Experiment No. 01 To 09

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LABORATORY TEST NO.1: Soil Sampling, Labeling, and Storage
PURPOSE:
Standard Practice in soil sampling, labeling and storage
STANDARD REFERENCE:
SIGNIFICANCE:
In any form of testing, the standard practice of soil sampling must be followed as to how to do it in
a proper way. Soil sample should represent and show the natural and condition of the material.
Materials:
Marker, Tag(Paper), lace, etc.
PROCEDURES:
1. Sample Handling and Labeling
1.1 Prepare your materials to use.
1.2 Once the source is identified, put the sample inside the plastic bag that is transparent or
an empty sack will do. Sample quantity shall be as per required testing. This may be
apply to disturbed samples. Make sure that you have identified the following
requirements:
1.2.1 Label or tag(for each sample container)
1.2.2 Project Name(write the project identification number)
1.2.3 Collection date(the date when it is sampled)
1.2.4 Attach the label or tag(to avoid contact in any portion of the sample)
1.2.5 Record the field identification code
1.2.6 Ensure that the all necessary information is transmitted to the laboratory
1.2.7 All laboratory samples shall be recorded in the record book.
2. Sample Storage
2.1 Soil sample area should be dry and clean from any dirt such as plastics, woods, papers
and many others prior to any storage.
2.2 Storage area shall be at the corner part of the room or where it should not disturbed the
traffic flow inside the room.
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Engr. Vera Karla S. Caingles
Engr. Jonathan B. Calibara
Engr. Maricel P. Samonteza
CE Instructors
SOIL SAMPLING, LABELING, AND STORAGE DATA SHEET
Provide images during laboratory testing.
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LABORATORY TEST NO.2: VISUAL CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL
PURPOSE:
Visually classify the soil
STANDARD REFERENCE:
ASTM D 2488 - Standard Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual - Manual
Procedure)
SIGNIFICANCE:
The first step in any geotechnical engineering project is to identify and describe the subsoil
condition. For example, as soon as a ground is identified as gravel, engineer can immediately
form some ideas on the nature of problems that might be encountered in a tunneling project. In
contrast, a soft clay ground is expected to lead to other types of design and construction
considerations. Therefore, it is useful to have a systematic procedure for identification of soils
even in the planning stages of a project.
Soils can be classified into two general categories: (1) coarse grained soils and (2) fine grained
soils. Examples of coarse-grained soils are gravels and sands. Examples of fine-grained soils are
silts and clays. Procedures for visually identifying these two general types of soils are described
in the following sections.
EQUIPMENT/ APPARATUSES:
Magnifying glass (optional)
IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES:
a. Identify the color (e.g. brown, gray, brownish gray), odor (if any) and texture (coarse or fine-
grained) of soil.
b. Identify the major soil constituent (>50% by weight) using Table 1 as coarse gravel, fine gravel,
coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand, or fines.
c. Estimate percentages of all other soil constituents using Table 1 and the following terms:
Trace - 0 to 10%
Little - 10 to 20%
By weight
Some - 20 to 30%
And - 30 to 50%
(Examples: trace fine gravel, little silt, some clay)
d. If the major soil constituent is sand or gravel: Identify particle distribution. Describe as well
graded or poorly graded. Well-graded soil consists of particle sizes over a wide range. Poorly
graded soil consists of particles which are all about the same size. Identify particle shape
(angular, subangular, rounded,subrounded) using Figure 1 and Table 2.
e. If the major soil constituents are fines, perform the following tests:
Dry strength test: Mold a sample into 1/8" size ball and let it dry. Test the strength of the
dry sample by crushing it between the fingers. Describe the strength as none, low, medium, high
or very high depending on the results of the test as shown in Table3(a).
Dilatancy Test: Make a sample of soft putty consistency in your palm. Then observe the
reaction during shaking, squeezing (by closing hand) and vigorous tapping. The reaction is rapid,
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slow or none according to the test results given in Table 3(b). During dilatancy test, vibration
densifies the silt and water appears on the surface. Now on squeezing, shear stresses are
applied on the densified silt. The dense silt has a tendency for volume increase or dilatancy due
to shear stresses. So the water disappears from the surface. Moreover, silty soil has a high
permeability, so the water moves quickly. In clay, we see no change, no shiny surface, in other
words, no reaction.
Plasticity (or Toughness) Test: Roll the samples into a thread about 1/8" in diameter. Fold
the thread and reroll it repeatedly until the thread crumbles at a diameter of 1/8". Note (a) the
pressure required to roll the thread when it is near crumbling, (b) whether it can support its own
weight, (c) whether it can be molded back into a coherent mass, and (d) whether it is tough during
kneading. Describe the plasticity and toughness according to the criteria in Tables 3(c) and 3(d).
A low to medium toughness and non-plastic to low plasticity is the indication that the soil is silty;
otherwise the soil is clayey. Based on dry strength, dilatancy and toughness, determine soil
symbol based on Table 4.
f. Identify moisture condition (dry, moist, wet or saturated) using Table 5.
g. Record visual classification of the soil in the following order: color, major constituent, minor
constituents, particle distribution and particle shape (if major constituent is coarse-grain, plasticity
(if major constituent is fine-grained), moisture content, soil symbol (if major constituent is fine-
grained).
Examples of coarse-grained soils:

Soil 1: Brown fine gravel, some coarse to fine sand, trace silt, trace clay, well graded,
angular, dry.
Soil 2: Gray coarse sand, trace medium to fine sand, some silt, trace clay, poorly graded,
rounded, saturated.
Examples of fine-grained soils:

