Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) Powering our future: Grant Covic

Inductive Power Transfer (IPT)
Powering our future
Grant Covic
Professors Grant Covic and John Boys

Power Electronics Research Group
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
The University of Auckland, New Zealand
What is Inductive Power
Transfer?

Copyright Auckland Uniservices Ltd. 2010
All Rights Reserved
Ampere and Faraday:

Founders of Electrical Engineering
• Michael Faraday:
– Discovered electricity could be
generated by mechanical machines.
• Andre-Marie Ampere:
– Proposed that magnetic fields and
electric currents must exist together.
• Electricity: the underpinning technology of our

society.
Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

All Rights Reserved
The Concept of IPT
I Ampère’s Law
Faraday’s Law
H
 It is a poor transformer
 But allows movement and tolerant of misalignment

All Rights Reserved
Light Bulb Demonstration

All Rights Reserved
Motivation – wires are messy
Wireless Power
All Rights Reserved
Motivation – wires are not secure

All Rights Reserved
Motivation – power to moving vehicles
• Galvanic isolation
• Unaffected by dirt, water, chemicals
• Particularly clean – producing no residues
• No trailing wires
• No sliding brushes
• Maintenance free

All Rights Reserved
Concept Design of an IPT System

Power Electronics
Modern Ferrites
Switched
Pick-up DC
Mode
Compensation Power
Controller
Litz Wire
3 Pick-up
Input Inductance
Power Supply
+ Output track conductor inductance
Compensation
I
Modern Microprocessor Controllers

All Rights Reserved
1990: Our first IPT System

Brushless DC Driving Motor
2mm Operating air-gap
 Alignment non critical

 No power regulation
 Maximum 1 trolley/track
 Large pick-up coil
 Low efficiency
But it worked!!!
100 pair telephone cables

All Rights Reserved
Prototype Comparison
Original System Daifuku Prototype
Power rating 1W 400 W

Efficiency <10% 85%
# of Carriers 1 3
Load 75 kg 250 kg
Speed 0.1 m/s 1 m/s
Track current 80A 80A
Track length 3m 25 m
Air-gap 2 mm 4 mm

All Rights Reserved
Our Situation:
• 15 month old toy system
• No appreciation of the inherent difficulties in
the task
• No idea about controllers or decoupling
• Had to produce a 3-trolley system in 4
months!

All Rights Reserved
Conceptual System Structure:

All Rights Reserved
Daifuku:
excellent partner eg monorail section

All Rights Reserved
1-metre length

All Rights Reserved
Pick-up development:
Wood and ferrite rods

All Rights Reserved
Cut toroidal cores

All Rights Reserved
ETD-49 System: Stage 1

All Rights Reserved

All Rights Reserved

All Rights Reserved
ETD-49 System: Completed

All Rights Reserved
Custom Ferrite Solution

All Rights Reserved
Custom Ferrite System Assembled

All Rights Reserved
Pick-up Mounted on Monorail

All Rights Reserved
Complete Pick-up System

All Rights Reserved
Complete Ramrun System

All Rights Reserved
Prototype Operation
Aluminum Monorail
Pick-up Coil
Ferrite E
Core
Track Wires
– Allows movement
– Tolerant of misalignment.
– Unaffected by the environment
Fundamentals of IPT

All Rights Reserved
Fundamentals of IPT
• There are two observables in an IPT System
• The Open Circuit voltage: VOC  jMI1
• The Short Circuit Current: I SC  I1M L2
• They cannot be observed at the same time.

