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Chem. B, 2016, DOI: 10.1039/C6TB00235H.
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This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx J. Name., 2013, 00, 1-3 | 1
linear polymerization; as a result, the PCA chains would become E 1:1 BCA:CA-PEG600-CA 61.2±1.6
much shorter than those polymerized from pure alkyl-CA. Since 4:1 BCA:CA-PEG600-CA 1.8±1.7
F
these short PCA chains are cross-linked by PEG, the PCA-PEG
network structure would still possess a huge molecular weight, G 1:4 BCA:CA-PEG2000-CA --C)
which is important for a strong adhesive capability. First, the cross- H 1:1 BCA:CA-PEG2000-CA 61.6±1.9
linked copolymer would be degraded in the interface into small
I 2:1 BCA:CA-PEG2000-CA 36.1±10.1
pieces at the ester sites between the PEG and PCA chains. Because
the PEG segments are water-soluble and would interrupt the tight J 4:1 BCA:CA-PEG2000-CA 14.1±3.8
alignment of pure PCAs, the copolymer would be partially swollen 100% BCA(control) 4.3±1.0
K
near the interface so that molecules around the copolymer would
exchange in and out in vivo. As a result, the copolymer degradation a)
Apparent degradation rate (100%) = (W0 – W1) / W0. W0 is the weight of the
would be further promoted into deep sites of the material. The polymerized composite adhesive before degradation, and W1 is the weight of the
degradation products, PEG and short PCA segments, both have residual glue after degradation. Data were collected after degradation in PBS
[21-23]
been approved for safety in the clinic and would be readily buffer (pH 7.0) for 14 days and are given as mean ± standard deviation; b)BCA,
excreted via the renal filtration process once their molecular butyl-cyanoacrylate; CA, cyanoacrylate; TEG, tetra(ethylene glycol); PEG,
weights were small enough. Moreover, this copolymer would elicit poly(ethylene glycol); C)
the two components could not mix uniformly and retain
improved biocompatibility with tissues over pure PCA because the transparent liquid state at room temperature.
PEG segments inside of the network would change the
physicochemical and metabolic properties. For the reasons stated
as the weight ratio of CA-PEG600-CA and CA-PEG2000-CA
above, it was reasonable to hypothesize that this cross-linked
increased, the apparent degradation rate increased as well. For
copolymer would be biodegradable and biocompatible so that
example, the apparent degradation rate of Group H (61.6%; 1:1 BCA
employing CA-based materials in vivo might become feasible.
to CA-PEG2000-CA) was higher than that of Group I and J (36.1%
and 14.1%, 2:1 and 4:1 of BCA to CA-PEG2000-CA, respectively).
Results and discussion A copolymer with a higher CA-PEG-CA content means that it
contains more ester groups or longer PEG chains. The former would
Three monomers, CA-tetra(ethylene glycol)-CA (CA-TEG-CA), CA-
have more hydrolytically labile sites, while the latter would result in
PEG600-CA, and CA-PEG2000-CA, were designed and synthesized
a looser and more hydrophilic network; therefore, both would
with different PEG lengths (supporting information). Butyl-CA (BCA)
favour network degradation. These results indicated that the
and CA-PEG-CA combined in appropriate weight ratios (Table 1,
degradability could be modulated both by adjusting the ratio of CA-
except group G) could mix uniformly and retain the transparent
PEG-CA to BCA and the length of the PEG chain. In addition, the
liquid state at room temperature. All these composite adhesives
adhesive capabilities were also found to be modulated by the
could polymerize to solid glue within 5–15 s once they made
composite ratios (Table S1, supporting information).
contact with skin or tissue.
Group H (named as LKJ11 below) was selected to clarify our
proposed strategy due to its excellent general properties as a
Apparent degradation rates in vitro
medical adhesive, including high monomer purity, proper
biodegradability, and adhesive capability.