Soil A: Brown lean clay, trace coarse to fine sand, medium plasticity, moist, CL.
Soil B: Gray clayey silt, trace fine sand, non-plastic, saturated, ML.
Table 1: Grain Size Distribution

Soil Constituent Size Limits Familiar Example
Larger than
Boulder 12 in. (305 mm) or more
basketball
Cobbles 3 in. (76 mm) – 12 in (305 mm) Grapefruit
Coarse Gravel ¾ in. (19 mm) – 3 in. (76 mm) Orange or Lemon
Fine Gravel 4.75 mm (No.4 Sieve) – ¾ in. (19 mm) Grape or Pea
Coarse Sand 2mm (No.10 Sieve) – 4.75 mm (No.4 Sieve) Rocksalt
Medium Sand 0.42 mm (No.40 Sieve) – 2 mm (No.10 Sieve) Sugar, table salt
0.075 mm (No.200 Sieve) – 0.42 mm (No.40
Fine Sand* Powdered Sugar
Sieve)
Fines Less than 0.0075 mm (No.200 Sieve) -
*Particles finer than fine sand cannot be discerned with the naked eye at a distance of 8 in. (20 cm).
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Table 2: Criteria for Describing Shape of Coarse-Grained Soil Particles

Description Criteria
Angular Particles have sharp edges and relatively plane sides with unpolished
surfaces.
Subangular Particles are similar to angular description, but have rounded edges.
Subrounded Particles have nearly plane sides, but have well-rounded corners and edges.
Rounded Particles have smoothly curved sides and no edges.
Table 3a: Criteria for Describing Dry Strength

None The dry specimen ball crumbles into powder with the slightest handling pressure.
Low The dry specimen crumbles into powder with some pressure from fingers.
Medium The dry specimen breaks into pieces or crumbles with moderate finger pressure.
The dry specimen cannot be broken with finger pressure. Specimen will break into
High
pieces between thumb and a hard surface.
Very High The dry specimen cannot be broken between the thumb and a hard surface.
Table 3b: Criteria for Describing Dilatancy of a Soil Sample

None There is no visible change in the soil samples.
Slow Water slowly appears and remains on the surface during shaking or water
slowly disappears upon squeezing.
Rapid Water quickly appears on the surface during shaking and quickly disappears
upon squeezing.
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Table 3c: Criteria for Describing Soil Plasticity

Non-plastic A 1/8” (3 mm) thread cannot be rolled at any water content.
The thread is difficult to roll and a cohesive mass cannot be formed when drier
Low than the plastic limit.
The thread is easy to roll and little time is needed to reach the plastic limit. The
thread cannot be re-rolled after the plastic limit is reached. The mass crumbles
Medium when it is drier than the plastic limit.
Considerable time is needed, rolling and kneading the sample, to reach the
plastic limit. The thread can be rerolled and reworked several times before
High
reaching the plastic limit. A mass can be formed when the sample is drier than
the plastic limit.
Note: The plastic limit is the water content at which the soil begins to break apart and crumbles when rolled into threads
1/8” in diameter.
Table 3d: Criteria for Describing Soil Toughness

Low Only slight pressure is needed to roll the thread to the plastic limit. The
thread and mass are weak and soft.
Medium Moderate pressure is needed to roll the thread to near the plastic limit. The
thread and mass have moderate stiffness.
High Substantial pressure is needed to roll the thread to near the plastic limit. The
thread and mass are very stiff.
Table 4: Identification of Inorganic Fine-Grained Soils

Soil Symbol Dry Strength Dilatancy Toughness
ML None or Low Slow to Rapid Low or thread cannot be formed
CL Medium to High None to Slow Medium
MH Low to Medium None to Slow Low to Medium
CH High to Very High None High
Note: ML = Silt; CL = Lean Clay (low plasticity clay); MH = Elastic Soil; CH = Fat Clay (high plasticity clay). The terms „lean‟
and „fat‟ may not be used in certain geographic regions (Midwest).
Table 5: Criteria for Describing Soil Moisture Conditions

Dry Soil is dry to the touch, dusty, a clear absence of moisture.
Moist Soil is damp, slight moisture; soil may begin to retain molded form.
Wet Soil is clearly wet; water is visible when sample is squeezed.
Saturated Water is easily visible and drains freely from the sample.
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VISUAL SOIL CLASSIFICATION DATA SHEET
Soil Sample Number: ___________________

Classified by: ________________________________________
Date: ______________________
1. Color ________________________
2. Odor _________________________
3. Texture _______________________
4. Major soil constituent _______________________
5. Minor soil constituent _______________________
Type Approx. % by weight

__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
6. For Coarse-grained Soils:

Gradation : _______________________
Particle Shape : _______________________
7. For Fine-grained Soils:

Dry Strength : _______________________
Dilatancy : _______________________
Plasticity : _______________________
Toughness : _______________________
Soil Symbol : _______________________
8. Moisture Content : _______________________
Classification:
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VISUAL SOIL CLASSIFICATION DATA SHEET
Provide images during laboratory testing.
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LABORATORY TEST NO.3: REDUCING FIELD SAMPLES OF SOIL TO TESTING SIZE
INTRODUCTION:
These methods cover the reduction of field samples to the appropriate size for testing
employing techniques that are intended to minimize variations in measured characteristics
between the test samples so selected and the field sample.
STANDARD REFERENCE:
ASTM C 702 / C702M - Standard Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing Size
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE:

