Au.

r3lon lfiarapy
may holt the
koy to fast
cures of drug
fN a quicl. softly lighred and a currenl of electricity
I room in Ban\tead. Eng- rhoi lhrough the wire leading addictlon,
land. a normat-looking. six- to lhe grid, sendinSa punish-
fool-lall governnrent worker shockrhroughthe body of the
alcohollsm anl
silcntly slrippcd thc clothcs nran who stood on lhe grid. uafaous serual
fronr his hody. Hc pullcd olt As his body stiflencd and his
icckel. lie. shirt. lrouscrs.un- eycs \r'klcncd with pain and alerrations
derwcar. and 6Drlly. cocks shock. lhe |nt|n franlically
and shocs. !nlil he slorxl s h)rc thc fenralcgarmentsfronr
n kc(l an(l Dcrvou\ as r his borlv. Thc pllnishingjolts tbeory holds that perversions,
plucked hnnio string. Hc of elcctricity.he $as well ttnteasoningfears,aberratiols
\lro(lc across thc roonr to awnrc. wolrld conlinue lo and obsessionsare the tesult
sl!nd beforc { full-lcoglh conrc at live-sccon(lintervals of an inner disturbanceof
nrirror \'"hcre he could gcl a nnlil he had rid himself of the mind, an earlier trauma
clcur look rt lhe rcllcction of lhc unnal!rralfcmalc attire or wound to the peronality
his goosc-pinrplctl botly any and slartcdlo pull on his own or ego of the subconscious
tinrc he plcasc(|. Under hi\ nale ck)thes. for which the consciousmind
fcct thcrc was u 3x.l-ft. elec- Thi$ strnnge scenc look is comp€nsating. This inner
tric grid. l'wo wir|"'s lr:riled p l a c c r c c c n t l y i n B a n - disturbarcenrustbe identified
ofl from lhe grid icross lhe slcrd Hospilal in England. and cured before the external
room ttnd diliappca.ed undcr The man in woman's clothes symptoms of abenant be-
a\ vcrlicil scrccn. was an xdnrilted "(ransves- bavior can be aelieved,claim
A look of lrcpidalion on lite"-an tndividual who gets the Freudians.Unfortunately,
hi\ face. lhc civil scrvicc cm- scxual excitenrenland fulfill- the Freudian approach bas
plot'ec bcgnn to pull on. one mcnl by dressilg in the been notoriously statistically
piccc I a linrc, lhe female cblhcs of thc opposilc sex. uns{rccessful
in "ffecting cures
xllirc lhat had hccn neatly Bolh he and his wife desper- evenafter long yea6 of treat-
arrlngc(l on a chxir for him atcly$antedhim lo be cured nleni.
next (r Ihc grid. F;rsl on were of lhis aberration. The man Rccenl moden psychiatric
thc undcrlhin8s, thc bra nnd hchind the screcn. who ad- theory opposesFreud direct-
panlics. Nexl camc rhe black minislcred thc elcclric shock ly. lts advocalesare called
nylon slockings, and afler lrcirlmenl, was Dr. J. C. behaviorists. They contend
lhenr, the high-heelcd shocs- Brrkcr, a practicing British that aberrantsexualbehavior,
with special metal plales in- psychiatristwho describedthe or praclically any menlal re-
serled into lheir solcs so con- lrealmenlof his patienlin theaclion that is abnormal, has
i\l.lrch 1965issueof lhe rrit- beenacquiredas a learnedre-
ilh Jo nal ol Ps|chiatrt. sponse. Further, the hehav-
new GurG for In lhiscase.lhepa(ienthad iorislsclaim, lheseaberrations
can be abolishcd by "un-
abnormal bcen undcr treattncnt by
Freudian psycholherrpyover learning" them, by nraking
a period of six years. Abso- perversrcns an unpteasant
behauior lutely no inrprovcmentof his menlal and physical experi-
condilion had taken place ence, and making normal re-
during lhat limc. In six ddlr sponsesa satisfiing and plea-
lact could hi) nrade wilh lhe of treatment wilh electrc- sureablc cxpericnce. This is
electric grid undcrfool. shock aversion therapy, the the heart of what is known
"ave6ion therapy"-a
As lhe Dran in woman's palicnt appearedto be com- as
cldhcs gazed at hinrself in plctcly curedof the symptoms turning away of the patient
lhe nrirror. a small generalor of transvestitmand resumed f r o m p e r v e r t e d b e h a v i o r
hummed bchind thc vertical normal relationswith his wife. through the use of punishing
scrcen. A s\\'itch \t:r\ closed F.e uil ia n psychoanalytic elcctric shocks or emetic

drugs that are administered
at a time when the patient is
undergoing an atrerrant ex-
perience.
