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CHEMISTRY
FORM 4
PORTFOLIO:
u S l i A i
D
: The Su hur
Ac
H2SO4
u M S l i A i , H2S 4 I I s
Su hur
c ac
produced from suphur, oxygen and waer v
a he conven
ona Conac
Process (DCDA) or he We Suphur
c Ac
d Process (WSA).
c Co P o ss (DCDA)
F
gure: Manufacure Of H2SO4 In Indusry Conac Process
In he f
rs sep, suphur
s burned o produce suphur d
ox
de.
mc S (s) + O2 (g) ĺ SO2 (g)
Th
s
s hen ox
d
'ed o suphur r
ox
de us
ng oxygen
n he presence of a vanad
um (V)
ox
de caays.
mc 2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 SO3 (g) (
n presence of V2O5)
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u 2 Ammo i
D
agram: The Ammon
a NH3
cP si l P o i s
ëc Ammon
a
s a coouress gas.
ëc I has a pungen odour w
h and an a a
ne or soapy ase. When
nhaed suddeny,
br
ngs ears
no he eyes.
ëc I
s
gher han a
r and
s herefore coeced by he downward d
spacemen of a
r.
ëc I
s h
ghy soube
n waer: One voume of waer d
ssoves abou 1300 voumes of
ammon
a gas. I
s due o
s h
gh soub
y
n waer ha he gas canno be coeced
over waer.
ëc I can be eas
y
uef
ed a room emperaure by appy
ng a pressure of abou 8-10
amosphere.
ëc L
u
d ammon
a bo
s a 239.6 K (- 33.5°C) under one amosphere pressure. I has a
h
gh aen hea of vapor
'a
on (1370 J per gram) and
s herefore used
n
refr
gera
on pans of
ce mak
ng mach
nes.
ëc L
u
d ammon
a free'es a 195.3 K (-77.8°C) o g
ve a wh
e crysa
ne so
d.
cC mi l P o i s
The ammon
a moecue has a r
gona pyram
da shape w
h a bond ange of 107.8° as
shown above, as pred
ced by he vaence she eecron pa
r repus
on heory (VSEPR). The
cenra n
rogen aom has f
ve ouer eecrons w
h an add
ona eecron from each hydrogen
aom. Th
s g
ves a oa of e
gh eecrons, or four eecron pa
rs wh
ch are arranged
erahedray. Three of hese eecron pa
rs are used as bond pa
rs, wh
ch eaves one one pa
r
of eecrons. The one pa
r of eecrons repe more srongy han bond pa
rs, herefore he
bond ange
s no 109.5° as expeced for a reguar erahedra arrangemen, bu
s measured a
107.8°.
The n
rogen aom
n he moecue has a one eecron pa
r, wh
ch makes ammon
a a
base, a proon accepor. Th
s shape g
ves he moecue a d
poe momen and makes
poar.
The moecue's poar
y and, espec
ay,
s ab
y o form hydrogen bonds, mak
ng ammon
a
h
ghy m
sc
be w
h waer. Ammon
a
s moderaey bas
c, a 1.0 M aqueous sou
on has a pH
of 11.6 and
f a srong ac
d
s added o such a sou
on un
he sou
on
s neura (pH = 7),
99.4% of he ammon
a moecues are proonaed. Temperaure and sa
n
y aso affec he
propor
on of NH4+. The aer has he shape of a reguar erahedron and
s
soeecron
c w
h
mehane. I
s known o have he h
ghes spec
f
c hea capac
y of any subsance.
u22 T M NHu I I s
Ammon
a NH3
s manufacured
n
ndusr
es hrough he Haber Process wh
ch comb
nes he
n
rogen gas N2 from a
r w
h hydrogen gas H2 der
ved ma
ny from naura gas.
cH P o ss
F
gure: Manufacure Of NH3 In Indusr
es Haber Process
Ammon
a ha
s formed
s hen
quef
ed and separaed o ge a beer y
ed. The
produc
on of ammon
a g
ves ou hea. However, he unreaced n
rogen gas and hydrogen
gas are recyced and passed back o he reacor aga
n ogeher w
h he new source of N2 and
H2. Th
s reac
on
s: revers
be, exoherm
c, and proceeds w
h a decrease
n voume. Abou
98% of N2 and H2 are convered
no ammon
a. Accord
ng o he Le Chae
er's pr
nc
pe, he
favourabe cond
ons for he forma
on of ammon
a are:
ëc gow T m
The emperaure shoud be rema
n as ow as poss
be, (ahough a unusuay ow
emperaures, he rae of reac
on becomes sow). I has been found ha he emperaure,
wh
ch op
m
'es he y
ed of ammon
a for he reac
on,
s max
mum a abou 500°C.
