Wind Load

Based on SNI 1727:2013 / ASCE 7-10

Ryan R. Setiadi, ST
Main Parts of a Structure in Wind Load

• Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWRS)

An assemblage of structural elements assigned to provide

support and stability for the overall structure. The system
generally receives wind load from more than one surface.
ASCE Chapter 27.

• Components and Cladding (C & C)

Elements of the building envelope that do not qualify as part of
the main wind force -resisting system. ASCE Chapter 30.
 Basic Wind Pressure equation
The basic form of the pressure equation:

p = q [G Cp – (G Cpi)]
Internal
pressure (see
Where next slide)
– p = a wind pressure on a surface
– q = velocity pressure. This is the pressure due to a moving fluid on a flat
plate
– G = gust factor. The gust factor accounts for dynamic interaction between
the flowing air and the structure
– C = pressure coefficient. The pressure coefficient accounts for varying
pressure across a surface.
 Location of Pressure
• ASCE 7 provides means for computing forces on various
surfaces.
– The building envelope surfaces experience pressure on
both sides (i.e. external and internal).
Internal pressure are
only happen if building
enclosed classification
are partial enclose or
enclosed
 Enclosed classification

Must Consider Internal

Pressure
Internal Pressure
 Internal Pressure Coefficients, ( GCpi )

• Internal pressure is fairly easy because the air is relatively stagnant

and the shape of the structure does not affect it’s magnitude.

• As gusting is not a concern internally, the gust factor and the pressure
coefficient are combined.
– (GCpi )
• The magnitude of the internal pressure coefficient is strictly dependent
on the enclosure classification.

• The pressure can be both positive or negative (i.e. suction) depending

on the direction of the wind relative to opening for partially enclosed
or enclosed buildings.
– Both internal pressures must be considered.
Internal Pressure Coefficients, ( GCpi )
 External Pressure Coefficients, Cp

• As external surfaces are subject to “flowing” air, the pressure varies

considerably on the building surface depending on structural configuration
and direction of the wind.

• Coefficients also depend on whether the resulting forces are to be used to

design/analyze:
– Main Wind-Force Resisting Systems
– Components & Cladding
 The Gust Factor, G

• Factor accounting for:

– Gustiness and turbulence
– Gust frequency
– Gust size
• Integral scale longitudinal and lateral
– Frequency of structure
– Structural damping
– Aerodynamic admittance
– Gust correlation
 The Gust Factor, G

• For stiff buildings and stiff structures

– G = 0.85

• For flexible buildings and other structures

– Calculate “by a rational analysis that
incorporates the dynamic properties of the main
wind-force resisting system.”

Must calculate Gust Factor for flexible

building with frequency < 1 herz
 Velocity Pressure
• qz =Velocity Pressure = 0.613 x Kz x Kzt x Kd x V 2 (N/m2)

– Constant 0.613
– V = Basic wind speed in m/s
– Kz = Exposure Coefficient
– Kzt = Topographical Factor
– Kd = Wind Directionality Factor
 Wind Speed

There is no wind map in Indonesia, based on TPKB consensus

in Jakarta, wind speed can be taken by Vs = 39.1 m/s for
strength design and Vs = 32 m/s for serviceability design.

HB 212-2002 Design Wind Speeds for the Asia-Pacific Region

report from AS/NZS recommend to used Vs = 32 m/s for
serviceability design and Vs = 40 m/s for ultimate design in
Indonesia region.
Exposure Coefficient (Kz)

Exposure
Category
(see next
slide)

ASCE 7-10 PAGE

250 for MWRS
(Structure)

ASCE 7-10 PAGE

317 for C&C
Kz factor are dependent
of height about ground
 Exposure Category

Exposure A: This exposure Exposure B: Urban and

category does not exist in the Exposure C: Open terrain
suburban areas, wooded
hurricane prone region of with scatter obstructions.
areas, areas with many
the country. Deleted since Airports, areas that are
closely spaced obstructions.
ASCE 7-02 generally flat open country.
In jakarta, we used this
exposure category
 Exposure Category

Exposure D: Flat,
unobstructed areas and water
surfaces outside hurricane
prone regions
Topographical Factor, Kzt
Only if this
condition apply,
otherwise used
Kzt = 1.0
Topographical Factor, Kzt
Topographical Factor, Kzt

ASCE 7-10 page

252
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd

ASCE
PAGE
250 !!!
Example 1 Wind Load Calculation
10 m

Building type : Multi Million Business Office

Location : Jakarta, Indonesia
Dimension : 10 m x 6 m floor plan, with 30 m
height