A degradation test was carried out in vitro to evaluate the
degradability of each polymer. As shown in Table 1, different
Biodegradability of LKJ11
apparent degradation rates were observed for various composite
ratios of BCA to CA-PEG-CA. The composite adhesives containing
Molecular weight of PCA chains in the copolymer
CA-TEG-CA all showed low apparent degradation rates (Groups A, B,
and C: 4.0%, 1.4%, and 1.4%, respectively). While the composite To determine in vitro degradation, polymerized LKJ11 (P-LKJ11)
adhesives containing longer PEG chains (CA-PEG600-CA and CA- was detected by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. P-
PEG2000-CA) showed much higher degradation rates (Groups D, E, LKJ11 could swell but not dissolve in tetrahydrofuran (THF) before
2 | J. Name., 2012, 00, 1-3 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
degradation due to its cross-linked structure; as a result, no obvious carbon-carbon main chains should not be degraded under these
peak was observed in the GPC chromatogram (Figure 2, line 1). conditions.
After incubation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 7 days, the The residues of adhesives with good apparent degradation rates
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx J. Name., 2013, 00, 1-3 | 3
An intramuscular degradation test was carried out in a rabbit increased the specific surface area and might facilitate the
model. LKJ11 or BCA was injected into the legs of rabbits, and the approach of solvent and enzyme molecules during degradation of P-
injected muscle was cut open at 1 day, 14 days, and 3 months after LKJ11. A water-vapor permeability test (Table S2, supporting
injection to observe the in vivo degradability of P-LKJ11 and PBCA. information) did demonstrate that P-LKJ11 possessed higher water
4 | J. Name., 2012, 00, 1-3 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
wound model was carried out to assay the mechanical support Acute toxicity test
whether being maintained until the wound is cicatrized. Quickly
after application, the polymeric film of P-LKJ11 could firmly No acute toxicity was observed in a rat model. As shown in Figure
agglutinate the tissue wound. As shown in Figure 7, the burst 8, the body weight of the rats in the LKJ11 group increased as time
Figure7. The maximum tolerated pressure in the rat intestinal wound test.
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx J. Name., 2013, 00, 1-3 | 5
Chemicals To a 1-L flask fitted with a stirrer and condenser was added 130 g
of the crude A/ECA product (2) and 400 mL of 95% ethanol. The
PEG was obtained from Sigma. Benzene and dimethylbenzene suspension was refluxed, 200 mL of KOH solution (3.6 M) was
were used after refluxing with sodium. Other commercially added slowly, and the solution was heated at reflux for 3 h. The
available reagents were used without further purification. Silica gel solution was quenched into 1500 mL of water and filtered, and the
TLC was carried out on HS GF254 plates (Yantai Institute of filtrate was washed with 600 mL of dichloromethane (DCM) to
Chemical Industry, China) and visualized under a UV light. Silica gel remove free anthracene. Next, the aqueous phase was acidified
(200–300 mesh, Qingdaohaiyang Chemical. Co., China) was used for with 6N HCl to pH 2 to precipitate the adduct. The solids were
1
flash column chromatography. The H-NMR spectra were recorded filtered, washed with water, and dried to afford 104 g of the A/CAA
on a JNM-ECA-400 spectrometer (JEOL, Japan). Chemical shifts are 1
adduct (3) in 78.8% yield. m.p.199–201 °C; H-NMR (400 MHz,
reported in ppm downfield from an internal TMS standard. CDCl3, 25 °C, TMS): δ 7.48 ppm (m, 1H; Ar-H), 7.30 ppm (m, 2H; Ar-
Synthesis of BCA H), 7.21 ppm (m, 4 H; Ar-H), 7.11 ppm (m,1H; Ar-H), 4.87 ppm (s,
3
1H;Ar-CH-C-CN), 4.43 ppm (d, J(H,H) =2.4Hz,1H; Ar-CH-CH2), 2.80
Butyl-CA (BCA) was synthesized according to a conventional 2
ppm (dd, J(H,H)=-12.8Hz, 1H;CH2CCN), 2.20 ppm (dd, J(H,H)=-
2
[24]
method and was purified by decompression distillation. 12.8Hz,1H;CH2CCN); MS (50 eV): m/z(%):274.3 [M+H ].
