1. Spread of 2. Establishment of 3. Reduced effectiveness 4. Upsetting the 5.

Monoculturing of GM
resistance from GM GM crops as weeds of pesticides ecological balance plants
crops to weeds via
unintended gene Seeds/pollen grains Insects may become Introducing GMOs into GM crops might be so
SOCIAL
transfer from GM crops may be resistant to GM crops that ecosystem can affect genetically identical that a
IMPLICATIONS
carried to other places produce their own pesticide the food chains in single type of pest can
(ENVIRONMENT)
and establish e.g. Bt corn undesirable ways bring down fields rapidly
themselves as weeds in and drastically
other locations

1. Toxicity of 2. Allergies to new 3. antibiotic resistance

foodstuffs proteins genes are used as
genetic markers for
GM plants might selection
produce secondary
SOCIAL metabolites that are concern that AR gene may
IMPLICATIONS toxic to not be properly broken in
(HUMAN SAFETY) livestock/humans digestive tract but passed
on to microbes (e.g. E. coli)
resulting in development
of antibiotic resistance
bacteria

1. Manipulation of the 2. Compromises 3. Rights to patent GM 4. Engineering an 5. Religious reasons /

plants and animals species integrity plant and animal organism for food dietary requirements
genome for human
Genes are transferred consumption Muslims are concerned
from one source to about pig genes in their
another Increased use of food products
growth hormones has
harmful effects on the
health of animals
ETHICAL ISSUES
6. Inadequate risk 7. Medical 8. Transparency of 9. 1st World vs 3rd
assessment experiments may product World
cause animal
No one can anticipate suffering Uninformed consumers not
all the possble aware of potential health
consequences and Using mice as lab rats risks associated with the
risks when GMOs are in cancer research modified food they are
introduced into the consuming
environment