30 m Find wind load for structure and component

cladding (C&C)
General
Step by step
Note :
for risk category,
usually only used 1.0
factor
Wind speed used 39.1
m/s
Example 1 Concrete Building
10 m Find velocity pressure :

qz =Velocity Pressure = 0.613 x Kz x Kzt x Kd x V2 (N/m2)

Step 1, find V
Strength design V = 39.1 m/s

30 m
Step 2, find Kzt
Building definitely not in hill, ridges, or
escarpment, used Kzt = 1.0
Example 1 Concrete Building
10 m Find velocity pressure :

qz =Velocity Pressure = 0.613 x Kz x Kzt x Kd x V2 (N/m2)

Step 3, find Kd :

30 m

ASCE
PAGE
250 !!!
Used kd = 0.85
both for
structural load
and C&C
Example 1 Concrete Building
10 m Find velocity pressure :

qz =Velocity Pressure = 0.613 x Kz x Kzt x Kd x V2 (N/m2)

Step 4, find Kz
Used Exposure Class B

30 m
Kz for Structure

ASCE
PAGE
261 !!!
Kz for Component & Cladding

ASCE
PAGE
317 !!!
Example 1 Concrete Building
10 m Find velocity pressure :

qz =Velocity Pressure = 0.613 x Kz x Kzt x Kd x V2 (N/m2)

qz = 0.613 x Kz x 1.0 x 0.85 x 39.1^2

qz = 796.5 x Kz

30 m

Used different
Kz for every
elevation
Example 1 Concrete Building
10 m

30 m
Example 1 Concrete Building
10 m Next find wind load :

p = q [G Cp – (G Cpi)]

Step 1, find Gust factor (G)

Assumed G = 0.85 in this example, otherwise
calculate gust factor in ASCE 7-10 Chapter 26.9
30 m (need to find structural period first)
Example 1 Concrete Building
10 m Next find wind load :

p = q [G Cp – (G Cpi)]

Step 2, find internal pressure coef (G Cpi)

30 m
Example 1 Concrete Building
10 m Next find wind load :

p = q [G Cp – (G Cpi)]

Step 2, find external pressure coef (Cp) for MWRS

(NEXT SLIDE)

30 m
Next
Slide

ASCE
PAGE
267 !!!
 Leeward wall

Windward
wall

Side wall
Example 1 Concrete Building
10 m Next find wind load :

p = q [G Cp – (G Cpi)]

Step 2, find external pressure coef (Cp) for MWRS

For wall pressure :

30 m
Example 1 Concrete Building
10 m Next find wind load :

p = q [G Cp – (G Cpi)]

Step 2, find external pressure coef (Cp) for MWRS

For roof pressure :

30 m
Roof pressure coefficients, Cp, with the wind normal to
the 10 m face For h/L = 30/6 = 5 > 1.0, and < 10°, two
zones are specified in ASCE 7-10 Fig. 27.4-1 of the
Standard (red box next slide)
ASCE
PAGE
267 !!!
Example 1 Concrete Building
10 m Next find wind load :

p = q [G Cp – (G Cpi)]

Step 2, find external pressure coef (Cp) for MWRS

For roof pressure :

30 m
First value 0 to h/2, Cp = -1.3 and h/2 to h, Cp = -0.7
Second value Cp = -0.18 from 0 to h (not show here)
Example 1 Concrete Building
10 m Next find wind load :

p = q [G Cp – (G Cpi)]

Step 2, find external pressure coef (Cp) for MWRS

For roof pressure :

30 m
Roof pressure coefficients, Cp, with the wind normal to
the 6 m face are shown in following Table. For h/L =
30/10 = 3 > 1.0, and < 10°, same like wind normal to 10
m face.
Example 1 Concrete Building
10 m Next find wind load :

p = q [G Cp – (G Cpi)]

Step 3, Wind Load for structure (MWRS)

Next slide

30 m
Wind load to building Unit N/m2
structure
illustration load for case
max pressure Negative pressure
730 mean wind pressure
N/m2 327 away from building
N/m2 face

678
N/m2

Wind Load to
6 m face

149 N/m2

451
N/m2

10 m
WIND DESIGN LOAD
CASE FOR MWRS
WIND DESIGN LOAD
CASE ILLUSTRATION
Example 1 Concrete Building
10 m Next find wind load :

p = q [(G Cp) – (G Cpi)]