All Rights Reserved
The Basic IPT Power Equation
2
M M 2
Su  jMI1  I1  j I1
L2 L2

All Rights Reserved
The Need for a Tuned Load
• To increase the power

• Tune at the track frequency
0  1 L2C  
I2 C I2
L2 L2
C V2 RL V2 RL
jωMI1 jωMI1
Parallel Tuned Series Tuned

Acts like a current source Acts like a voltage source

All Rights Reserved
The Effect of Tuning
• Tuning Boosts power by Q:

P  SuQ
• But Secondary VA:

VA  PQ
• But decreases bandwidth by Q:
BW   Q
• Reflected impedance onto the track is:
• Load dependant
• Tuning dependant
All Rights Reserved
The Effect of Tuning:

Power boost & Bandwidth
Parallel tuned example V2
I2 I2 Vmax
Vmax 2
L2 BW
C V2 RL Isc L2 C V2 RL
jωMI1
0.00
0 log()
1000
Z
Maximum power point
1
Isc s
C2
V2  Isc Z  V2 s  
Isc Q
 Isc 0 L 2Q  QVoc
1 1
s2  s 0
C0
R LC L2C
1 L
Q  0 2
c.f. with second order band-pass filter 0CR L RL

H0 0 s
H s  
Q

s 2  0 s  0 2
BW   Q
Q
All Rights Reserved
Power Fundamentals
• Tuned power is dependent on:

– Frequency
– Track current
– Magnetic Coupling
– Secondary Tuning Factor
2
M
P  SuQ  I
2
1 Q
L2

All Rights Reserved
For increased Power:
• Operate at a higher frequency

– 60Hz to 30kHz gives 500 x more power
– IPT is impractical at utility frequencies!
• Increase the coupling

– Elegant solution. Creative!
• Increase Q
– Q > 5 is difficult to maintain
• Increase I1
– Use a larger hammer! More cost, less efficient.

All Rights Reserved
Our first Practical IPT System
• Developed for Daifuku

• Agreed minimum specification
• Huge control problem unknown at the start
• Became the cornerstone of their business.
• Technology called RAMRUN-HID

All Rights Reserved
Early supplies & instabilities
• Early power supplies

had a significant
control problem
• The supply frequency

varies with changes in
– Track L1
– Tuning capacitor C1.

All Rights Reserved
Bifurcation:
With variable frequency supplies
• For stability:
total load power x Q < the track VA.
Light Load Heavy Load

All Rights Reserved
The Effect of Tuning:

Reflected impedance
Series tuned C I2 Load Impedance based on tuning
 R eq series tuned
L2 
V2 RL Z L   R eq  L2
 Q2  1  j parallel tuned
jωMI1
 Q 1
2
Reflected impedance to track

Parallel tuned
I2
L2
C V2 RL
jωMI1
Parallel tuned reflected impedance at resonance
M2
Z ro  Z r (  o )  2  R  jo L2 
L2
All Rights Reserved
A Decoupling Controller
• Controls and helps prevents bifurcation
 8RL
  2 (1  D)
2
inductive filter
R eq  2
Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz  R 2
All Rights Reserved
Research Goals
 Eliminate Wires
 Make IPT systems
universally available
– Lower cost
– Higher power
– More versatile
 Develop the science of IPT
– Reduce to engineering practice
– Develop standards
 Increase the applications
– Home use M 2
– Medical P  SuQ  I12 Q

L2
– Disability aids

All Rights Reserved
The Power Supply

All Rights Reserved
Power Supplies today:

Single phase
Single phase IPT dynamic controller
105 106 107 109
Ø
Fuse
[H]
108
N 103
102 104
E 101
Line filter
50Hz envelope
Track current
110
20kHz IPT power signal

All Rights Reserved
Power Supplies today:

3-phase
Three phase IPT dynamic controller

505 506 507 509
R
Y [H]
508
B 503
502 504
pick-up coil
E 501
Frequency
switching
511
601
3 phase line filter
Frequency 510
Measurement

All Rights Reserved
The Pick-up Regulator

All Rights Reserved
Other Decoupling Controllers
• Series tuned
• Unity Power Factor (LCL)

All Rights Reserved
Control Characteristics
Basic Equations
Power in terms of Q
M2
P  I1
2
Q
L2
Power in terms of D
M 
P  I1  Vo (1  D)
2 2 L2
What is the best controller switching frequency?