ëc Hig P ss
S
nce Haber's process proceeds w
h a decrease
n voume,
s favoured by h
gh
pressure. In acua prac
ce, a pressure of 200 - 900 amospheres
s empoyed.
ëc C l s
A caays
s usuay empoyed o
ncrease he speed of he reac
on. F
ney d
v
ded
ron cona
n
ng moybdenum or aum
na
s used as a caays. Moybdenum or aum
na
(A2O3) acs as a promoer and
ncreases he eff
c
ency of he caays. A m
xure of
ron
ox
de and poass
um aum
naes has been found o work more effec
vey.
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u u Allo s
D
agram: A Mea Aoy (See W
re)
D
agram: An Aoy (Two D
fferen Pure Meas Comb
ned)
Aoy
ng one mea w
h oher mea(s) or non mea(s) ofen enhances
s proper
es.
For exampe, see
s sronger han
ron,
s pr
mary eemen. The phys
ca proper
es, such as
dens
y, reac
v
y, Young's moduus, and eecr
ca and herma conduc
v
y, of an aoy may
no d
ffer greay from hose of
s eemens, bu eng
neer
ng proper
es such as ens
e
srengh and shear srengh may be subsan
ay d
fferen from hose of he cons
uen
maer
as. Th
s
s some
mes due o he s
'es of he aoms
n he aoy, s
nce arger aoms
exer a compress
ve force on ne
ghbour
ng aoms, and smaer aomsexer a ens
e force on
he
r ne
ghbours, hep
ng he aoy res
s deforma
on. Some
mes aoys may exh
b
marked
d
fferences
n behav
our even when sma amouns of one eemen occur. For exampe,
mpur
es
n sem
-conduc
ng ferromagne
c aoys ead o d
fferen proper
es, as f
rs
pred
ced by Wh
e, Hogan, Suh, T
an Abr
e and Nakamura.
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u4 S i Pol m s
D
agram: Aom
c V
ew Of Synhe
c Poymers
D
agram: Aom
c V
ew Of B
opoymers
Naura poymers or b
opoymers are poymers produced by
v
ng organ
sms.
Ceuose, sarch, ch
n, proe
ns, pep
des, DNA and RNA are a exampes of b
opoymers,
n wh
ch he monomer
c un
s, respec
vey, are sugars, am
no ac
ds, and nuceo
des.
Ceuose
s boh he mos common b
opoymer and he mos common organ
c
compound on Earh. Abou 33 percen of a pan maer
s ceuose. E. G. The ceuose
conen of coon
s ~ 90 percen and ha of wood
s ~ 50 percen.
Some b
opoymers are b
odegradabe. Tha
s, hey are broken down
no CO2 and
waer by m
croorgan
sms. In add
on, some of hese b
odegradabe b
opoymers are
composabe. Tha
s, hey can be pu
no an
ndusr
a compos
ng process and w
break
down by 90% w
h
n 6 monhs. B
opoymers ha do h
s can be marked w
h a 'composabe'
symbo, under European Sandard EN 13432 (2000). Packag
ng marked w
h h
s symbo can
be pu
no
ndusr
a compos
ng processes and w
break down w
h
n 6 monhs (or ess).
An exampe of a composabe poymer
s PLA f
m under 20 ȝm h
ck: f
ms wh
ch are
h
cker han ha do no qua
fy as composabe, even hough hey are b
odegradabe. A home
compos
ng ogo may soon be esab
shed wh
ch w
enabe consumers o d
spose of
packag
ng d
recy ono he
r own compos heap.
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