destined for.

O God of May, have mercy,


Bless these withered bodies
with the passion of your resurrection;
Make their dead veins flow with blood again.

Give some tree the gift of green again.


Let one bird sing.

These lines have been extracted from the poem ‘When Autumn Came’, a literary masterpiece
that has carved a niche for itself in the gallery of best art. There are only few translations in
English that are received well by the literati. ‘When Autumn Came’ enjoys a due space in the
annals of English literature. The poem is revolutionary in tone; it is a flame that helps the poet
kindle the same in bosom of his fellow countrymen. Translating his forceful emotions into
charged words, Faiz pulls the string of human heart in order to make them feel the intensity of
disgrace meted out to them. In a metaphoric language Faiz laments the desperation of the
weak and coward subject who are taken by slumber. Like a conscious leader he takes the onus
to awaken the dead; he blows the trumpet to stir the dispirited souls. The poem begins with
desperation but ends with hope. Echoing Shelley ‘if winter comes, can spring be far behind’,
Faiz gives vent to optimism within.
In the lines under reference we do see the poet expressing his desperation; he blows the
trumpet to awaken the people who are taken by the slumber of slavery. Their conscience has
divorced them to let them be blind to all atrocities meted out to them. As he fails on his own to
give them a pinch, Faiz invokes God of May to come to his rescue. He may be referring to any
divine hand to play its part to awaken the dead. Here we do see an optimistic Faiz who is
looking for some half-extinguished embers so that the wind within Faiz would do the rest.
Once upon a time, son
they used to laugh with their hearts
and laugh with their eyes;
but now they only laugh with their teeth,
while their ice-block-cold eyes
search behind my shadow.
there was a time indeed
they used to shake hands with their hearts
but that’s gone, son.
Now they shake hands without hearts
while their left hand search
my empty pockets.

These lines have been taken from the poem ‘Once Upon a Time’ by Gabriel Okara. The poet
shows his class in juxtaposing the past and the present to make the comparison between the
two times. He arrives at a conclusion that modern man is devoid of all such values that would
once elevate him to the status where all other creation revered this species as their leader. In
fact, the poem is a scathing criticism on the modern man who harbours hypocrisy in him; he
pretends to be a soft spoken person, but has all dirt in his bosom. The poem is a social satire
that highlights the evil in order to be eradicated from the society.
In these lines under reference the poet looks back at the times when sincerity would run
through the blood of the man. People would greet each other in a way that their hearts would
meet once they shook hands; one could see eyes reflecting warmth within their hearts; they
would not wear laugh on their faces for show, but it would shoot directly from the depths of
the truth. Contrary to this, modern man has learnt the art of hypocrisy; and, he takes pleasure
in outsmarting others by deceiving them. There is no love, no warmth left in his heart which
could find a reflection in his eyes. His eyes are compared to blocks of ice for the reason that he
has grown selfish and callous. It may not be wrong to say that Modern Man’s appearances are
deceptive. He now trusts none, and looks at others with an eye of suspicion. Since there is no
sincerity, there can’t be any trust.

‘Feel at home,’ ‘come again,’


they say, and when I come
again and feel
at home, once, twice,
there will be no thrice-
for then I find the doors shut on me.

These lines have been taken from the poem ‘Once Upon a Time’ by Gabriel Okara. The poet
shows his class in juxtaposing the past and the present to make the comparison between the
two times. He arrives at a conclusion that modern man is devoid of all such values that would
once elevate him to the status where all other creation revered this species as their leader. In
fact, the poem is a scathing criticism on the modern man who harbours hypocrisy in him; he
pretends to be a soft spoken person, but has all dirt in his bosom. The poem is a social satire
that highlights the evil in order to be eradicated from the society.
In these lines under reference the poet attacks the modern man for extending his lip service to
others without an iota of sincerity to do so. How the poet is invited by his friend to home, and is
apparently given a warm welcome reflects all. He is received with open arms, and is asked to
visit again. All this boils down to a farce when the poet finds the doors shut on him on his next
visit. This art of double-talk has degraded man to a level where he is worth nothing but pity.

So I have learnt many things, son,


I have learnt to wear many faces
like dresses- homeface,
officeface, streetface, hostface,
cocktailface,with all their conforming smiles
like a fixed portrait smile.

These lines have been taken from the poem ‘Once Upon a Time’ by Gabriel Okara. The poet
shows his class in juxtaposing the past and the present to make the comparison between the
two times. He arrives at a conclusion that modern man is devoid of all such values that would
once elevate him to the status where all other creation revered this species as their leader. In
fact, the poem is a scathing criticism on the modern man who harbours hypocrisy in him; he
pretends to be a soft spoken person, but he has all dirt in his bosom. The poem is a social satire
that highlights the evil in order to be eradicated from the society.
In these lines under reference the poet gives an honest expression of his having fallen prey to
modern man’s etiquettes in such a way that he too has adopted his ways of dealing with
people. He too has learnt to be hypocritical; sincerity has been drained from his behavior. To
please the people he wears masks in order to conform to their smiles. He is more like a robot
than a man, because one doesn’t find any emotions in him anymore. This has a satirical tone, as
the poet wishes to get rid of all these mechanical things.