+
6 | J. Name., 2012, 00, 1-3 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
To 600 mL of DCM in a 1000-mLround-bottom flask was added Compound (5b) was obtained similar to compound 5a (74.2%
1
10.5 g (0.0382 mol) of A/CAA (3), 2.96 g (0.0152 mol) of yield). H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, 25 °C, TMS): δ 7.08 ppm
tetraethyene glycol, 7.37 g (0.0384 mol) of EDC, and 0.49 g (0.004 (s,2H,H2C=C), 6.66 ppm (s,2H,H2C=C), 4.43 ppm (m,4H,COOCH2CH2),
mol) of DMAP. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 7 h 3.68 ppm (m, 54H; OCH2CH2).
3
ether/ethyl acetate as the eluent). The product was obtained as a 6.66 ppm (s,2H,H2C=C), 4.43 ppm (t, J(H,H)=8.3Hz,4H; COOCH2),
1
white solid (8.02g, 74.3% yield). m.p.51–54 °C; H-NMR (400 MHz, 3.68 ppm (m, 232H; OCH2CH2).
CDCl3, 25 °C, TMS): δ 7.48 (m, 2H; Ar-H), 7.1–7.4 ppm (m, 14H; Ar-
In vitro apparent degradation rate test
H), 4.92 ppm (s, 2H, Ar-CH-C-CN), 4.42 ppm (s, 2H, Ar-CH-CH2), 4.87
3
ppm (s, 1H;Ar-CH-C-CN), 4.43 ppm (d, J(H,H) =2.4Hz, 1H;Ar-CH- A total of 100 mg of composite adhesive was polymerized into a
2
CH2), 4.22 ppm (m, 4H, COOCH2), 3.63 ppm (m, 12H; Ar-H), 2.80 piece of solid glue (2.5×3cm ), dried, and weighed. The solid glue
2 2
ppm (dd, J(H,H)=-12.8Hz, 1H;CH2CCN), 2.20 ppm (dd, J(H,H)=- was immersed into a continuously shaking conical flask containing
+
12.8Hz,1H;CH2CCN); MS (50 eV): m/z(%):731.6 [M+Na ]. 100mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). After certain days at 37
°C, the residue was filtered, washed, dried, and weighed to
Bis-anthracene/polyethylene glycol 600 bis(α-cyanoacrylate)adduct
calculate the apparent degradation rate. Long term degradation
(bis-A/PEG600BCA); polyethylene glycol 600 bis(9,10-dihydro-9,10-
test was carried out in PBS containing 50% bovine serum that was
endoethanoanthracene-11-cyano-11-carboxylate) (4b)
changed every 2 days. For each sample, 6 parallel experiments were
Compound (4b) was obtained similar to compound 4a. The performed to derive the means ± standard deviations (SD) of
1
product was obtained as a yellowish oily liquid (57.3% yield). H- apparent degradation rate. 1.5 GPC analysis
NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, 25 °C, TMS): δ 7.49 ppm (m, 2H; Ar-H), 7.1– R
GPC was performed on Waters 1515,Styragel HT2~4. The solid
7.4 ppm (m, 14H; Ar-H), 4.92 ppm (s, 2H, Ar-CH-C-CN), 4.42 ppm (s,
glue (25 mg) before and after incubation in PBS in the in vitro
2H, Ar-CH-CH2), 4.22 ppm (m, 4H, COOCH2), 3.63 ppm (m, 86H;
2 apparent degradation rate test was dissolved in dry THF (0.5 mL) for
CH2OCH2CH2), 2.80 ppm (dd, J(H,H)=-12.8Hz, 1H; CH2-C-CN), 2.20
2 testing, respectively. The mother liquor was evaporated and then
ppm (dd, J(H,H)=-12.8Hz,1H; CH2CCN); MS (50 eV):
extracted by THF for the test. At least 3 repeated experiments were
m/z(%):1166.76±44n[M+].
preformed.