Aversion therapy has been
usedreceattlytocure, in a very
short period of time, a wide
raDge of mental ailments,
from alcoholism and sexual
peaversion (fetishism, trans-
vestism,homosexualily,etc.)
to compulsivecigaretlesmok-
ing, excessivejealousy, and
the fear of tramc noises. ln
almost all cases, aversion
therapy has succeededwhere
F.eudian psychotherapyhas
had a long history of failure.
The differencebetweenthe
Freudian approachand aver-
sion therapy is obvious in
their opposing treatmenls of
ehuresisnocturna,or bedwet-
quotes
i1 a.,,o',t t"'.o,otuno"io,
har 6eca ac$.tred a. a laarned
responre anit can be abol.
i.hcd alolla the ,i-et irulicd.dl
by leamina rieory, -.{Jm
Coopci, M.B, Ch.B- Brittuh
JouEal of Psychiahy.
Trl€ Aia*Ien ol enal
haoiol. ehich hiae bec...reated
by bchooiot ,Leraw iDchule
impo.en e, rrisidi.!' noyaLr-
ixn, leti&ild, e,.tnbi'joli',n,
lromotcflobrt, anil t'an,'eat'
irm. -S, Rachman' Ph.D.,
Amclicsn Journsl of Psychi-
Beha|;ot therory i. bued
on ahe hy?,othatit ahtt, ,he db.
torndl behdtior has beet
ledtued an I nlrr ,herclore be
elimina.ad dcc.,'Aina ,o rhe
torla ol lurnins theory.-I.
Barker' Brirish Journal
Paychiatry.
ll
ting. Freudiansmaintain that
tredwetting is a symptom of
an inner menlal disturtlance,
a phobia, somethiog ser(ual
or hysterical. They claim the
inner disturbance must be
cured before the symptom,
bedwetting,can be eliminated.
The behavioristscontendthat
bedweltingor enuresisis the
result of a faulty learning ex_
perienceand has little if any-
thing, to do with mental
disturbance. TheY say the
child has not yel leamed to
wake up when its bladder is
full.
The behavioristssolve ihe
problcm, and with a hiSh de-
gree of success,bY Putting a
grid under the child wben he
sleeps. tf the g d becomes
wet during the night, an elcc-
tric circuil is closcdand €ither
a bell rings or a mild shock
is administeredto the child,
waking him. After a few
such experiences the child
learnsto wake when his blad-
der is full. He hzs learned
a new response. His sYmP_
J. toms have beencured bY avef_
sion therapy, and no attempt
is made to cure any under-
lying inner menlal disturtF
bQ-
ance-if it exists at all, as
supposedbY the Freudians.
The aveNion theraPistscure
the symptorns.The symPtoms,
they say,are the diseaseilself.
O c c a s i o B a l l Y ,a v e r s i o n
therapistshave used e et1c,
nausca-producingdrugs in_
sreadot elcctro-shocktherapy
lo condilion their Patients
againsl their Perversions.ln
one casei a 33-year-oldmar-
ried nran had a peculiar
C. fetish fbr baby carriagesaDd
of
ladies'haodbags.He obtained
( Continutd on page 83)
Cure for Abnorrnal Behavior
(ContinuedJrcn page62)
rcleaseof sexual tension by attackingthem
whcncverhe saw them. The abeffalion con-
tinucd unlil he was arested and convicted
h'r arlackingand Licking a baby carriage
to pieces.