All Rights Reserved
Effect of Switching Frequency
100Hz Switching 15kHz Switching
70 70
60 60
Output Power (W)

Output Power (W)
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Duty Cycle (%) Duty Cycle (%)
50kHz Switching 100kHz Switching
70 70
60 60
Output Power (W)

Output Power (W)
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Duty Cycle (%) Duty Cycle (%)

All Rights Reserved
Transient Response at 30 kHz

Controller Switching Frequency:
Step response (D =0.50)
 The damping factor is very low

 Avoid resonating LDC with AC tuning C2
All Rights Reserved
The Magnetics

All Rights Reserved
System Coupling
• Closely coupled
– Transformer
– Induction Motor
• System Coupling Factor
M
k
L1 L2
k typically > 0.98

All Rights Reserved
IPT Systems
• Loosely coupled: k  0.05

– Supply Current sourced
• Independent secondaries
• Efficiency high under load (0 at no load)
– Often no primary core
– Secondary can move
Tuned Switched-
Pickup Mode
Controller
DC
power
3 Pickup
L2 Inductance
Input
Power
Supply track conductor inductance = L1
I1

All Rights Reserved
System Coupling
Individual k very low < 0.05
k typically < 0.5
Primary recessed in floor: flat pick-ups

Individual k < 0.1
k n  nk
Rail mounted systems: E-core
All Rights Reserved
Understanding Coupling
M
k
• k is a system co-efficient L1 L2
• doesn’t fairly represent how good the pick-up is
• Kappa looks at coupling without leakage
Secondary Secondary
Compen- Power Load
sation Control
leakage leakage
L2
VLF Primary
Utility M
Power Compen-
Supply
Supply sation
Elongated Track L1

All Rights Reserved
Improving the Magnetic Design

ФB-A
ФL2-A
ФL2-A ФL2-B
ФlA ФlA ФlB
Track Track Track Track

Conductor A Conductor B Conductor A Conductor B
(excited) (not excited) (excited) (excited)
 c{ A}   L 2 A   c{B A}   c{lA}
 c{ B  A}
ICCF 
 c{ A}
Problem: Flux Cancellation in E-Pick-up

All Rights Reserved
Pickup design: E to S Core
Solution: remove the Flux Cancellation Path

All Rights Reserved
Pickup design: S Core

no cancelation path but more difficult to use
Solution: remove the Flux Cancellation Path

All Rights Reserved
Pick-up Design: FEM Analysis
S-pickup on ICPT track

All Rights Reserved
Coils added to ferrites

I=80A
f=10kHz
Coil current densities (short circuit)

All Rights Reserved
Uncompensated power – comparison

VOC( rms)  N  Bave.( rms)  AB   
S-Pickup E-Pickup
J ave.( rms)  AI 
I SC ( rms) 
N Voc (rms) 35.7 V 20.1 V
Isc (rms) 4.4 A 4.0 A
Su  VOC( rms)  I SC ( rms)
Su 158.5 VA 80.8 VA
S-pickup is composed of the same amount of ferrite

IPT Track Applications

All Rights Reserved
State of the Art Examples

Selected Commercial Licensees of Auckland Uniservices
• Daifuku Factory automation (AFA)

• Daifuku Clean room (eFA)
• Conductix-Wampfler floor systems
• 3I Innovations - Traffic systems
These applications would not exist without the research

done at The University of Auckland

All Rights Reserved
Factory Automation
•100m Sections
•10 trolleys @ 750W
• AGV 3kW
• Batteries
• V 30mm
• L +/- 30mm
Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz Daifuku: HID Automotive & AGVs

All Rights Reserved
Factory Automation:
Skillets Hoists and AGVs
Daifuku HID

All Rights Reserved
Electronic Factory Automation
Daifuku: Clean Room Systems

All Rights Reserved
Materials Handling: Floor Conveying System

Engine Assembly Lines
AUDI and BMW

Germany
• 58 vehicles
• Track length ~ 2 x 180m
•1.5 kW per vehicle for
drive lift & swivel motors • 35 vehicles
• Track length ~ 150 m
Conductix-Wampfler: IPT Track
All Rights Reserved
Materials Handling: Floor Conveying System

BMW, Germany
• 15 vehicles
• 6.6 kW each
• Track length ~75 m
Conductix-Wampfler: IPT Track

All Rights Reserved
Roadway Lighting
Tunnel (Sydney Australia)
Tunnel (Wellington NZ)
3I Innovations Roadway Systems Double left turn (Illinois USA)

IPT Roadway Applications

All Rights Reserved
The Arguments …
are not simply stationary or moving

All Rights Reserved
Real and Perceived Problems
The need to plug-in represents one of the greatest

challenges to creating a SAFE, convenient and cost
effective EV infrastructure...