1. Specifications for soil require sampling portions of the material for testing. Other factors
being equal, larger samples will tend to be more representative of the total supply. These
methods provide for reducing the large sample obtained in the field to a convenient size
for conducting a number of tests to describe the material and measure its quality in a
manner that the smaller portion is most likely to be a representation of the field sample,
and thus of the total supply. The individual test methods provide for minimum weights of
material to be tested.
2. Under certain circumstances, reduction in size of the field sample prior to testing is not
recommended. Substantial differences between the selected samples sometimes cannot
be avoided, as for example, in the case of an aggregate having relatively few large size
particles in the field sample. The laws of chance dictate that these few particles may be
unequally distributed among the reduced size test samples. Similarly, if the test sample is
being examined for certain contaminants occurring as a few discrete fragments in only
sample percentages, caution should be used in interpreting results from the reduced size
test sample. Chance inclusion or exclusion of only one or two particles in the selected
sample may importantly influence interpretation of the characteristics of the field sample.
In these cases, the entire field sample should be tested.
SAMPLING:
1. The field sample of soil shall be taken in accordance with Sampling Soil, or as required
by individual test methods. When tests for sieve analysis only are contemplated, the size
of field sample listed in Sampling Soil is usually adequate. When additional tests are to
be conducted, the user shall satisfy him that the initial size of the field sample is adequate
to accomplish all intended tests.
QUARTERING
APPARATUS:
1. Apparatus shall consist of a straightedge scoop, shovel, or trowel; a broom or brush; and
a canvas blanket approximately 2 by 2.5 m (6 by 8ft.)
PROCEDURES:
1. Use either the procedure described in Quartering procedure 1 or 1.2 or a combination of
both.
1.1 Place the field sample on a hard clean, level surface where there will be neither loss
of material nor the accidental addition of foreign material. Mix the material thoroughly
by turning the entire sample into a conical pile by depositing each shovelful on top of
the proceeding one. Carefully flatten the conical pile to a uniform thickness and
diameter by pressing down the apex with a shovel so that each quarter sector of the
resulting pile will contain the material originally in it. The diameter should be
approximately four to eight times the thickness. Divide the flattened mass into four
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equal quarters with a shovel or trowel and remove two diagonally opposite quarters,
including all fine material, and brush the cleared spaces clean. Successively mix and
quarter the remaining material until the sample is reduced to the desired size (Figure
1).
1.2 As an alternative to the procedure described in Method B – Quartering procedure 1.1

when the floor surface is uneven, the failed sample may be placed on a canvas
blanket and mixed with a shovel as described in method B – Quartering Procedure
1.1 or by alternatively lifting each corner of the canvas and pulling it over the sample
toward the diagonally opposite corner causing the material to be rolled. Flatten the
pile as described in Method- B Quartering Procedure 1.1. Divide the sample as
described in Method- B Quartering Procedure 1.1 or if the surface beneath the
blanket and under the center of the pile, then lifts both ends of the stick, dividing the
sample into two equal parts. Remove the stick leaving a fold of the blanket between
the divided portions. Insert the stick under the center of the pile at right angles to the
first division and again lift both ends of the stick, dividing the sample into four equal
parts. Remove two diagonally opposite quarters, being careful to 15 clean the fines
from the blanket. Successively mix and quarter the remaining material until the
sample is reduced to the desired size (Figure 2).
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Cone Sample on Hard Clean Surface Mix by Forming New Cone
Quarter after Flattening Cone Sample Divide into Quarters
Retain Opposite Quarters

Reject the Other Two Quarters
Figure 1: Quartering on a Hard, Clean, Level Surface

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Mix by Rolling on a Blanket Form Cone after Mixing
Quarter after Flattening Cone Sample Divide into Quarters
Retain Opposite Quarters

Reject the Other Two Quarters
Figure 2: Quartering on a Canvas Blanket

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REDUCING FIELD SAMPLES OF SOIL TO TESTING SIZE DATA SHEET

Experimented by: ________________________________________
Date: ______________________
1. Provide images during the test with caption at the bottom of each image.
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2. Observation during laboratory testing in terms of:
a. Procedures:
b. The used of materials:
Between the two methods
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LABORATORY TEST NO.4: DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT
SIGNIFICANCE:
The behavior of a soil is markedly influenced by the amount of moisture it contains.
Moisture content therefore, is an important characteristic. By definition, moisture content, MC, is
the ratio of the weight/mass of water in the soil to the weight/mass of the dry soil after it has been
dried to constant weight/mass at a temperature of 110±5°c.
STANDARD REFERENCE:
ASTM D 4959-16 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Water Content of Soil By Direct
Heating
APPARATUSES:
1. Moisture can(s):
Moisture cans are available in various sizes.
Example: 2-in. (50.8 mm) diameter and 7/8 in. (22.2 mm) high and 3.5-in. (88.9 mm)
diameter and 2 in. (50..8 mm) high
2. Oven with temperature control:
For drying, the temperature of the oven is generally kept between 105°C. A higher
temperature should be avoided to prevent the burning of organic matter in the soil.
3. Balance:
The balance should have a readability of 0.01 g for specimens having a mass of 200 g or
less. If the specimen has a mass of over 200g, the readability should be 0.1 g
PROCEDURES:
1. Determine the mass (g) of the empty moisture can plus its cap (W ), and also record the
1
number.
2. Place a sample of representative moist soil in the can. Close the can with its cap to avoid
loss of moisture.
3. Determine the combined mass (g) of the closed can and moist soil (W ).
2
4. Remove the cap from the top of the can and place it on the bottom (of the can).
5. Put the can (Step 4) in the oven to dry the soil to a constant weight. In most cases, 24
hours of drying is sufficient.
6. Record the final constant weight (W ) of the dry soil sample plus the can and its cap.
3
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MOISTURE CONTENT DATA SHEET

Experimented by: ________________________________________
Date: ______________________
1. Calculation
Moisture Content Can Number : 1 2 3