Bis-anthracene/polyethylene glycol 2000 bis(α-cyanoacrylate)
Intramuscular degradation test in a rabbit model
adduct (bis-A/PEG2000BCA); polyethylene glycol 2000 bis(9,10-
dihydro-9,10-endoethanoanthracene-11-cyano-11-carboxylate) (4c) Healthy rabbits were anesthetized with Nembutal (30mg/kg, i.v.),
and a 10-mm-long incision on the lateral skin of the rear leg was cut
Compound (4c) was obtained similar to compound 4a (87.67%
1 to expose the muscles, without damaging the dermis.
yield. m.p. 28–31 °C). H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, 25 °C, TMS): δ 7.50
Subsequently, 30 μL of adhesive was administered by intramuscular
ppm (m, 2H; Ar-H), 7.1–7.4 ppm (m, 14H; Ar-H), 4.93 ppm (s, 2H, Ar-
injection. LKJ11 and BCA (as the control) were injected,
CH-C-CN), 4.43 ppm (s, 2H, Ar-CH-CH2), 4.22 ppm (m, 4H, COOCH2),
2 respectively, into the left and right legs of the same rabbit. Next,
3.63 ppm (m, 172H; CH2OCH2CH2), 2.79 ppm (dd, J(H,H)=-12.8Hz,
2 the skins were sutured, and the rabbits were fed normally. The
1H; CN-C-CH2), 2.22 ppm (dd, J(H,H)=-12.8Hz,1H;CH2CCN); MS (50
injected muscle was cut open to observe the degradability at 1d,
eV): m/z(%):2225.98 [M+].
14d and 3 months, respectively. In total, 18 animals were used and
Tetraethyene glycol bis(α-cyanoacrylate) (5a, CA-TEG-CA) 6 animals were cut each time.
A solution consisting of 4.00 g (5.65 mmol) of bis-A/tetraethyene In vivo biodegradation test in a rat model
glycol BCA (4a), 3.32 g (33.8 mmol) of maleic anhydride, 5mg
Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized with Nembutal (45
(0.0454mmol) of hydroquinone, and 15 mg (0.106mmol) of
mg/kg, i.p.), and a 2–3 cm incision in the skin was made on the back
phosphorous pentoxide in 50 mL of anhydrous xylene was stirred at
to expose the psoas major. An incision of 5–8 mm in length and 3–5
reflux for 6h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo, and 30 mL of
mm deep on the psoas was made. A total of 10 μL of adhesive was
dry benzene was added to the residue; this process was repeated
applied on the inner sites of the incision, which bound the wound
three times. After another 30mL of dry benzene was added, the
together. LKJ11 and BCA (as the control) were used on each side of
slurry was filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo again.
the same rat, respectively. Next, the skins were sutured, and the
DCM and anhydrous diethyl ether were used to precipitate the
rats were fed normally. The skins were cut open at certain time
product 5a (1.71 g, 75.3% yield).
points(1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 15 months), and the
1
H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, 25 °C, TMS): δ 7.08 ppm (s, 2H,H2C=C), tissues at the incision sites were prepared into pathological sections
3
6.66 ppm (s, 2H,H2C=C), 4.43 ppm (t, J(H,H)=9.6Hz,4H; for observation of both the solid glue degradation and the tissue
3
COOCH2CH2), 3.80 ppm (t, J(H,H)=6.0Hz, 4H;COOCH2), 3.68 ppm regeneration status. In total, 28 animals were used and 7 animals
(m, 8H; OCH2CH2). were cut each time.
Polyethylene glycol 600 bis(α-cyanoacrylate) (5b, CA-PEG600-CA) Excretion test of radioactively labeled LKJ11
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx J. Name., 2013, 00, 1-3 | 7
The urine and feces were collected every 24 hours for 30 days. carboxymethylcellulose aqueous solution to make a final
Finally, the rats were sacrificed, and the stomach and blood were concentration of 20%. A dose of 10g/kg (maximum tolerated dose)
collected. The radioactivity of the standard, blank or unknown was administered intragastrically to each mouse in the LKJ11 group.
sample (urine, blood, feces or stomach) was measured by LSC in a The control group received only 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose
Tri-Carb 2910TR liquid scintillation counter (PerkinElmer Inc., USA). aqueous solution. The mice were fed normally, and dynamic
Aliquots of urine (50 μl) were directly mixed with scintillation fluid changes of animal body weight were recorded.