I have also learnt to say


‘goodbye’ when I mean good-riddance’;
to say ‘glad to meet you’ without being glad;
and to say ‘it’s been nice talking to you’ after being bored.

These lines have been taken from the poem ‘Once Upon a Time’ by Gabriel Okara. The poet
shows his class in juxtaposing the past and the present to make the comparison between the
two times. He arrives at a conclusion that modern man is devoid of all such values that would
once elevate him to the status where all other creation revered this species as their leader. In
fact, the poem is a scathing criticism on the modern man who harbours hypocrisy in him; he
pretends to be a soft spoken person, but he has all dirt in his bosom. The poem is a social satire
that highlights the evil in order to be eradicated from the society.
In the lines the poet dissects his own behavior and is left in a shock to find himself using
double-talk. Sincerity, that would house this man once, has been exiled; hypocrisy is the new
inhabitant. This new thing has changed his conduct altogether; it does not let the poet welcome
others truly; it is all a mechanical approach that actually reflects how this man has been
dehumanised. He feels bound to say good things in spite of the fact that his heart does not
support them. He is a hypocrite to the core.

Today the world is a little more my own.


No need to remember the pain
A blue frocked woman caused
Throwing words at me like pots and pans
To drain that honey coloured day of peace.

These lines have been extracted from the poem ‘Punishment in Kindergarten’ written by a
renowned Indian poet Kamla Das. The poem records the sad episode when the poet, as a little
student, was rebuked by her teacher on a picnic day. As a child the poet was quite sensitive to
things; and she felt the pain like anything. She lived her childhood in a society that boasted of
male chauvinism; and this poet had to suffer all pains. But today things have changed
altogether. The world is her own; she has her say, and no one can impose any authority on the
poet. She has bidden goodbye to bitter childhood memories.
In the lines under reference, the poet announces her freedom by saying it loud and clear:
‘today the world is a little more my own. It is pertinent to mention that she has witnessed really
tough time during her early days. Now when she has broken all shackles that once tried to
enslave her, she has carved a place for her individuality in the society. All past pains have been
forgotten; the poet no longer remembers the agony her teacher caused her one picnic day,
scolding her by hurling abusive words at this sensitive child, and drained all pleasure from her
life. She is content with the present life and does not want to make it sour by burying herself in
past. Her present is too sweet to play past back.

‘Today the world….


…..blue frocked woman caused…’

• Who was the blue-frocked woman? How did she cause the poet pain?
The blue frocked woman referred to in these lines was the poet’s school teacher. She
caused the poet pain by insulting her in front of all other children, hurling abusive words
at her.

• When was the world a little less her own?

The world was not hers at all in her childhood. It was the time she was subjected to hard
times. The world gave her nothing but pain and miseries.

‘The words are muffled now…


….moving sadly on….’

• Whose words and laughter are being referred to here?

The poet refers to the abusive words of the teacher which she threw at the poet. The
laughter is the laughter which the schoolmates had as they enjoyed the poet being
scolded by the teacher.

• What has caused the change in the words and the laughter?

The poet has mellowed down and has achieved what she calls ‘adult peace’. She is too
mature to see any difference between pleasure and pain. She has risen to such a level
where all painful experiences have been relegated to obscurity.

• How has the life been to the poet since her school days?

In her school days the poet had to bear the brunt of brutal times. She almost collapsed
under the burden. But as the days moved ahead, she started maturing, and accepted
the challenges of life with all courage. She had her own way to walk on and her own self
to walk by, and this confidence took her to the point where the world is a little more her
own.
After Apple Picking

Look at the rhyme scheme of the poem ‘After Apple Picking’? What is it like Has the poet
done it intentionally?
This is a rhyming poem that follows no preordained rhyme scheme. The poem is basically
iambic, and mostly in pentameter, but line-length variants abound. Line 1, for example, is long
by any standard. Line 32 is very short: one foot. The poem’s shorter lines of di-, tri-, and
tetrameter serve to syncopate and sharpen the steady, potentially droning rhythm of
pentameter. They keep the reader on his toes, awake, while the speaker drifts off into oblivion.
What does the ‘pane of glass’ refer to? What is the poetic device used here?
The ‘pane of glass’ refers to the sheet of ice that the poet skimmed from the drinking trough.It
is a metaphor that helps the poet to assert that through this pane of glass he could see nothing
but illusion.

Why has the word ‘thousand’ been repeated twice? What is the poetic device used here?
Why has it been used?

The word ‘thousand’ has been used twice to suggest quite emphatically that there were many
many works to be done for the poet. It has been related in an exaggerated way, so we can say
that the poetic device used here is hyperbole. This technique has been used only to make the
reader see things vivid as he goes through the lines.