Weight of Moisture Can, W1 (g) : __________ _________ _________
Weight of Moisture Can +
Wet Soil, W2 (g) : __________ _________ _________

Dry Soil, W3 (g) : __________ _________ _________
Moisture Content,
W% = [(W - W )/(W - W )] x 100 : __________ _________ _________
2 3 3 1
Average Moisture Content: ____________________
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MOISTURE CONTENT DATA SHEET
Provide images during the test with caption at the bottom of each image.
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LABORATORY TEST NO.5: PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS OF SOILS
SIGNIFICANCE:
Particle size analysis is the determination of particle size distribution in soils by sieve,
hydrometer, or a combined analysis. The method which should be used depends on the size of
the soil grains.
Grain size distribution is widely used in the classification and identification of soils. It is
important criteria in the classification of highway subgrade materials. It is also related to
permeability and capillarity of cohesionless soils.
STANDARD REFERENCE:
ASTM D 422-63 - Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
APPARATUSES:
1. Balance, sensitive to 0.01 g.
2. Mechanical stirring apparatus with a metal and dispersion cup
3. Hydrometer
4. Thermometer accurate to 0.5°C
5. Set of standard sieves; 75.0 mm, 50.0 mm, 25.0 mm, 9.5 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.0 mm. 0.425
mm, 0.075 mm
6. Graduated cylinder, 1 liter capacity
7. Complete set of water bath
8. Oven with temperature control
9. Beaker, 250 ml capacity
10. Timer
SAMPLES:
The minimum amount required of materials retained on the 4.75 mm sieve, the 2.00 mm
sieve or 0.425 mm depends on the maximum particle size but shall not be less than the amount
as shown in the following table:
Nominal Size of Max. Approximately Minimum
Standard Particle Weight
(mm) (g)
9.5 0.5
25.0 2
50.0 4
75.0 5
The size of the portion passing 2.0 mm or 0.425 mm (#40) sieve shall be;
a. Hydrometer - approx. 100 g for sandy soil
- approx. 50 g for silty or clayey soil
PROCEDURES:
The test sample for mechanical analysis shall prepare in accordance with the preparation
of disturbed soil samples for test.
A. Sieve analysis of fraction retained on 2.00 mm
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1. Pass the sample through a series of standard sieves, 4.75 mm and bigger openings.
Use of mechanical shaker is preferred.
2. Sieving operation shall be conducted by means of lateral and vertical motion of the
sieve accompanied by jarring action to keep the sample moving continuously on the
surface of the sieve. Sieving shall be continued until not more than 1% by weight of
the residue passes any sieve within 1 minute.
3. Weigh and record the quantity retained on each sieve.
4. Compute for the % Passing for each sieve.
B. Hydrometer & Sieve Analysis of Fraction Passing 2.00 mm sieve:

1. Hygroscopic moisture. Weigh about 10 g of the air-dried sample passing No. 2.00
mm sieve, dry to constant weight/mass in an oven at 105 to 110 °C, cool to room
temperature, weigh the oven-dried material, and record results.
2. Dispersion of sample. Weight 50 g of the air-dried sample (100 g for sandy soils),
place in a beaker, fill with distilled water to about half the depth and allow to soak for
at least 18 hours. After soaking, add 20 ml of (sodium silicate, calgon,
polyphosphate) deflocculating agent, then washed the contents into the dispersion
cup. Add distilled water until it is about 50.8 mm from the brim and disperse the
contents for 1 minute in the mechanical stirring apparatus.
3. Transfer the mixture to the graduated cylinder and add distilled water to bring the
water level to the 1000 ml mark. Place the cylinder in the constant temperature bath.
Stir the suspension frequently to avoid settlement of particles.
4. Remove the cylinder from the water bath as soon as the temperature of suspension
and the water bath are the same. Shake thoroughly the mixture for 1 minute by
turning the cylinder upside down and back, using the palm of the hand as stopper.
The soil should not stick to the bottom of the cylinder when upside down.
5. Replace the cylinder in the water bath, insert carefully the hydrometer in the
suspension and start the timer.
6. Take hydrometer readings after ½, 1 and 2 minutes without removing the hydrometer
from the suspension read the hydrometer at the top of the meniscus formed around
its stem. Repeat the shaking and reading procedure until a consistent set of readings
are obtained.
7. Re-start the test but this time take readings after 2, 5, 15, 30, 60, 250, and 440
minutes. Insert carefully the hydrometer about 15 to 20 seconds before each of these
readings. Dry the stem before insertion. It should be removed carefully and placed in
a cylinder of distilled water after each reading. Take the temperature of the
suspension immediately following each hydrometer reading and record. Between
hydrometer readings, the top of the cylinder should be covered to minimize
evaporation and prevent collection of dust or dirt from the air.
8. After the final reading, wash the suspension on a 0.075 mm sieve. Dry the fraction
retained and performs the sieve analysis using the 0.425 mm, 0.250 mm and 0,075
mm.
CALCULATION:
1. Hygroscopic Moisture (%) = ( wt. or mass of air dried soil – wt. or mass of oven dried soil) x
wt. or mass of oven dried soil
100
2. To correct the mass of the air-dried sample for hygroscopic moisture, the given value
shall be multiplied by the expression:
100
100 + % Hygroscopic Moisture
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3. The percentage of coarse material shall be calculated from the weighs of fractions
retained on 2.00 mm sieve (recorded from the sieve analysis) and the total mass of
sample.
From the total mass of sample, subtract the mass of the fraction retained on 2.00 mm
sieve. The difference is assumed to equal the mass of the air-dried fraction passing the
2.00 mm sieve. The mass fraction passing the 2.00 mm sieve shall be corrected for
hygroscopic moisture.
The total test sample corrected for Hygroscopic moisture is the corrected mass passing
2.00 mm sieve plus the mass retained on 2.00 mm sieve.
4. The percentages passing the different sieves are calculated on the basis of total dry
mass of sample.
Percentage of Soil in Suspension, P