The lelishist was put on probalion on
condilion he undergopsychiattic treahent.
He was given an injeclion of apomorphine,
a nd!$ca drug, and sho\,vna collection of
handbags;rnd baby carriages inrmediately
before violent nr[sea hit hinr. This lreat-
menl was repeirlcdal the end of every two-
hour period, 24 hours a day, for a week.
The prtienl w:r\ keprrwake duringthi\ time
with amphetamine,a stinlulant drug.
By lhe time the first phaseof the treat-
menl wus finished.rhe palient was \howing
a slrong aversion lo his own fetishes. By
the tinre lrealmenl was completed, he sp-
pearedto be cured fully. He no longer had
sexual fantasics about hundbags and car-
riages,was expcriencingnornal sexual re-
lations with his wife, and had no further
trouble with tbe law.
Male homosexualswere conditioned by
the aversionlearning processto be repelled
by the idea of relations with members of
their own sex. An emetic or nausea-pro-
ducingdrug was administeredsubcutaneous-
ly. As soon as the subjeclshad reached a
slate of violent nausea,they weie shown
color slid€s of nlales in dressedand un-
dressedcondition. To encou&ge normal
heterosexual behavior,they were subsequent-
ly shown films of nude and semi-nudefb-
males sevenhours after they had been in-
iectcdwith leslosterone,a nralesexhotmone.
Trcirlnrentcontinued until lhe homosexuals
found thenselves repelled by the idea of
honNscxualityitself.
As lhe behaviornl psychiatrislsbegan to
use avcrsiontherapy on more and more pa-
tienls, they becanleconvinced thlt eleclro-
shock technique was superior to emetic
drugs.The disadvantages of drug irealment
are obvious. Ordinarily drugs must be given
under hospital supervision with nursesand
othet medical Dersonnel in constant attend-
ance. Occasionally lhe emetic drugs have
serioussiile effeclson lhe pulienl,cau5ing
dehydralion, internal hemorrhaging, high
blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, and
sometimes a fatal allelgic reaction. For'
lhesereasons,a patient must be in excellent
pb,.sical conditioo before altemptiog drug
ayersion lherapy. Drugs have different re- unrelatedto sexual perversion. A 37_year_
actions on dilTerent palients. In some cases old woman schoolteacherin Clasgow, for
they fail to produce vomiting. and some instance, was a two-pack-a-day c'Barette
patients build up a raPid tolerance lor the smoker since the age of l8 and wanted ro
drugs. The depressanl etlccl ol lhe drug quit. She had tried various "cures" and
itself on the hruin's working processes may all had failed. She was seen seveaaltlmes
trlrr the averrion lo aherration which lbe a day by her psychialrisland askedto smoke
ps)chiatrist is anenrptioel lo develop. Fi_ a cigaretlceachlime. Shewas given a shock
nrlly. there is:r liming problenr. The human each time she completed an inhalation.
'l'reatmenl
body does not respond \\ith Precision to lasted foa lwo weeks, and then
drugs. and psychialrisls found il diflicuk to was continuedon a once-a-weekbasis. Tbe
time lhe onsel o[ nlrtl\ca lo the commilling aversion lheaapy wa\ successful,and the
of the:rberrant acl. lcacherhal no desireto resumesmoling.