What does apple picking refer to? Why has the poet given the poem this title?
Apple picking refers to taking tasks to their end. During our lifetime we are able to accomplish
some tasks well; some undertaken tasks remain unfinished; there are a few tasks which are not
undertaken at all. The same is true with apple picking. Some apples are picked and stored safe,;
some fall while handling; and some remain out of reach forever.

I cannot rub the strangeness from my sight


I got from looking through a pane of glass
I skimmed this morning from the drinking trough
And held against the world of hoary grass.
It melted and i let it fall and break.

What did the poet see through the pane of glass?


The poet saw a world where everything seemed to be covered with frost.
From where had he got this piece of glass?
The poet had skimmed this sheet of ice from the drinking trough in the morning. Since it was
winter, the water in the trough had frozen into a sheet.
How could the glass melt?
It was not glass, albeit it acted like one. It was actually a transparent sheet of ice, skimmed from
a drinking trough, which melted as the mercury shot up by and by.
Does this have deeper significance for the poet?
The poem is symbolic in nature. It can have many interpretations. At one level it may suggest
that the poet lived life under an illusion mistaking it for real. In fact, his sight was blocked by
this sheet of ice. Now when the sheet has melted and the reality has dawned upon the poet, he
is on his way to sleep.

My instep arch not only keeps the ache,


It keeps the pressure of the ladder round.
I feel the ladder sway as the boughs bend.
And i keep hearing from the cellar bin
The rumbling sound
of load on load of apples coming in.
For i have had too much.

Why does the poet’s instep arch ache?


The poet has been picking apples all day standing on the rungs of the ladder. It has told upon
his strength, and he feels the pain in his instep arch as it has been bearing the weight of the
body through the day.

What is the rumbling sound that the poet hears?


The rumbling sound that the poet hears refers to the sound of the load carrier that ferries apple
boxes to the cellar bin.
Why does the poet say he has had too much? What is he referring to?
Since the poet has been engaged in apple picking all day, he cannot continue with the work. He
feels he has had enough and wants to retire to bed. The fact of the matter is that his energy has
betrayed him and he thinks it proper to call it a day. He has lived his life to the point where he
must retire now.
Why does the ladder sway? What does it symbolise for the poet?
The ladder sways because the poet has started losing the balance on the ladder. He has worked
in such an aggressive way through the day that his body sways causing the ladder to sway. The
ladder actually symbolises life, and the poet feels it is time when life may break up with him.

Yesternight my sleep driven off and the thread of my fancies slit,


I espied an eagle in the wild shadows of my mind
On its beak in the same old fashion, smouldered the blood of the dove
Whose feathers were shed by hilltops into the atmosphere.

These lines have been taken from the poem ‘Inklings from the Dark’ written by a well known
Kashmiri poet Rahman Rahi and translated into English by Prof. G. R. Malik. The poem is not
simple to understand. It can be interpreted in a number of ways. It starts with violence but ends
at hope. The poet is quite sensitive to the violence that has gripped the world fast in its
clutches, and as a result he is left sleepless. At the same time he clings to hope that his future
will be peaceful.
In the lines under reference the poet is left sans rest as a scene of utter violence creeps on the
screen of his mind. A ferocious eagle with blood of a dove on its beak appears in the wild
darkness of his mind. The feathers of the dove are seen floating in the air. This scene has such
an influence on the poet’s mind that he is deprived of his sleep.

When Autumn Came


It shook their hearts, the yellow leaves
Scattered them over the ground.
Anyone could trample tghem out of shape
Undisturbed by a single moan of protest.

Who is it? Whose yellow leaves did it shake out?


The word it refers to autumn that has been personified as a tyrant ruler. It shook out the hearts
of the trees which metaphorically refer to the ruled, the common people.
What happens to the leaves that are scattered over the ground?
The leaves that are scattered over the ground are trampled over and are turned to dust. They
are too lifeless to mark any protest. It is a pity that the public is taken by slumber, and remain
insensitive to the ill treatment meted out to them.
When will these withered trees bloom again?
These withered trees can bloom again only once spring returns. The land needs rejuvenation.
The poet invokes God of May to come to his rescue in brushing away the effects of autumn.

Give some tree the gift of green again.


Let one bird sing.

What is the gift of green? Who will receive it?


The gift of green is life, and spring that will return to the trees which are withered in autumn.
What is the poet asking for when he says let one bird sing?
Faiz invokes spring to take over. Giving vent to his optimism the poet hopes that a change is at
hands. Therefore, he moves his countrymen to get ready and pave way for this change.

What has happened to the birds in autumn?


The birds were exiled; their voices were torn out of their throats. They succumbed to the
tyranny of autumn.