cocktails and counted. Feces and stomach were homogenized with
Skin irritation test
addition of ethanol/water (50/50) at approximately 3 times of
original sample weight. Aliquots of fecal and stomach homogenates 6 healthy rabbits were selected. At 24h before the test, hair at
(approximately 0.3 g) and whole blood (approximately 0.2g) were both sides of the midline of the back was removed by sodium
14 2
combusted in a Packard Sample Oxidizer. The resulting CO2 was sulfide to prepare an area of approximately 8×8 cm . It was
trapped with scintillation fluid cocktails and assayed by LSC. The required that the skin was intact. A total of 0.1mL of LKJ11 was
radioactive recovery in each sample was calculated by dividing the coated onto the skin within a circular area with a diameter of 2.5
total radioactivity administrated. cm. The skin was covered with two layers of gauze and fixed with
nonirritant tape and a bandage. After 4h, the polymer was removed
Burst pressure of the rat intestinal wound test with warm water. Next, skin reactions were observed at 1h, 24h,
Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized (50 mg/kg, i.v.), and their 48h, and 72h.
abdominal cavities were opened to separate a segment of the small
Intracutaneous irritation test
intestine (45 mm) for use. A hole of 2 mm in diameter on the small
intestine was made using a syringe needle. A total of 5 μL of LKJ11 6 rabbits used in the intracutaneous irritation test were prepared
was applied to seal the wound, after drying with cotton. The rabbits in the same manner as described in 2.12. P-LKJ11 was extracted
were then sutured and were fed normally. At certain time points, with 0.9% sodium chloride solution or vegetable oil (0.2 g in 6 mL,
the rat was opened again, one end of the operated small intestine 37 °C, 72 h). The extract was injected intracutaneously into the back
was ligated by silk sutures, and a small incision was made at the of a rabbit, and the injected area was observed at 24 h, 48 h, and
other end. A three-way tube, a pressure gauge, and a 72 h post injection.
tonotransducer were connected. The pressure was gradually
Cytotoxicity
increased until the small intestine was damaged to cause gas
leakage, namely the burst pressure value. Animals in the control Hs27 cells, obtained from Zhongyuan Union Cell and Gene
group had a hole created but not sealed. In total, 72 animals were Engineering Corp., Ltd, were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle
used and each group contained 36 animals. 6 animals in each group medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS)
were cut each time. under standard conditions (37°C, 5% CO2). Cells were digested with
5
0.25% typsin-EDTA and were seeded at 1 × 10 cells/well in a 96-
Guinea pig skin wound healing test
well plate overnight. Compound Treatment: LKJ11 (100 μL) was
6 adult guinea pigs were sampled, and their back hair was polymerized in a 24-well plate. Then, 1.0 mL of DMEM containing
removed. The animals were anesthetized with Nembutal (50mg/kg, 10% FBS was added to each well, and the plate was incubated at
i.v.). After the back was disinfected, two incisions were made on 37°C for 24 h. Next, the extract was added to Hs27 cells to test the
each side of the back along the animal ridge; each incision was20 cytotoxicity of LKJ11 (100μL/well). After incubation for 72 h, a CCK-8
mm in length and reached the muscular layer. After hemostasis, the assay was used to determine the cell number. CCK-8 Assay: The old
skin incisions were aligned closely, and LKJ11 and BCA (as the culture medium was discarded, the Hs27 cells were washed with
control) were uniformly applied onto each wound surface, fresh PBS three times, 100 μL of new culture medium and 10μL of
respectively. The wounds were kept aligned manually for CCK-8 reagent were added, and the plate was incubated at 37 °C for
approximately 30s until the adhesive fully solidified. The guinea pigs 1.5 h before the optical density at 450 nm was measured. All
were fed normally, and the wound healing was observed over time. experiments were done in triplicate and repeated three times.
Negative control was DMEM containing 10% FBS. Positive control
T-peel strength test, tension strength test and wound closure
was DMEM containing 5% DMSO.
strength test
Animals
8 | J. Name., 2012, 00, 1-3 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx
Animals were supplied by Beijing Experimental Animal Center 19 China Patent: CN 101180085A.
(Beijing China). All of the procedures were carried out in accordance 20 P. Fadaie, M. Atai, M. Imani, A. Karkhaneh, S. Ghasaban.
with the standards established in the Guide for the Care and Use of Dent. Mater. 2013, 29, 61-69.
Laboratory Animals published by the Institute of Laboratory Animal 21 J. J. Verhoef, J. F. Carpenter, T. J. Anchordoguy, H.
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 20xx J. Name., 2013, 00, 1-3 | 9