The aelr €lectro-shock lechnique, how- An ove.wcight hoDserrifehad tried nu-
ever. is simpL' to adnrini\ler.easylo control, merouj crirshdicl\. Each time. alter losing
accurlle, and more consistently produces an 30 or 40 pounds.she resumedher old ealing
lnpleasanl l:'llecl lhan drugs. The patienl habits, (umng herself with f{tlening foods
does not require hospitalizalion or a large lntil she ballooned up again. Out of des_
specially trained slalT in attendance- And peralion she visited a Psychiatrist. Elec-
because of the safety of lhe method and ito<.leswere attachedlo her \xrist and eactl
the lack of si(le-effects. he can even treat time she took a fattening food in her moulh,
hrnrs(ll i,l h|me \ilhoul fcar of undermin' she was shocked until she sPit it out. She
"leamed" a revulsion to lhe foods by which
ing his heallh a\ sould haPpen wilh drug
rherapy. Timing wilh eleclric shock is p.e- she had been formerly temPted.
ci\e-punishing shock can be given at lhe Perhaps the greatest hope for avetsion
exact momeht lhe Petvemion is committed. theraDv is in the cure of chronic alcoholics.
The.e is no lime delay unril the dtug lakes At rh; Ponliac State Hospital in Michigan'
eliect- no question as to when lhat etlecl is Dr. John J. Hsu out6tshis alcoholicPalients
at peak force. Tbe equipment '"equire(l is wilh an electro-shock headttatul ln a treat_
econonrical. A nit to Prod ce uP lo a menl room thal contains an authentic bar'
70-volt chhrge has been Produced ffom he gives each Patienl a tray holding six
componenls costing no more lhan S-1. is one-ounce pirp('rcupshlled\^ilh beer.rvine'
l;ghtweight. fils inlo a cigar box. lrnd is whiskev.milk. water,and fruit iuice.
The
powered bv un ordinary g_volt brtlery. oalient is asked to drink ihe contenls of
Eleclro-shock therapy was trsed on a 25_ ilt the "upr in any order he
pleases.The
learlrld postgraduate student who was able kicker is a painful chaserof eleclricity.last-
to hale a sexual experience ooly when his ine up to 3b seconds.delivered through lhe
mind coniurcd up an image of himself in he;dband- each time one of the alcoholic
blue jcans and a leather iacket' or of himself drlnks is downed. The program is nol yel
ticd up in roPe\. Conventional Freudian completed,buI already I I out of 40 folmer_
p\\ch(rrhcrJp! ho.t ,lone nothing for him' lv hopelessalcoholicshave been cured. One
He \r!\ in\lrtrclrd to cfealc one of his fan- iatient eten repofls that he now feels
nau-
seateil iusl from looking jit a beer adver'
tar-v imagt's in his mind and to raise his
hand \\'hcn lb t image had laken shape. llsement,
Each time he d;d \o. it \hock was adminis- WherEdoes€lccfo.{hock aversionlherapy
tered. Thc \tudent found it increasingly ao trom here.' lf it provesas successful
didicult lo imagine his aberranl fantasies. ;s earlv resulls indicale-with positivecures
Hc lvas givcn a po able shdck machineand in davs or weeks in caseswhere Faeudiao
in\tructed lo c.tntintrc hi\ lr'(ill rcnt al honle' osvchorherapvhss tailed alter years of
Ai subsequent electro-\hock lesrlon\. the irearment-ih.n thereis
goingro be a *orld_
p.,lr(nl !\J\ unJblc t,r !fcrtc trrcnlJl inritge\ wide revolution in treatmentof the mentally
I
,rl his fanlnsie\. Photographs of pBople ill, the aberrant,and the social outcast.
dres\eJ in his Iclilhi5t clolbing !''ere \ho$n
lo him instcad.and he \,rasgiven dn clcctric lV.{RNINGI
lime His abr'rormallly ne\er 'Ihe thctapy dese.ibedin this artlcle is trot
:lioc\ e.rctr
returned after trealmenl *as coarpleted' ! "do'it-youEelf' feitmedt aDd shouldonly
lbe sanlc €tectro_shock theraPy has been b€ sdrnitrister€d by a qoslified ltredilal prac'
uied vil a \aiiclt uI ailments complerely diiotr€4.