Love across the Salt desert


Though Fatima belonged to a different country she did not hesitate in eloping with a boyfrom
a different country. Why?
Fatima was a bird of love. A bird of love understands no boundaries to keep it confined toone
country. The whole world is its nest.
A person who harbours true love in his/ her bosom is too great to fall prey to the web of
boundaries, be they regional, religious, cultural, lingual or any other. Fatima eloped with Najab
for the only reason that she loved him. And this was enough to let all boundaries met away into
insignificance.

Why did the people of Khavda welcome Fatima with open arms?
As soon as Fatima landed in Khavda, she brought with her rain that marked the end to the
drought that had lasted three successive years. She was regarded as the savior who saved the
people of Khavda from a natural calamity. Fatima came bearing in hand the flag that
symbolized prosperity and peace. The people of Khavda were bound to welcome this person
with open arms.

Justify the title of the story ‘Love Across the Salt Desert’.
‘Love Across the Salt Desert’ is a story about two lovers who are on the either side of the
border separating India and Pakistan. The Rann of Kutch having some salt rocks around,
separates the two lovers. It is this love that acts as a unifying force that helps the two sides
become one. The title is apt and suits the story perfectly.

Why does the writer consider the absent-mindedness in anglers and poets a virtue?
(Forgetting)
Anglers and poets are thought to be dreamers. An angler while holding the fishing rod stretches
his imagination and loses himself in an egalitarian society where everything is perfect. To be
occupied with the thought of this very ideal world is a bliss in itself. Similarly the minds of the
poets are seldom attracted by this mundane world filled with things mediocre. They take flight
on the viewless wings of poesy, and create a world better suited for their dreams. As their
minds house lofty thoughts, they remain insensitive to the fret and fevers of life for that period.
Thus this absent-mindedness is a blessing in disguise.

Justify the title of the story ‘After Twenty Years’.


The story ‘After Twenty Years’ is about two bosom friends who were brought up together like
two brothers in New York. Despite living together hand in hand, the two friends grew up only to
part from each other to follow their individual lines of interest. At the time they parted, both
the friends decided to meet after twenty years. What sounds great is that the two friends did
keep the promise. Thus the title squarely fits the story.
The Sniper
Describe briefly the scene in Dublin as you understand from the first two paragraphs.
Dublin is war struck; civil war is underway. The fight over the division of Ireland into Northern
Ireland and the rest of the country is going on between Free-Staters and the Republicans. It is
dusk of a June day, and the Four Courts is cordoned off; the twilight is slowly fading into night;
the silence of the night is broken with the roaring of heavy guns. Amid this tense atmosphere, a
sniper lay watching on the rooftop near O’Connel Bridge. The sniper, a Republican is armoured
and is ready to take on his enemies surrounding him.

How did the sniper trick his enemy sniper? Did his trick work?
The sniper was a smart fellow. He outwitted the enemy sniper quite skilfully. As a shrewd
soldier he manoeuvred each step with aplomb. Placing his cap over thye muzzle of the rifle, he
positioned it in a way that the enemy sniper mistook it for the sniper. In no time there was a
report and the cap fell down to the street. The sniper let the rifle fall from his grasp to the
pavement below. The enemy sniper after hearing the clattering sound thought he had killed his
enemy. He came out from his hiding place. No sooner had he shown his contours than the
sniper shot him dead.

Describe the scarecrow in your own words. (The Scarecrow)


The scarecrow was made from two bamboo poles. One pole had been fixed vertically on the
ground and the other placed horizontally across it. The two ends the horizontal pole stretched
out like two arms. A printed shirt had been slipped onto this structure. And its sleeves coverede
the two sides of the horizontasl mpoles. An earthen pot had been placed upside down over the
free end of the vertical pole. The pot had been painted black with two big eyes drawn in white.
The scarecrow was standing in the middle of the fielg having some winter crop in it.
Poetic devices/ figures of speech

Simile:
A simile is a figure of speech in which one thing is compared with
another, always using ‘as’ or ‘like’.
Examples:
• The sun was descending like a cataract in the eye of the sky. (sunrise)
• The sun…..crept out like a school boy. (sunrise)
• ….throwing words at me like pots and pans (punishment
inkindergarten)
• I rose like a moonstruck man (inklings from the dark)
• And found him lying by the wall like a mushroom in the mount (inklings
from the dark)

Metaphor:
A metaphor is an expression which describes a person or object in a
literary way by referring to something that is considered to possess
similar characteristics to the person or object one is trying to describe.
Examples:
• ‘ice block cold eyes’ (once upon a time)
• ‘the thread of my fancies slit’ (inklings from the dark)
• ‘the cool of the winter in the marrow of my bones’ (inklings from the
dark)

Personification:
When human qualities are attributed to things, animals, or ideas it is
known as personification.
Examples:
• ‘the cole hapless ashes kissed my feet” (inklings from the dark)
• This is the way that autumn cane to the trees:
• It stripped them down to the skin.’ (when autumn came)