Step 4, find external pressure coef (GCp) for C&C

ASCE have different Cp for several case in C&C

30 m
Part 1. Low Rise Building
Part 2. Low Rise Building (Simplified)
Part 3. Building with h > 18.3 m
Part 4. Building with h < 18.3 m
Only part 3 are show here
Example 1 Concrete Building
10 m Next find wind load :

p = q [(G Cp) – (G Cpi)]

For wall and roof, used Figure 30.6-1 ASCE 7-10 page
348
(Next Slide)
30 m
 Location
number for simplification, this example
only used min value

for simplification, this example

only used max value
Pressure Coefficient
WIND LOAD FOR C&C
WIND LOAD FOR C&C
WIND LOAD FOR C&C
Example 2 – Warehouse Metal Building

25 m
5m

10 m

100 m
25 m

25 m
50 m
Example 2 – Warehouse Metal Building

Building type : Warehouse

Location : Banten, Indonesia
Wind speed : 39.1 m/s
Exposure category : Type C

Find wind load for structure (MFWRS)

Example 2 – Warehouse Metal Building
Find velocity pressure :

qz =Velocity Pressure = 0.613 x Kz x Kzt x Kd x V2 (N/m2)

Step 1, find V
Strength design V = 39.1 m/s

Step 2, find Kzt

Building definitely not in hill, ridges, or
escarpment, used Kzt = 1.0

Step 3, find Kd

ASCE
PAGE
250 !!!
Example 2 – Warehouse Metal Building
Find velocity pressure :

qz =Velocity Pressure = 0.613 x Kz x Kzt x Kd x V2 (N/m2)

qz = 0.613 x Kz x 1.0 x 0.85 x 39.1^2

qz = 796.5 x Kz

for simplified calculation because this building are low rise,

we will used only single value of Kz. Find Kz based on
Table 28.3-1 note 1.

'If h < 4.6 m then: Kh = 2.01*(15/zg)^(2/a)

'If h >= 4.6 m then: Kh = 2.01*(z/zg)^(2/a)

A and zg taken from Table 26.9-1

z = mean roof height = 10+5/2 = 12.5 m

Kz = Kh = 2.01*(z/zg)^(2/a)

Kz = 1.05

So, qz = 796.5 x Kz = 836 N/m2

Example 2 – Warehouse Metal Building
Next find wind load :

p = q [G Cp – (G Cpi)]

Step 1, find Gust factor (G)

Used 0.85 in this example
Example 2 – Warehouse Metal Building
Next find wind load :

p = q [G Cp – (G Cpi)]

Step 2, find internal pressure coef (G Cpi)

 Example 2 – Warehouse Metal Building
Next find wind load :

p = q [G Cp – (G Cpi)]

Step 2, find external pressure coef (Cp) for MWRS

For this case, we will used envelope procedure
(Section 28) that only applied to enclosed and
partially enclosed low rise building.
Requirement to used this procedure :
1. The building is a regular-shaped building or
structure as defined in section 26.2.

2. Low rise building

Mean roof height (h) = 10 + 5/2 = 12.5 m < 18 m
Ratio h/B = 10/50 < 1.0
Ratio h/L = 10/100 < 1.0
Condition satisfied
 ASCE
PAGE
Used interpolation for our case, angle = tan^-1(5/25) = 11.3 degree 301 !!!
Example 2 – Warehouse Metal Building
Next find wind load :

p = q [G Cp – (G Cpi)]

Step 2, find external pressure coef (Cp) for MWRS

Example 2 – Warehouse Metal Building

Wind load MWFRS:

p = q [G Cp – (G Cpi)]
Example 3 – Wind Load Reaction For Vessel Foundation Design
(Other Structures)
Example 3 – Wind Load Reaction For Vessel Foundation Design
Example 3 – Wind Load Reaction For Vessel Foundation Design
Example 3 – Wind Load Reaction For Vessel Foundation Design
Example 3 – Wind Load Reaction For Vessel Foundation Design
Example 3 – Wind Load Reaction For Vessel Foundation Design
Example 3 – Wind Load Reaction For Vessel Foundation Design

ASCE 7-10 table

26.6 page 250

ASCE 7-10 table

27.3-1 page 261
Example 3 – Wind Load Reaction For Vessel Foundation Design

ASCE 7-10 table

29.5-1 page 312
Example 3 – Wind Load Reaction For Vessel Foundation Design
Example 3 – Wind Load Reaction For Vessel Foundation Design
Summary Wind Load on Pier
Summary Wind Load on Pier
END OF THIS PRESENTATION