Hydrometer readings made at temperature other than the calibration temperature are
corrected by appropriate correction factors. A typical correction factor curve for
hydrometer A. Temperature correction curves of this type should be prepared for each
hydrometer used.
5. The percentage of soil in suspension is represented by the different corrected hydrometer
readings, and is calculated as follows:
For Hydrometer A (152H)
P= Ra x 100
Ws
For hydrometer B (151 H)
P= 1606 (R-1)a x 100

Ws
Where:
P = percentage of soil in suspension based on dry weight/mass of soil dispersed.
R= corrected hydrometer reading.
W S= dry weight/mass of soil dispersed.
a= a constant depending on the density of the suspension. It varies with specific
gravity,
Gs, of the suspended particles.
In routine tests, it will be sufficiently accurate to use the constant opposite the nearest
specific gravity, from the following table:
Gs Constant, a
2.95 0.94
2.85 0.96
2.75 0.98
2.65 1.00
2.55 1.02
2.45 1.05
2.35 1.08
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6. To convert percent of soil in suspension, P, into percent of total sample, multiply P by the
percentage passing 2.00 mm sieve.
Diameter of Particle in Suspension, D
7. The maximum diameter, D, of the particle in suspension, corresponding to each

hydrometer reading, is calculated from strokes‟ equation.
D=
Where:
D = maximum particle diameter, mm
n= coefficient of viscosity of suspending medium, poise
It varies with temperature of medium, See Table.
L= distance from surface of suspension to center of volume of the hydrometer, cm. For
convenience draw a hydrometer calibration curve to get the value of L for every
hydrometer reading.
T= period of sedimentation, minutes
Gm= specific gravity of suspending medium at time of test. See table A.
GS= specific gravity of Soil Particles
PLOTTING
The cumulative % passing based on total sample is plotted against particle diameter, D,
in semi-log scale to obtain the “grain-size curve”. See Figure 6.
Table A Viscosity of Water, millipoises
Temperature, °C Temperature, °C
20 10.09 30 8.00
21 9.84 31 7.83
22 9.61 32 7.67
23 9.38 33 7.51
24 9.16 34 7.36
25 8.95 35 7.31
26 8.75 36 7.06
27 8.55 37 6.92
28 8.36 38 6.79
29 8.18 39 6.66
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SIEVE ANALYSIS / HYDROMETER DATA SHEET

Tested by: ________________________________________
Date: ______________________
1. Tabulation
Weight of Soil Sample:
Sieve Sieve + Soil Soil Weight on Percentage Percentage

Sieve Size
Weight Weight, g Sieve, g Weight, % Finer, %
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2. Computation
3. Observation
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4. Graph
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LABORATORY TEST NO.6: DETERMINATION OF LIQUID LIMIT
SIGNIFICANCE:
The liquid limit is defined as the lowest moisture content at which the soil will flow upon
the application of a very small shearing force. The liquid limit gives a certain measure of the
shearing resistance of a soil when mixed with water. It is a measure of the potential cohesion
which in turn depends upon the total size of the contact areas, or the fineness and shape of the
grains. The finer and flatter the grains, the greater will be the total contact area between the
grains, and the higher the amount of water that could be taken into coat the grains.
STANDARD REFERENCE:
ASTM D 4318 - Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of
Soils
APPARATUSES:
1. Evaporating dish
2. Spatula having a blade about 75 mm length and 20 mm width.
3. Liquid limit device
4. Grooving tool
5. Containers
7. Balance, sensitive to 0.01 g
PROCEDURES:
1. A sample weighing about 100 g shall be taken from thoroughly mixed material passing
the 0.425 mm sieve which has been obtained in accordance with standard procedures in
Preparation of Disturbed Soil sample for Test. Mix the sample with 15 to 20 ml of distilled
water. Mix it thoroughly by alternately stirring and kneading with spatula. Further addition
of water shall be made by 1 to 3 ml increments.
2. Place a portion of the paste in the brass cup of the liquid limit device, level off the surface
with a spatula to a maximum depth of 10 mm and divide the soil pat into segments by
means of the standard grooving tool.
3. Mount the brass cup to the carriage such that it can be raised and allowed to drop
sharply on the base through a height of 10 mm by rotating the crank at an approximate
rate of two rotations per second until the closure of the groove about 13 mm from the
bottom. The closure should be by flow of the soil and not by slippage on the cup.
4. Take a slice of approximately the width of the spatula extending from edge to edge of the
soil cake at right angles to the groove. Place the sample in a drying can for moisture
content determination.
5. Repeat Steps (2) to (4) with different moisture contents of the soil in the range of 15 to 35
blows. A total of 4 determinations should be made.
6. Plot moisture content against log number of blows and draw the flow curve.
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Figure 1: Liquid Limit
CALCULATION
1. Calculate the percentage moisture to the nearest whole percent.
% Moisture = W1 – W2 x 100
Where: W2
W 1 = weight/mass of wet sample
W 2 = weight/mass of oven-dried sample
2. Plot the percent moisture as ordinate on an arithmetic scale against the number of blows
as abscissa on a logarithmic scale. Draw a straight line connecting these points. The plot
is called the “flow curve”.
3. The liquid limit is expressed as the moisture content corresponding to 25 blows
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LIQUID LIMIT DATA SHEET

Tested by: ________________________________________
Date: ______________________
1. Calculation
Weight of Moisture Can, W1 (g) : __________ _________ _________