Symbol:
A symbol refers to a simple everyday thing but has a deeper significance.
Examples:
• ‘my two pointed ladder’s sticking…’ (after apple picking)
• ‘there’s a barrel that I didn’t fill’ (after apple picking)

Imagery:
Imagery may be defined as the representation of sensory experiences
through language. We can have visual imagery (sight), auditory
imagery (hearing), tactile imagery (touch), gustatory imagery (taste),
and olfactory imagery (smell).
Examples:
Visual:
• ‘A blue frocked woman’
• ‘on the lawn in clusters sat my schoolmates’
Sound:
• ‘throwing words at me like pots and pans;
• ‘they (schoolmates) turned and laughed)
Gustatory:
• ‘honey coloured day of peace’
• ‘schoolmates sipping sugarcane’
Irony:
The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning is
irony.
Examples:
• ‘feel at home’ ‘come again’ ‘glad to meet you’ in the poem ‘once upon
a time’ are ironic statements as the speaker means the opposite in
that context.

Hyperbole:
It is a way of speaking or writing that makes someone or something
bigger, better etc. than they are. Things are presented in an
exaggerated way.
Examples:
• ‘There were ten thousand thousand fruits to touch’
(after apple picking)
• ‘I think it right to aquaint you with my immediate intention of divesting
myself of my garments, and goingto bed.’ (box and cox)

Study skills

One word substitution:

• One who is unable to pay his debt: insolvent


• One who leaves his country to settle elsewhere: emigrant
• One who plays a game for pleasure and not as a job: amateur
• One who knows many languages: polyglot
• One who dislikes other people: misanthrope
• One who looks at bright side of things: optimist
• One who looks at dark side of things: pessimist
• One who helps the poor people: philanthropist
• One who comes as a settler in a foreign country: immigrant
• A person who spends his money in a wasteful way: spendthrift
• A person who can neither read nor write: illiterate
• A person who can never make a mistake: infallible

Vocabulary:

In the set of four words given against each word below, one word does not belong to
the group. Pick out the odd one.

Exuberant—elated, ejected, animated, upbeat


Ignites—inflames, fires, scandalises, sets alight
Serene—peaceful, noisy, quiet, tranquil
Exalted—quarry, lofty, grand, sublime
Abandoned—forsaken, deserted, welcomed, cast aside
Fantastical—incredible, extravagant, quaint, day-dream
Fascinated—enchanted, bewitched, exhausted, attracted
Haggle—bargain, bicker, argue, thrill
Dazzle—sparkle, glitter, splendor, lethal
Vacant—empty, deserted, respite, unoccupied

The following words are synonyms of the word ‘fall’. Complete the sentences using
the right form of these words.

fall drop sink plummet collapse tumble plunge descend

• The old man fell from the terrace and plummeted to the ground.
• Jack lost his footing and tumbled down the hill.
• He sank to his seat when he heard the shocking news.
• The fall in share prices has caused property prices to fall.
• After being hit by the bullet, he took a few strides before he collapsed to the ground.
• The bird dropped dead to the ground after being hit by the bullet.
• She descended the stairs cautiously.
• She plunged into the river and died.

Fill in the blanks in these sentences with the most appropriate words from the list
below. All the words have the broad meaning of ‘huge’ but they cannot be used
interchangeably.

massive enormous immense tremendous terrific

• The students were making tremendous noise in the classroom.


• She has been accusing of amassing immense wealth, while she was a minister.
• The army has launched a massive operation to drive back the enemy.
• He was driving at a terrific speed, when he met with an accident.
• They have built an enormous house for themselves.

In each of the following sets of words one word does not belong to the group. Pick the
odd one out.
• Emaciated, withered, skeletal, healthy
• Grotesque, bizarre, ordinary, weird
• Trudged, trekked, hiked, rested
• Reclusive, introverted, outgoing, shy
• Chagrin, please, annoy, irritate
• Wily, clever, shrewd, simple
• Obscenities, curses, expletives, blessings
• Squander, save, fritter away, splurge
• Odyssey, journey, voyage, errand

Writing Skills
Imagine, Aftab writes a letter to Kaley Shah inviting him to the wedding of Fatima and Najab.
In the letter do the following:
• Apologise for the manner in which Najab has brought Fatima without Kaley Shah’s
permission.
• Ask him to forgive and forget. Remind him of the family ties he shares with Najab’s
mother.
• Request him to attend the wedding and bless the young couple.

Khavda, Gujrat
India

05/08/2014

Dear Kaley Shah


I hope all is well there. I am writing this letter to tender my apology for all wrong my son has
done to you. Sure it is a serious crime that demands all condemnation; and I condemn the act
sincerely. He should not have done that. I do feel so sorry about it all. I had thought not to give
them any shelter here, but then I reflected that sanity lies in defusing the situation. Therefore, I
thought we had better let the two children live together according to their wish. So they are
getting married on 25 of this month. I was wondering if you could show magnanimity by
overlooking their mistake. Why don’t we console ourselves by looking at the positive side of it:
the children have brought the two families closer again.
It would be a blessing if you attend the wedding, and bless the couple for their future. We all
will be eagerly looking forward to your positive response.