All Rights Reserved
Core Advantages
SAFETY EASE OF USE

• Wireless transfer is safe • No plugging or unplugging
• Does not harm humans or animals (meets cert.) • Cannot get dirty from cord
• Removes electrocution danger • Select charging & data options without leaving car
• Cannot corrode/short circuit • Don’t need to brave weather to activate charging
• No tripping hazard • Auto charging (can’t forget to plug in)
• High Power Transfer (10kW) • Fast & slow charging with one system
• Double Isolated

All Rights Reserved
Core Advantages
DURABILITY AESTHETICS
• No moving parts • Doesn’t damage historic city aesthetics
• Extremely rugged and tough • Avoids unnecessary street clutter
• Waterproof, weatherproof • Maintains precious footpath area
• Impervious to chemicals, debris • Eyesore of overhead cables is removed
• Low profile, crash-safe • Provides a subtle branding option for networks
• Vandal-proof, theft-proof
• No cord to steal or unplug

Overview of a Stationary
Charging System

The University of Auckland
All Rights Reserved
How it Works with Electric Vehicles

All Rights Reserved

• Power supply
• Transmitter

All Rights Reserved

• Power supply
• Transmitter
• Magnetic field
• Receiver
• Data Transmission

All Rights Reserved

• Power supply
• Transmitter
• Magnetic field
• Receiver
• Controller
• Battery

All Rights Reserved

• Power supply
• Transmitter
• Magnetic field
• Receiver
• Controller
• Battery
• User Interface

All Rights Reserved

• Power supply
• Transmitter
• Magnetic field
• Receiver
• Controller
• Battery
• User Interface
• Multiple transmitters

Development of Stationary
Applications

All Rights Reserved
Commercial
Inductive Chargers

All Rights Reserved
EV1 Battery Charger:

Charging Paddle system

All Rights Reserved
200W Shopping Basket Chargers
Charging Station
Power pad sited under trolley
Charging Mat in Walmart USA

IPT powered shopping baskets

All Rights Reserved
200W Shopping Basket Chargers
Charging Station
Power pad sited under trolley
Charging Mat in Walmart USA

IPT powered shopping baskets

All Rights Reserved
20kW Bus Charge Whakarewarewa

Rotorua Charging Bay
• Series resonant supply
• Charging bays
– Rapid charging
– Computer controlled
– 20kW charge 7min/20min
• 3kW pick-ups
– 10 per vehicle
– 5 vehicles
Conductix- Wampfler: operated 1997-2007

All Rights Reserved
State of the Art

• Primary side control and Hydraulic levitation
– Communications system required
– Only application for 1 to 1 application
Conductix-Wampfler: Charging- discontinuous power transfer

All Rights Reserved
State of the Art
30kW Pickup
3kW Pickup
• 20% Duty Cycle

• 300/600V Output
• Nom. Distance to Ground: 30mm
• Tolerances: H/L +/-50mm; V +/-10mm
• IP 67 -20°C / +50°C
• 70 kg, 1025 x 875 x 61mm
Conductix- Wampfler: Charging Pick-ups
All Rights Reserved
30-60kW Bus Charging Genoa, Porto Antico
• 3 buses each with 56 x 6V Batteries

• Charging 60kW for 10 minutes/hour
Conductix-Wampfler: released 2000

All Rights Reserved
State of the Art Weil-am-Rhein
Pickups
Primary Coils
Energy Supply (Current)
Cooling System (Water)
Conductix-Wampfler: 60kw Charging station

All Rights Reserved
60kW Bus Charge Genoa, Porto Antico
Lowering Mechanism for

Pickup (customer)
Supporting Frame
for Pickup M
30 mm (max)
Conductix-Wampfler: released 2000

