4.

4 Example of [Z̄Bus] matrix formulation in the presence of

mutual impedances
Consider the network shown in Fig. 4.32.

Figure 4.32: The power system for [Z̄Bus ] example

A tree for the network is shown in Fig. 4.32. The system data is given in Table 4.1.

Figure 4.33: Tree of the network

Table 4.1: System data

Self Mutual
Element no. Bus code Impedance Bus code Impedance
p-q z̄pq,pq (p.u.) r-s z̄pq,rs (p.u.)
1 0 - 1(1) j0.4 0 - 1(2) j0.2
2 0 - 1(2) j0.5
3 0-2 j0.5 0 - 1(1) j0.1
4 2-3 j0.4
5 1-3 j0.6

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 Step 1: The algorithm starts building the [Z̄Bus ] matrix element by element. To initiate the
process, start with element 1 connected between nodes p = 0 and q = 1, shown in Fig. 4.34. The
[Z̄Bus ] matrix of the partial network is given as,

Figure 4.34: Partial network in Step 1

(1)

[Z̄Bus ] = (1) [ j0.4 ]

Step 2: Next add element 2 connected between p = 0 and q = 1 which is mutually coupled to the
existing element 1, connected between ρ = 0 and σ = 1. This new element is a link as it does not
(temp)
create a new node, the partial network for this step is shown in Fig. 4.35. The augmented [Z̄Bus ]
matrix after the addition of this element, is given by

Figure 4.35: Partial network in Step 2

(1) (`)

(1) j0.4 Z̄1`

Z̄(temp)
Bus = [ ]
(`) Z̄`1 Z̄``

ȳ0−1(2),0−1(1) (Z̄01 − Z̄11 )

Z̄`1 = Z̄01 − Z̄11 +
ȳ0−1(2),0−1(2)
1 + ȳ0−1(2),0−1(1) (Z̄0` − Z̄1` )
Z̄`` = Z̄0` − Z̄1` +
ȳ0−1(2),0−1(2)
where, Z̄01 and Z̄0` are the elements of [Z̄Bus ] matrix associated with the reference node.
The primitive impedance matrix [z̄] for the partial network is

0−1(1) 0−1(2)

0−1(1) j0.4 j0.2

[z̄] = [ ]
0−1(2) j0.2 j0.5

The primitive admittance matrix [ȳ] for the partial network in nothing but the inverse of primitive

139
impedance matrix [z̄] and is given by

0−1(1) 0−1(2)

−j3.125 j1.25
[ȳ] = [z̄]−1 =
0−1(1)
[ ]
0−1(2) j1.25 −j2.5

With Z̄01 = 0, since 0 is the reference node, Z̄`1 is evaluated as

j1.25(−j0.4)
Z̄`1 = −j0.4 + = −j0.2 = Z̄1`
−j2.5

Also as Z̄0` = 0, since 0 is the reference node, and hence, Z̄`` is calculated as

1 + j1.25(j0.2)
Z̄`` = j0.2 + = j0.50
−j2.5
(temp)
The augmented Zbus matrix is given as

(1) (`)

(1) j0.4 −j0.2

Z̄(temp) = [ ]
Bus
(`) −j0.2 j0.5

The row and column corresponding to the `th row and column corresponding to a link addi-
tion,(shown in red in the above matrix), need to be eliminated as the link addition does not create
a new node. The [Z̄Bus ] matrix, after the addition of second element to the partial network, is
calculated using the following expression

Z̄1` Z̄`1
[Z̄Bus ] = [Z̄Bus ] −
Z̄``

(−j0.2)(−j0.2)
= j0.4 −
j0.5

(1)

Z̄Bus = (1) [ j0.32 ]

Note that the size of Z̄Bus matrix is still (1×1) as no new node has been added to the partial network
as yet.
Step 3: Next add element 3, which is connected between the nodes p = 0 and q = 2. This is a
branch addition as a new node, node 2 is created. This element is mutually coupled to the existing
element 1. Hence, the primitive [z̄] matrix of the partial network, shown in Fig. 4.36, is

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 Figure 4.36: Partial network in Step 3

0−1(1) 0−1(2) 0−2

⎡ j0.4 j0.2 j0.1 ⎤
0−1(1) ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
[z̄] = 0−1(2) ⎢ j0.2 j0.5 0 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j0.1 0 j0.5 ⎥⎦
0−2
⎣
−1
The primitive [ȳ] matrix is calculated as [z̄] and is equal to

0−1(1) 0−1(2) 0−2

⎡ j3.333 j1.333 j0.667 ⎤⎥
0−1(1) ⎢
⎢ ⎥
[ȳ] = 0−1(2) ⎢ j1.333 −j2.533 −j0.2667 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j0.667 −j0.2667 j2.133 ⎥
0−2
⎣ ⎦

The modified [Z̄Bus ] matrix is expressed as

(1) (2)

(1) j0.32 Z̄12

[Z̄Bus ] = [ ]
(2) Z̄21 Z̄22

For this element p = 0 and q = 2 and the set of elements [ρ̄σ̄] mutually coupled to this element
is [0 − 1(1) 0 − 1(2)]

Z̄02 − Z̄11
[ȳ0−2,0−1(1) ȳ0−2,0−1(2) ] [ ]
Z̄01 − Z̄11
Z̄21 = Z̄01 +
ȳ0−2,0−2
Z̄01 and Z̄02 are the transfer impedances associated with the reference node and are equal to zero.