Yours sincerely
Aftab

Write the diary entry for Fatima for the night she eloped with Najab. Write about the
following:
• Where and when they met
• What her feeling were about leaving her village and her country
• How the journey was
• When and how they reached Najab’s house

30 July, Saturday
Ah! The most beautiful and blessed evening of my life. The time witnessed union of two
souls. He was waiting for me at the outskirts of the village, and I just sneaked out once
father started snoring. We started for our dreamland straightaway; the moment was too
big for me to speak a word. No India, no Pakistan would occupy my mind. I knew only
one thing: we were the birds of love for whom all the world is a nest, with no boundaries
to divide it into fragments. While marching ahead to our destination, I fell asleep as a
baby in the arms of my Najab. I had never had such a sound sleep. Nature too was quite
excited at this union; water poured down in Najab’s village, and ended the long spell of
drought. I was welcomed as harbinger of peace and prosperity, and of course love.
Fatima

What do you think would have been the sniper’s feeling on discovering that the man he had
killed was his own brother? As the sniper, write the diary entry describing your feeling about
the war and the day’s events. Talk about your plans for the future.

15 August, Saturday
My hands are trembling….how can a deranged man write!!!...oh war, oh cursed war!
You dehumanized this brother…with these hands I committed fratricide…a heinous
crime! No oceans can wash the stains on these filthy hands. I am a beast in guise of
man…oh that owl is crying to me only: ‘o woe to you, o woe’. Oh God I am feeling
restlessness…my head may burst to pieces. How cunningly I trapped my brother!! Be
this mind cursed. I deserve no mercy, no sympathy. How can a killer mourn his brother’s
death!
Let insanity take me and I be mad; I can no longer afford to be sensitive to these things.
Let me rave like a mad man!! How can I keep balance! My future is all dark and
torturing. O man you are doomed.

You topped the list of successful candidates of class 12, of which the results were declared
yesterday. Make diary entry about the day.
16 feb Monday
Can’t say how tense I was from the moment it was announced on the radio: ‘results
of 12th class will be declared tomorrow.’ Lo! I lost all hunger; restlessness ruled me;
passed an utter sleepless night. Mom dad tense...!!! Cornered myself in the room next
day. Waiting with heart in mouth. Suddenly there was a knock; mom entered with a
glowing face: ‘my love, you have made us proud; you have done it again; 98%!!!
Topped again.’ She embraced me, kissed my forehead. Instead of jumping with joy, I
was too humbled to show any reaction. Papa’s excitement was indescribable….
Congratulation messages started flying from all sides. Relatives poured in to share the
moment. A day I will always treasure.
Muzafar

You went on picnic to pahalgam/ a historical place. Write the diary entry how you spent the
day.

16 July Wednesday
Had a lot of fun with friends yesterday. Had never had an experience like this. Had a
trip to Pahalgam with friends. Fun started right from the word go. Teasing, singing,
cracking jokes, sharing funny experiences…all sorts of entertainment going on side by
side. Rested a while at a coffee house on the way and refreshed ourselves with a
cuppa coffee. On reaching Pahalgam, Sunil, my friend from Delhi was absolutely
spellbound to see the raw beauty. It was so mesmerizing there that all were left with
their mouth wide open. Did some photography at Betaab Valley, Aru and adjoining
areas. As we returned I could sense a semblance of serenity prevailing among the
boys. A day worth anything!!
Muzafar

Your father has been transferred to an outside place. He is unable to visit you
regularly. He is very much worried about your studies as you are a student of
class 12. Write a letter to him about your preparation about the final
examination which is at hand.

Sopore
Baramulla

14/08/2014

Dear Papa
All of us over here do have a hope that you are fine and comfortable at your new place of
posting. I wish we could join you there. We would have a lot of fun. Anyways, Mummy
informed me that you are too much worried about my exams. I only wanted to tell to be
relaxed and make your stay over there more comfortable. It will be heartening for you to know
that I am perfectly ready for the final exams; I haven’t skipped a single unit in any subject.
So I think it would be a morale booster for me if you take care of your health and stop worrying
about my studies. Believe me all is going well with my studies. And when you write back, don’t
forget to send some photographs of the surrounding area; I have heard a lot about its raw
beauty.
Looking forward to your reply.
Take care. Love you.