A working EV Charger using
Inductive Pads

All Rights Reserved
Power Pad - Development

All Rights Reserved
Power Pad - Requirements
• Robust
• Thin and Light
• Cost effective & efficient
• Excellent coupling with low leakage
– meets human exposure limits to magnetic fields
• Scalable for cars, trucks or buses
– Ground clearance is vehicle dependent and varies
over time (suspension, loading etc.)
– Horizontal tolerance – allows unassisted parking

All Rights Reserved
Early 1kW UPF Charger

1kW (PF=0.998)
Vac Mains
Iac Mains
VO Load
IO Load
Battery Charger Pick-up
All Rights Reserved
Power Pad - Construction
420mm Diameter Power Pad

All Rights Reserved
2kW IPT Charger at EVS24
Vehicle
controller
Pick-up: 2-5kW Power Pad
Charger: 2kW single phase supply 220mm airgap

All Rights Reserved
Improving the Magnetic Design

All Rights Reserved
A New 3.5kW IPT Charger

Vehicle
controller
400mm
air-gap
Controlled Charging: 2kW from single phase supply

All Rights Reserved
2kW Charging
Vehicle
controller
400mm airgap
Pick-up: 2-5kW Power Pad

Exploring the freedom of
roadway power

All Rights Reserved
Brief Overview of Roadway IPT
• 1894 (Fr) – Hutin & Le Blanc (proposed power to rail conductors)

• 1974 (NZ) – Otto (series resonant system for buses)
• 1975 (US) – Bolger (Inductive roadway switched loops)
• 1982-1992 (US) – Santa Barbara project (Guided roadway)
1991 Lechner et.al. add improved magnetic design
• 1989-92 (US) – Mushachio (proposes contact roadway)
• 1992 (US) – Klontz (mining vehicles with coaxial clamp)
• 1994 (NZ) – Boys and Green (bipolar track & multiple receivers)
• 1995 (JP) – Sato (Meander tracks)
• 1997 (DE) – Meins (early multiphase tracks)
• 2003 (NZ) – Covic & Boys
(multiphase track & receivers - unguided roadway)

All Rights Reserved
1982 – Santa Barbara Project
• Pick-up 1m wide, 4.3m long (750Kg pickup & controller),

lowered to 3 inches height (7.5cm)
• Capacitive compensation switched to regulate power and
variable tuning

All Rights Reserved
1992 - Klontz
• Coaxial coupling for railed vehicles and EV’s

• 2kHz, 500A track
• Ideally 100kW transfer possible

All Rights Reserved
1994 – Boys and Green
• Disney project
• Bipolar track
• Multiple Pickups
• Good tolerance

All Rights Reserved
1996 - Sato
• Multiple primary coils or

meander configuration
• Selectively excited
• improved tolerance

Options for Single Phase
Tracks

All Rights Reserved
Single Phase Vehicle: Flat pick-ups
Traditional Single phase Flat Pick-ups
10 10
Uncompensated Power [Su]

8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
Distance fromTrack Centre (mm) Distance from Track Centre (mm)
Flat-E Simple Flat

Su  Voc I sc
All Rights Reserved
Commercial Flat-E Pick-ups
F-Abnehmer
Pickups
*
Speiseleiter
(Hin- und Rüc kleitung)
*
Üblicher Wert für Einbaumittellage, Um die Energieübertragung möglichst
bitte spezifische Toleranzbereiche effizient zu gestalten, d.h. arm an Um-
der Abnehmer beachten ! gebungsverlusten, empfehlen wir den
eingezeichneten Raum frei von ferro-
magnetischen Werkstoffen zu halten.
Continuous Power transfer Pickup Regulators

All Rights Reserved
Existing AGV’s and Robots
5
0
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
Distance fromTrack Centre (mm)
Precision alignment required for power transfer