Wet Soil, W2 (g) : __________ _________ _________

Dry Soil, W3 (g) : __________ _________ _________
Moisture Content,
W% = [(W - W )/(W - W )] x 100 : __________ _________ _________
2 3 3 1
No. of Blows : __________ _________ _________
Liquid Limit: ____________________
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2. Graph
3. Observation
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LABORATORY TEST NO.7: DETERMINATION OF PLASTIC LIMIT AND PLASTICITY INDEX
SIGNIFICANCE:
The plastic limit is defined as the minimum moisture content at which the soil can be
readily molded without breaking or crumbling. Plasticity index indicates compressibility; high P.I.
means high degree of compressibility of a soil. It is also related to permeability; the higher the P.I.
the lower the permeability; and vice-versa. The limit tests and plasticity index are widely used to
control the characteristics of soil which are to be incorporated in roadways.
STANDARD REFERENCE:
ASTM D 4318 - Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of
Soils
APPARATUSES:
1. Evaporating dish
2. Spatula, having a blade about 75 mm length and 20 mm width.
3. A ground glass plate or piece of smooth, unglazed paper on which to roll the sample.
4. Containers
6. Balance sensitive to0.1 g
SAMPLE:
1. If the plastic limit only is required, mix thoroughly about 20 g of sample obtained in
accordance with standard procedure in accordance with Standard Procedure in
preparation of Disturbed Soil Sample for Test with distilled water until the mass is plastic
enough to be shaped into a ball. Take a portion of the ball weighing about 8 g for test
sample.
2. If both liquid and plastic limit is required, take a specimen sample weighing about 8 g
from the thoroughly mixed portion of the soil prepared in accordance with the Standard
method of test for Liquid Limit of Soils.
PROCEDURES:
1. Squeeze and form the 8 g sample into ball.
2. Roll the ball of soil between the fingers and the glass plate with just sufficient pressure
into thread of uniform diameter throughout its length.
3. When the diameter of the thread becomes 3.2 mm, break the thread into 6 to 8 pieces.
4. Squeeze the pieces together between the thumbs and fingers into a uniform mass and
reroll. Continue the alternate rolling to a thread of 3.2 mm until the thread crumbles and
the soil can no longer be rolled into a thread.
5. Take some of the crumbled soil and place in a drying can. Weigh the container and
thread, and record the mass. Oven dry the soil to constant mass at 110°C±5 constant
weight. Record the loss in mass as the mass of water.
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CALCULATION
1. The plastic limit is expressed as the moisture content in percentage of the oven-dried
weight/mass of the crumbled soil thread.
Plastic Limit = x 100

Where:
W a = weight of crumbled soil thread
W b = weight of oven-dried crumbled soil thread.
2. The plasticity index is the difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit.
Plasticity Index = Liquid Limit – Plastic Limit
Figure 1: Plastic Limit
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PLASTIC LIMIT DATA SHEET

Tested by: ________________________________________
Date: ______________________
1. Calculation
Weight of Moisture Can, (g) : __________ _________ _________

Weight of Crumbled thread, (g) : __________ _________ _________
Weight of Crumbled thread,

Wa (g) : __________ _________ _________

Weight of Oven-dried Crumbled
Soil Thread, (g) : __________ _________ _________
Weight of Oven-dried Crumbled

Soil Thread, W b (g) : __________ _________ _________
Moisture Content,
W% = [(W - W )/(W - W )] x 100 : __________ _________ _________
2 3 3 1
Plastic Limit : ____________________

Plasticity Index : __________________
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PLASTIC LIMIT DATA SHEET
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LABORATORY TEST NO.8: COMPACTION TEST/MOISTURE DENSITY RELATION TEST OF
SOIL
SIGNIFICANCE:
Compaction of soil mass involves the application of energy and addition of water as
lubricant. It results in reduction of pore spaces and increase of density by rearrangement of
particle grains. Thus, the mass becomes more stable and impermeable, which are desirable
characteristics of foundations.
The compaction of soil fills in various engineering operations is of utmost significance. A

properly compacted fill will not settle very much even after the loads are imposed. Therefore, the
detrimental effects of settlement on the structures are minimized. Maximum stability is attained by
compaction. Structures built on a stable fill are both safe and economical. Compaction also
makes the fill impervious; thus, it reduces the detrimental effects of infiltrating surface water.
Using a 5.5 lb. (2.5 kg) Rammer and a 12 in. (305 mm) Drop
These methods of test are intended for determining the moisture density relation of soil
using a 5.5 lb. (2.5 kg) Rammer and a 12 in. (305 mm) Drop
Four alternate procedures are provided as follows:

Method A – A 4 in. (102 mm) mold: soil material passing a 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve.
Method B – A 6 in. (152 mm) mold: soil material passing a 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve.
Method C – A 4 in. (102 mm) mold: soil material passing a 19.0 mm (3/4 in.) sieve.
Method D – A 6 in. (152 mm) mold: soil material passing a 19.0 mm (3/4 in.) sieve.
STANDARD REFERENCE:
ASTM D 698 - Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using
Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3))
ASTM D 1557 - Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil
Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3))
APPARATUSES:
1. Molds – The molds shall be solid-wall, metal cylinders manufactured with dimensions &
capacities. It shall have assembly shall be so constructed so that it can be fastened firmly
to a detachable base plate.
A 4 in. mold having a capacity of 1/30 (0.0333) ± 0.0003 cu.ft. (0.000943 ±

3
0.000008 m )with an internal diameter of 4.000 ±0.016 in. (101.6 ±0.406 mm)
and a height of 4.584 ± 0.005 in. (116.43 ± 0.1270 mm).
A 6 in. mold having a capacity of 1/13.33 (0.07500) ± 0.00075 cu.ft. (0.002124 ±