Yours sincerely
Zaheer

You have two tickets to a soccer match. Write to your friend inviting him watch
the match with you.
Sopore
Varmul

14/08/2014

Dear Khursheed
Hope all is well and you are in the best of your moods. I am fine too. I am writing to you to
inform you that a soccer championship is underway in our town. The match scheduled to be
played this Sunday is going to be a thriller: Elites Blue Baramulla v/s Moosa Club Sopore.
Football pundits here fail to declare any of the two giants as favourites. I am going to cheer for
Moosa Club, after all local patriotism, you know!!
What’s more thrilling is that I have bought two tickets to the match. And I was wondering if you
could come over here so that we could entertain ourselves by watching the match together. It
would be so nice if you could come on Saturday only so that we could visit some of our
favourite places too. Don’t worry about the expenses; I will buy you the return ticket. Ok?
Looking forward to a positive response.
Take care

Nazir

Your friend fell from his bike and broke his arm. He is in hospital. You are unable to visit him
because you have your preparatory examinations. Write a letter
• Saying how sorry you are
• Explaining why you can’t visit him
• Hoping he will get well soon

Sopore
14/08/2014

Dear Ashraf
It was extremely shocking to know that you have met with an accident and have broken your
arm. Tell you one thing that I always had an apprehension that something unfortunate might
happen as you never rode your bike with care. Anyways, it was bad luck. Let’s be brave and
move ahead.
I would come to see you in the hospital right now, but you know I am going through my
preparatory examinations. Once I am free, and by that time I hope you too would be discharged
from the hospital, I will come to meet you at home. Am praying for your speedy recovery.
Looking forward to your company at my brother’s wedding scheduled next month.
Get well soon.

Yours sincerely
Joseph

Formal letter

Write a letter to the Chairman of the School Board of School Education for issuing in your favour a
duplicate Date of Birth certificate.

Sopore
Varmul
20 August 2014

The chairman
JK Board of school education
Srinagar

Sub: issuance of duplicate Date of Birth cetificate


Sir
With reverence I would venture to request you to issue a duplicate copy of my Date of Birth
certificate as I lost the original one on the bus from Sopore to Srinagar last week. I failed to find
the lost documents that included this certificate.
It is pertinent to mention that I am in dire need of the certificate as I am going to seek
admission in Kashmir University next month.
Therefore, a duplicate Date of Birth certificate may please be issued in my favour so that I could
secure admission in the university.
A copy of SSE marks card may please be found enclosed with the application for details.

Yours faithfully
Altaf hussain

Both Mr Box and Mr Cox decide to leave MrsBouncer’s lodgings. MrsBouncer wants to place
an advertisement in the CLASSIFIED SECTION of the local newspaper advertising the room.
Write the advertisement for her in not more than 50 words.
Remember to list the salient features of the room and the kind of tenant you are looking for.
TO LET

A well-furnished single roomed lodging on the second floor at 5A, New Colony
Sopore available on rent.
Salient features:
• Spacious room measuring 20×15 sq. ft.
• Accommodates double bed/ space for dining and dressing
• Washroom attached
• 24 hours water supply
• Round the clock electricity
• Balcony unfolding picturesque west

AVAILABLE TO MALE BACHELORS ONLY


Interested parties may contact on 09858884805

Your uncle is not feeling well. You meet the doctor. He prescribes some medicine. You go to
the chemist to collect the medicine. Write the dialogue in about 80-100 words on what was
exchanged between you two.

Me: Excuse me, could you give me this medicine?


Chemist: I’m sorry, sir. I can’t give any this time. Could you come back at 3 p.m.?
Right now I am too busy to attend you, sir.
Me: I’m afraid I can’t wait till three. My uncle has a severe stomach-ache.
He needs the medicine now.
Chemist: Ok sir. It may still take me some time to locate the medicine.
You can see we are busy in keeping the stock in order.
You could take that seat and wait.
Me: I’d rather go home and come back later.
Chemist: As you wish. But let me look at the whole prescription first.
I want to make sure that I have all the drugs available here…. Oh, I’m sorry.
This one at number 2 is not available. In fact, it’s been out of stock in the whole
market for quite some time.
Me: Oh God! What do I do now? What about giving me an alternative drug?
Chemist: Well, I do have alternative drugs. But I can’t sell any drug without a
doctor’sprescription. But I can give you a suggestion.
You can call the doctor and ask him about an alternative. You could use my phone.
Me: Yes, that’s a good idea. Thank you so much. I’ll call him right away.

Ashok bought a book from a book seller. When he reached home, he found some pages
missing. In the evening he went back to the shop. Write the dialogue in about 80-100 words
on what was exchanged between the two.

Ashok: Excuse me.


Book-seller: Yes, what can I do for you, sir?
Ashok: I bought this book from you this morning. As I began reading it at home,
I found some pages missing. You can have a look yourself.
Book-seller: Oh! I’m sorry. I suppose you ought to have checked while buying only…
Anyways, could you show me the receipt, sir?
Ashok: Here it is.
Book-seller: No worries sir. Would you like to have the book replaced with another copy,
or you want money refunded?
Ashok: If you could give me the book.
Book-seller: Ok, sir. Please be seated for a while till I get the book.
Ashok: Thank you.