−j0.32
[j0.667 −j0.2667] ∗ [ ]
−j0.32
Z̄21 = = j0.06
j2.133

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 Hence, Z̄12 = Z̄21 = j0.06

Z̄02 − Z̄12
1 + [ȳ0−2,0−1(1) ȳ0−2,0−1(2) ] [ ]
Z̄01 − Z̄12
Z̄22 = Z̄02 +
ȳ0−2,0−2

−j0.32
1 + [j0.667 −j0.2667] ∗ [ ]
−j0.32
Z̄21 = = j0.48
j2.133
The modified [Z̄Bus ] matrix is

(1) (2)

(1) j0.32 j0.06

[Z̄Bus ] = [ ]
(2) j0.06 j0.48

Step 4: On adding element 4 between p = 2 and q = 3, a new node, node 3 is created. Hence, this
is a branch addition and is shown in Fig. 4.37. The modified [Z̄Bus ] matrix can be written as

Figure 4.37: Partial network in Step 4

(1) (2) (3)

⎡ j0.32 j0.06 Z̄ ⎤
(1) ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 13
⎥
Z̄Bus = (2) ⎢ j0.06 j0.48 Z̄23 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(3) ⎢ Z̄31 Z̄32 Z̄33 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
As this element is not mutually coupled to other elements the elements of vector ȳpq,ρσ are zero.
Hence, the new elements of [Z̄Bus ] matrix can be calculated, using the expression given in (4.41),
as :
Off-diagonal elements

Z̄qi = Z̄pi ∀ i = 1, 2, 3 i ≠ q

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 Z̄31 = Z̄21 = j0.06

Z̄32 = Z̄22 = j0.48

Z̄13 = Z̄31 = j0.06

Z̄23 = Z̄32 = j0.48

Diagonal element
Using the expression of (4.48) with no mutual coupling, the diagonal element can be written as:

Z̄qq = Z̄pq + z̄pq,pq

hence,
Z̄33 = Z̄23 + z̄23,23 = j0.48 + j0.4 = j0.88

(1) (2) (3)

⎡ j0.32 j0.06 j0.06 ⎤
(1) ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
Z̄Bus = (2) ⎢ j0.06 j0.48 j0.48 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(3) ⎢ j0.06 j0.48 j0.88 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Step 5: Finally add element 5 between nodes p = 1 and q = 3. This is an addition of a link hence a
temporary row and column are added. Fig. 4.38 showns the final network after the addition of this
(temp)
element. The modified Z̄Bus matrix can be written as

Figure 4.38: The complete network after the addition of link in step 5

(1) (2) (3) (`)

⎡ ⎤
(1) ⎢ j0.32 j0.06 j0.06 Z̄1` ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(2) ⎢ j0.06 j0.48 j0.48 Z̄2` ⎥
Z̄(temp) = ⎢ ⎥
Bus
(3) ⎢ j0.06 j0.48 j0.88 Z̄3` ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(`) ⎢ Z̄`1 Z̄`2 Z̄`3 Z̄`` ⎥
⎣ ⎦
143
 (temp)
Since this element is not mutually coupled to other elements, the new elements of [Z̄Bus ]
matrix can be calculated, using the expression of (4.55), as :
Off-diagonal elements

Z̄`i = Z̄pi − Z̄qi ∀ i = 1, 2, 3

Z̄1` = Z̄11 − Z̄13 = j0.32 − j0.06 = j0.26 = Z̄`1

Z̄2` = Z̄21 − Z̄23 = j0.06 − j0.48 = −j0.42 = Z̄`2

Z̄3` = Z̄31 − Z̄33 = j0.06 − j0.88 = −j0.82 = Z̄`3

Diagonal element
For calculating the diagonal element, the expression given in (4.59) is used. Hence,

Z̄`` = Z̄p` − Z̄q` + z̄pq,pq

Z̄`` = Z̄1` − Z̄3` + z̄13,13 = j0.26 + j0.82 + j0.6 = j1.68

(temp)
Hence, the temporary [ZBus ] matrix can be written as

(1) (2) (3) (`)

⎡ ⎤
(1) ⎢ j0.32 j0.06 j0.06 j0.26 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ j0.06 j0.48 j0.06 −j0.42 ⎥⎥
(2) ⎢
[Z̄(temp) ]= ⎢ ⎥
Bus
(3) ⎢ j0.06 j0.48 j0.88 −j0.82 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢ ⎥
(`) ⎢ j0.26 −j0.42 −j0.82 j1.68 ⎥⎦
⎣

The `th row and `th column are to be eleminated to restore the size of Z̄Bus to 3 × 3. The elimination
is done using the relation

(temp) ∆Z̄ ∗ ∆Z̄T

Z̄Bus = Z̄Bus −
Z̄``

∆Z̄T = [j0.26 −j0.42 −j0.82]

⎡ j0.23 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢−j0.42⎥ ∗ [−j0.26 −j0.42 −j0.82]
⎡j0.32 j0.06 j0.06⎤ ⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢−j0.82⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦
Z̄Bus = ⎢⎢j0.06 j0.48 j0.48⎥⎥ −
⎢ ⎥ j1.68
⎢j0.06 j0.48 j0.88⎥
⎣ ⎦
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Hence, the final matrix [Z̄Bus ] is

(1) (2) (3)

⎡ j0.2798 j0.1250 j0.1869 ⎤
(1) ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
[Z̄Bus ] = (2) ⎢ j0.1250 j0.3750 j0.2750 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(3) ⎢ j0.1869 j0.2750 j0.4798 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

After this discussion of formulation of [Z̄Bus ] matrix, we are now ready to discuss fault analysis,
which we will start from the next lecture.

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