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LECTURE 1
After this chapter, the student should be able to define the scope of
agro-industrial waste management. The specific learning outcomes
shall be the following:
▪ Areas:
Crop Production
Livestock Raising
Agricultural Marketing
1.1
PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE
▪ Socio-economic development
▪ PhP 700 billion average GDP contribution
(10.02% of national GDP) with 2.08% annual
growth
▪ USD 6,770 million worth of exports (11% of
total exports)
▪ 30 million hectares potential agricultural
lands (Briones, 2004)
▪ 11.21 million farmers and fishers (30.05% of
total labor force) feeding 100 million Filipinos
1.1
TOP EXPORTS
▪ Coconut oil
▪ Fresh bananas
▪ Tuna
▪ Pineapple and products
▪ Tobacco
▪ Desiccated coconut
▪ Seaweeds & carrageenan
▪ Centrifugal sugar
1.1
LAND USE
▪ 11.134 M out of 30 M ha of
potential agricultural lands
(Briones, 2004)
▪ By the year 2045, the
country’s population is
projected to be 142 million
based on a 1.9 percent
annual growth rate recorded
in 2010 census (Philippine
Statistics Authority, 2015).
1.1
GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS
(Dept. of Agriculture, 2014)
IMPORTANCE OF AGRO-INDUSTRIES
▪ 40.26% of GDP share from
industrial sector (33.4% of national
GDP)
▪ +1.9% national annual population
growth; 142 million population by
year 2045
▪ Significant global impact on socio-
economic development and
poverty reduction in both urban
and rural communities (UNFAO,
1999)
1.2
AGRO-INDUSTRIES DEFINED
▪ Agricultural manufacturing
▪ Cover all post-harvest operations till
the material reaches the desired
form, packaging, quantity, quality,
and price
▪ Fusion of industrial technology and
agricultural production
▪ Large scale
1.2
Raw Desired
Material Product
PROCESS
1.2
AGRO-INDUSTRIES DEFINED
▪ Food, beverages, and tobacco
▪ Non-food product
▪ Bioenergy
1.2
NON-FOOD PRODUCTS
- Paper and paper Wood and pulp
products
BIOENERGY
- Charcoal Wood
FOOD PROCESSING
▪ the conversion of raw food ingredients into marketable food
products using physical, chemical, and biological means, in
order to render convenience to consumers through easily
prepared and served food product options.
Raw
PRE-PROCESSING REFINING/PURIFICATION
Material
FOOD PROCESSING
▪ Pre-processing
consists of preparatory
operations, e.g. sorting,
cleaning, and size reduction in
order to meet the working
conditions of processing.
1.2
FOOD PROCESSING
▪ Pre-processing: Size reduction
➢ involves various mechanical
operations to decrease the bulk
volume of the ingredients for
better handling in succeeding
food processes that require a
desire size range for operation,
or surface area to increase the
effectiveness of processing
➢ material reduced vary in sizes
between coarse, intermediate,
and fine
1.2
FOOD PROCESSING
▪ Pre-processing: Size reduction
SIZE REDUCTION EQUIPMENT APPLICATION
Jaw Crushers
Uncommon to food
processes
Gyratory Crushers
1.2
FOOD PROCESSING
▪ Pre-processing: Size reduction
SIZE REDUCTION EQUIPMENT APPLICATION
INTERMEDIATE
(1 – 3 in.)
Sugarcane juice
Cone Crushers extraction,
production of
chocolate from
cacao, oil extraction
Roll Crushers from seeds
1.2
FOOD PROCESSING
▪ Pre-processing: Size reduction
SIZE REDUCTION EQUIPMENT APPLICATION
FOOD PROCESSING
▪ Refining / Purification
➢ removal of various
impurities from food
products to improve quality
such that of taste, nutritive
value, etc.
1.2
FOOD PROCESSING
▪ Storage and Preservation
➢ most important in food processing
➢ makes food products resistant to
drastic spoilage
➢ may be made by:
✓ thermal treatment
✓ freezing
✓ dehydration
✓ irradiation
✓ fermentation
1.2
FOOD PROCESSING
▪ Packaging
1.2
▪ Leather Manufacturing
▪ Pulp and Paper Production
▪ Textile Manufacturing
▪ Rubber Processing
▪ Surface-Coating Industry
▪ Perfume Production
▪ Soap and Detergent Industry
▪ Bioplastic Production
1.2
NON-FOOD PRODUCTS
MANUFACTURING
▪ Leather Manufacturing
✓leather making or leather tanning
✓preserving animal hides in the
manufacture of clothes, and
clothing accessories
✓one of the oldest process
✓involves a series pretreatment,
tanning, and crusting, in order to
refine the quality of the product,
and prolong its shelf life.
1.2
LEATHER MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
1.2
PRETREATMENT/HIDE PREPARATION
LEATHER TANNING
CRUSTING
1.2
PRETREATMENT/HIDE PREPARATION
removal of raw skin components
such as hair, unwanted flesh,
grease, and discoloration
1.2
LEATHER TANNING
either use of wood tannins, or by
chromium treatment
1.2
CRUSTING
a series of thinning, splitting and
dying in order to furnish leather
that is soft, yet durable for the
manufacture of various leather
products
1.2
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
Positive Negative
✓ Development for the ✓ Depletion of natural
good of the great resources
population ✓ Vast quantities of waste
✓ Needs of the people are ✓ Contamination of people
met at large and ecosystems with the
✓ Economic growth dispersion of toxic
✓ Opens opportunities for substances
globalization ✓ Cradle-to-grave model of
development
1.3
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
▪ Cradle-to-cradle model
▪ According to Dr. Karl-Henrik Robert (1989)
sustainable development can be attained by
preventing the ff.:
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
▪ Cradle-to-cradle model
▪ According to Dr. Karl-Henrik Robert (1989) sustainable
development can be attained by preventing the ff.:
SUSTAINABLE WASTE
MANAGEMENT
▪ consists of activities that aim to
protect the people and environment
from the risks of pollution
▪ comprehensive control on upstream
and downstream control of pollution
1.3
SOURCE REDUCTION
TREATMENT
SAFE
DISPOSAL