(Later on…)
Book-seller: Oh, I’m sorry for keeping you waiting, sir. The book is out of stock.
We can place an order for it right away. Could you wait for two days, sir?
Ashok: No, I can’t wait. You had better return the money. I need the book today only.
Book-seller: As you wish, sir. Collect the money please.
Ashok: Thank you.

Your wrist watch has not been working for some days. You go to a watch-repairer. Write the dialogue
in about 80-100 words on what was exchanged between you two.

Watch-repairer (WR)
WR: Good morning, sir; how can I help you, sir?
Me: I wanted to get my watch repaired, as it is not working properly.
WR: Could you show me the watch, sir?
Me: Oh sure, here it is.
WR: When did you buy it, sir?
Me: Almost two years ago.
WR: Have you ever changed its battery sir?
Me: No, I don’t think so.
WR: Let me check its battery, sir. I guess it might be discharged.
(after a pause)
Oh,the battery is completely exhausted, and needs a replacement.
Me: Ok. Replace it. But be sure of the quality.
WR: You need not worry, sir. We sell quality products only.
Me: Ok.
(Later…)
WR: Here we go, sir. The watch is ready.
Me: Thank you. How much am I to pay?
WR: The battery itself costs 70 rupees. And 20 rupees as service charges, sir.
Me: Ok. Take the money.
WR: Thank you, sir. Please collect your receipt. Have a nice day, sir.

Newspaper report

CAMPAIGN AGAINST FEMALE FOETICIDE


YAMEEN MEER
Srinagar, August 5: In memory of thousands of girl children that Kashmir lost to female
foeticide over the last 10 years, students of Kashmir University and social activists
organized a candle light vigil at the Clock-tower here last night, and voiced their concern
over the skewed male-female ratio in the state.
A large number of people participated in the vigil and pledged their support to put an end
to the practice of sex-selective abortions. The students carried banners and posters
depicting the alarming trend of fewer numbers of females compared with their male
counterparts, and exhorted the society to join the movement.
Students of Sopore Degree College enacted a street play on the mindset of rural and
urban households, and the dangers of distorting the natural sex ratio.
The event was organized by an NGO ‘Save the Children’ to spread awareness about
female foeticide and the girl child’s right to live.

Write an e-mail to your friend living in London invite him on your wedding ceremony to be
held in september.

To: khurshid77@gmail.com

Cc: none

Subj invitation

Dear khushi
U wud be thrilled 2 know i m gettin married. It happened ol of a sudn. Anywz it
wud be osum if you come here on the day. It z fixt on sep 10. Do come plz.
Reply
Love you
Saleem

Write an email to your friend ,who has been ill, asking about his health and wishing him
better health.

To: nazirwani@rediffmail.com

Cc: <none>

Subj: hi
Dear nazir
Heard u are not feelin wel for some time. What actualy z da problm?
Do take care of ur helth. Wish u a speedy recovery. Lookin frwd to c u soon.
Take care
byeeee
Muzafar

Write an email to a friend who is in delhi congratulating him on his success in a professional
examination.

To: manzoor7@gmail.com

Cc: none

Subj: congratz

Dear mannu
Wow buddy wow!! U made us all proud. Am too excited. I knew u wud crack this test.
Congratz love. Keep it up. And be ready for the party. See u soon.
Take care
Byee
Yameen

Design a poster to aware the public of need for saving water.

DONT WASH YOUR CAR WITH RUNNING WATER,


USE BUCKET
....SAVE MORE THAN 500 LITRES

WAYS TO SAVE WATER:


• Dont use hose pipe to clean your driveway and sidewalk, use wet
mop
• Dont leave taps running while washing clothes, dishes, shaving or
brushing teeth
• Be concerned, stop or report all leakages
• Water plants with the water used for washing vegetables, fruits
etc.

Remember : EVERY DROP COUNTS

SAVE WATER CAMPAIGN PHE DIVISION SOPORE

You own a shop PETALS which is a garment shop. Design an attractive poster advertising a
discount of 50% on all the garments.
PETALS
A complete store of readymade garments

Offers 50% off


On

Gents’ wear/ Ladies’ wear/ Kids’ wear

RUSH...
Offer valid till 28 feb.
PETALS, 34 LAL CHOWK SRINAGAR -1900001

GOVT HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL SOPORE

is celebrating
ANNUAL DAY 2014

DATE: 20 Sept 2014


TIME: 11 a.m.
VENUE: school auditorium

CHIEF GUEST: CEO Baramulla

Entry restricted to students & parents

GOVT HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL SOPORE

REGAL APPLIANCES
SOPORE
Offers 30%OFF
ON
• WASHING MACHINES
• MICROWAVE OVEN
• LED’s

EXCHANGE OFFER
ON
• REFRIGIRATORS

OFFER VALID TILL 31 JULY


REGAL APPLIANCES 16-IQBAL MARKET SOPORE

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