3
0.000021 m ) with an internal diameter of 6.000 ± 0.026 in. (152.4 ± 0.6604 mm)
and a height of 4.584 in. ± 0.005 in.
2. Rammer
2.1 Manually Operated – Metal rammer having a flat circular face of 2.00±0.005 in.
(50.8±0.127 mm) diameter, a wear tolerance of 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) and weight
5.50±0.02 lb (2.495±0.009 kg). The rammer shall be equipped with a suitable guide –
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sleeve to control the height of drop to free fall of 12.00±0.06 (or 1/16) in.
(304.8±1.524 mm) above the elevation of the soil. The guide – sleeve shall have at
least 4 vent holes, no smaller than 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) diameter spaced approximately
90 deg. (1.57 rad.) apart and approximately ¾ in (19.0 mm) from each end; and shall
provide sufficient clearance so the free fall of the rammer shaft and head is
unrestricted.
2.2 Mechanically Operated – A metal rammer which is equipped with a device to control
the height of drop to a free fall of 12.00±0.06 (or 1/16) in. (304.8±1.524 mm) above
the elevation of the soil and uniformly distributes such drops to the soil surface. The
rammer shall have a flat circular face 2.00±0.005 in. (50.8±0.127 mm) diameter, a
wear tolerance of 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) and a manufactured mass of 5.50±0.02 lb
(2.495±0.009 kg).
3. Sample Extruder – A jack, lever frame or other device adopted for the purpose of
extruding compacted specimens for mold.
4. Balances and Scales – A balance or scale conforming to the requirements of ASSHTO M

231 Class G 20. Also, a balance conforming to the requirements of ASSHTO M 231,
Class G 2.
5. Drying Oven – A thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of maintaining a

temperature of 110±5°C (230±9°F) for drying moisture samples.
6. Straightedge – A hardened-steel straightedge at least 10 in. (254 mm) in length. It shall

have one beveled edge, and at least one longitudinal surface (used for final trimming)
shall be plane within 0.01 in. per 10 in. (0.1 percent) of length within the portion used for
trimming the soil.
7. Sieve - 50, 19.0 and 4.75 mm sieves.
8. Mixing Tools – Miscellaneous tools such as mixing pan, spoon trowel, spatula, etc. or a
suitable mechanical device for thoroughly mixing the sample of soil with increments of
water.
9. Containers – Containers for moisture content samples made of metal or other suitable
material, with close- fitting lids to prevent loss of moisture prior to or during weighing.
METHOD C
SAMPLE:
1. If the soil sample is damp when received from the field, dry it until becomes friable under
a
trowel. Drying maybe in air or by using drying apparatus such that the temperature does
not exceed 60°C. Then thoroughly break up the aggregations in such a manner as to
avoid reducing the natural size of individual particles.
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2. Sieve an adequate quantity of the representative pulverized soil over the 19.0 mm sieve.
Discard the coarse material, if any, retained on the 19.0 mm sieve (Note 1).
Note 1 – If it is advisable to maintain the same percentage of coarse material (Passing a 50 mm
sieve and retain on a 4.75 mm sieve) in the moisture-density sample as in the original field
sample, the material retained on the 19.0 mm sieve shall be replaced as follows: Sieve an
adequate quantity of the representative pulverized soil over the 50 mm and 19.0 mm sieve.
Weigh the material passing the 50 mm sieve and retained on the 19.0 mm sieve and retained on
the 4.75 mm sieve. Take the, material for replacement from the remaining portion of the sample.
3. Select a representative sample, having a mass of approximately 5 kg or more, of the soil
prepared as described in Sample 1 and 2.
PROCEDURES:
1. Thoroughly mix the selected sample with sufficient water to dampen it to approximately 4
percentage points below optimum moisture content.
2. Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in the 4 in. (102 mm) mold (with collar
attached) in three approximately equal layers to give a total compacted depth of about 5
in. (127 mm). Compact each layer by 25 uniformly distributed blows from the rammer
dropping free from a height of 12 in. (305 mm) above the approximate elevation of each
finally compacted layer when a stationary mounted type rammer is used. During
compaction, the mold shall rest firmly on a dense, uniform, rigid and stable foundation.
2.1 Following compaction, remove the extension collar; carefully trim the compacted soil
even with the top of the mold by means of the straightedge. Holes developed in the
surface by removal of coarse material shall be patched with smaller size material.
Weigh the mold and moist soil in pound or in kilograms and divide the mass of the
compacted specimen, mold minus the mass of the mold by 0.000943 and record the
3
results as wet density W 1 in kg/m .
3. Remove the material from the mold and slice vertically through the center. Take a
representative sample of the material from one of the cut faces, weigh immediately, and
dry in an oven at 110±5°C for at least 12 h, or to constant mass, to determine the
moisture content. The moisture content sample shall weigh not less than 500 g.
4. Thoroughly break up remainder of the material until it will pass a19.0 mm sieve and add
to the remaining portion of the sample being tested. Add water in sufficient amounts to
increase the moisture content of the soil sample by one or two percentage points, and
repeat the above procedure for each increment of water added. Continue this series of
determinations until there is either a decrease or no change in the wet mass, W 1 per
cubic foot or cubic meter of compacted soil.
CALCULATION
Compute the moisture content and dry unit mass of the soil as compacted for each trial:
w= X 100
and
W= x 100
Where:
w = Percentage of moisture in the specimen, based on oven dry mass of soil
A = Mass of container and wet soil
B = Mass of container and dry soil
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C = Mass of container
W = Dry mass of compacted soil
W 1=Wet mass of compacted soil
Determine the moisture content and corresponding dry density of the compacted soil for
each determination and plot as ordinate the dry density and as abscissa the corresponding
moisture contents. Connect the plotted points with a smooth line. Generally, the curve is parabolic
in form.
The moisture content corresponding to the vertex of the curve is the optimum moisture
content and the dry density of optimum moisture content is the maximum dry density of the soil.
Using a 10.0 lb (4.54 kg) Rammer and an 18-in. (457 mm) Drop
This method of testis intended for determining the relationship between the moisture
content and density of soils when compacted in a given mold with a 10 lb. (4.54 kg) rammer
dropped from a height of 18 in. (457 mm).
Four alternate procedures are provided as follows:
Method A – A 4 in. (102 mm) mold: soil material passing a 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve.
Method B – A 6 in. (152 mm) mold: soil material passing a 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve.
Method C – A 4 in. (102 mm) mold: soil material passing a 19.0 mm (3/4 in.) sieve.
Method D – A6 in. (102 mm) mold: soil material passing a 19.0 mm (3/4 in.) sieve.
APPARATUSES:
1. Molds – The molds shall be solid-wall, metal cylinders manufactured with dimensions &
capacities. It shall have a detachable collar assembly. The mold and collar assembly
shall be so constructed so that it can be fastened firmly to a detachable base plate.
A 4 in. Mold having a capacity of 1/30 (0.0333) ± 0.0003 cu. ft. (0.000943 ±
3
0.000008 m ) with an internal diameter of 4.000 ± 0.016 in. (101.6 ± 0.0406 mm) and a
height of 4.584 ± 0.005 in. (116.43 ± 0.1270 mm).
A 6 in. mold having a capacity of 1/13.33 (0.07000) ± 0.00075 cu. ft. (0.002124 ±
3
0.000021 m ) with an internal diameter of 6.000 ± 0.026 in. (152.4 ± 0.6604 mm) and a
height of 4.584 in. ± 0.005 in.
2. Rammer
2.1 Manually Operated – Metal rammer having a flat circular face of 2.00 ± 0.005 in.
(50.8 ± 0.127 mm) diameter, a wear tolerance of 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) and weighing
5.50 ± 0.02 lb (2.495±0.009 kg). The rammer shall be equipped with a suitable guide
– sleeve to control the height of drop to a free fall of 12.00 ± 0.06 (or 1/16) in.
(304.8±1.524 mm) above the elevation of the soil. The guide – sleeve shall have at
least 4 vent holes, no smaller than 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) diameter spaced approximately ¾
in. (19.0 mm) from each end; and shall provide sufficient clearance so the free fall of
the rammer shaft and head is unrestricted.
2.2 Mechanically Operated – A metal rammer which is equipped with a device to control
the height of drop to a free fall of 12.00 ± 0.06 (or 1/16) in. (304.8 ± 1.524 mm) above
the elevation of the soil and uniformly distributes such drops to the soil surface. The
rammer shall have a flat circular face 2.00 ± 0.005 in. (50.8 ± 0.127 mm) diameter, a
wear tolerance of 0.005 in. (0.13 mm) and a manufactured mass of 5.50 ± 0.02 lb
(2.495 ± 0.009 kg).
3. Sample Extruder – A jack, lever, frame or other device adopted for the purpose of
extruding compacted specimens for mold.
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4. Balances and Scales – A balance or scale conforming to the requirements of ASSHTO M
231 Class G 20. Also, a balance conforming to the requirements of ASSHTO M 231,
Class G 2.
5. Drying oven – A thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of maintaining a