All Rights Reserved
Improving Lateral
Tolerance

All Rights Reserved
Quadrature Pick-ups
Uncompensated Power for Horizontal Coil Uncompensated Power for Vertical Coil
140 140
120
Power (W)
120
Power (W)
100 100
80 80
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
-150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 -150 -130 -110 -90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150
Pickup Displacement (mm) Pickup Displacement (mm)
VERTICAL FLUX
HORIZONTAL FLUX VERTICAL FLUX
Multiphase (Quadrature) Pick-ups

All Rights Reserved
Quadrature Pick-ups
900
800
PICKUP
Power (W)
700
600 Specified Power Vertical +
Vertical Coil
500 Horizontal
400
300 Horizontal Coil
200
100 Specified Range
0
-150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150
Pickup Displacement (mm)

CONTROLLER
Adds significant lateral tolerance

(125A, 20kHz)

All Rights Reserved
Improved Quadrature Pick-ups:

Change Magnetic Shape
Ferrite removed to accommodate the horizontal coil

All Rights Reserved
Improved Quadrature pick-ups:

Added series compensation
LDC
RL
L2V C2V S CDC
C2SH
L2H C2PH

Options with Multiphase Tracks

All Rights Reserved
Three Phase Control
A+
LCL Network
C-
3-phase B+
DC Input inverter LCL Network A-
C+
LCL Network B-
Control 3-phase 3-phase Isolating

DC Input Transformer & LCL Track
Circuit inverter
Network
Open-
Circuit
Protection
Control
Circuit

All Rights Reserved
Example toy systems
Multiphase tracks allow the freedom of a road lane

All Rights Reserved
3-phase tracks vs. Meander

Identical number track wires and current
• 80mm (3 phase) vs. 100mm separation meander

• Both have 40A/phase
• Three phase more than 3-4 times better (at centre)
• Similar lateral tolerance
All Rights Reserved
Two Phase Tracks with Quadratrure
125A/phase, 20kHz
Power profiles using quadrature pickups

All Rights Reserved
Multiphase Tracks with Ferrite
9.5
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
Psu (kVA)
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
2850 3350 3850 4350
Offset along track (mm)
0mm 100mm 200mm 300mm 400mm
240A/phase, 20kHz, 20cm height

A Possible Future

All Rights Reserved
The Vision
Vehicle lane Vehicle lane
Pad Pad Pad Pad Pad Pad Pad Pad Pad Pad Pad Pad Pad Pad Pad Pad
IPT Track IPT Track IPT Track IPT Track
Power Power
Power Power Supply Supply
Supply Supply cabinet cabinet
cabinet cabinet
100m
200m

All Rights Reserved
The Vision

All Rights Reserved
The Future
IPT applications are

limited only by our thinking

All Rights Reserved
Questions?

Язык

Добро пожаловать в Scribd!

Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) Powering our future: Grant Covic

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Дата загрузки

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Описание:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) Powering our future: Grant Covic

Оригинальное название:

Загружено:

Описание:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Похожие издания

Inductive Power Transfer (IPT)

Powering our future

Professors Grant Covic and John Boys

Professors Grant Covic and John Boys

Ampere and Faraday:

• Electricity: the underpinning technology of our

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

The Concept of IPT

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

Light Bulb Demonstration

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

Motivation – wires are messy

Motivation – wires are not secure

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

Motivation – power to moving vehicles

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

Concept Design of an IPT System

Modern Microprocessor Controllers

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

1990: Our first IPT System

 Alignment non critical

100 pair telephone cables

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

Power rating 1W 400 W

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

Conceptual System Structure:

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

Cut toroidal cores

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

ETD-49 System: Stage 1

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

ETD-49 System: Stage 2

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

ETD-49 System: Stage 3

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

ETD-49 System: Completed

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

Custom Ferrite Solution

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

Custom Ferrite System Assembled

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

Pick-up Mounted on Monorail

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

Complete Pick-up System

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

Complete Ramrun System

Contacts: j.boys@auckland.ac.nz or ga.covic@auckland.ac.nz

Professors Grant Covic and John Boys

• There are two observables in an IPT System

• The Open Circuit voltage: VOC  jMI1

• The Short Circuit Current: I SC  I1M L2

• They cannot be observed at the same time.