temperature of 110 ± 5°C (230 ± 9 F) for drying moisture samples.
6. Straightedge – A hardened-steel straightedge at least 10 in. (254 mm) in length. It shall

have one beveled edge, and at least one longitudinal surface (used for final trimming)
shall be plane within 0.01 in. per 10 in. (0.1 percent) of length within the portion used for
trimming the soil.
7. Sieves – 50, 19.0 and 4.75 mm sieves.

8. Mixing Tools – Miscellaneous tools such as mixing pan, spoon trowel, spatula, etc. or a
suitable mechanical device for thoroughly mixing the sample of soil with increments of
water.
9. Containers – Containers for moisture content samples, made of metal or other suitable
material, with close-fitting lids to prevent loss of moisture prior to or during weighing.
SAMPLE
1. If the soil sample is damp when received from the field, dry it until it becomes friable
under a trowel. Drying may be in air or by use of drying apparatus such that the
temperature of the samples does not exceed 60°C. Then, thoroughly break up the
aggregations in such a manner as to avoid reducing the natural size of individual
particles.
2. Sieve an adequate quantity of the representative pulverized soil over the 19.0 mm sieve.
Discard the coarse material, if any, retained on the 19.0 mm sieve (Note 2).
Note 2 – If it is advisable to maintain the same percentage of coarse material (passing a 50
mm sieve and retained on a 4.75 mm sieve) in the moisture-density sample as in the original
field sample, the material retained on the 19.0 mm sieve shall be replaced as follows: Sieve
an adequate quantity of the representative pulverized soil over the 50 mm and 19.0 mm
sieves. Discard the coarse material retained on the 50 mm sieve. Remove the material
passing the 50 mm and retained on the 19.0 mm sieve and replace it with an equal mass of
material passing the 19.0 mm sieve and retained on the 4.75 mm sieve. Take the material for
replacement from the remaining portion of the sample.
3. Select a representative sample, weighing 5.4 kg or more, of the soil prepared as
described in SAMPLE 1 and 2.
PROCEDURES:
1. Thoroughly mix the selected representative sample with sufficient water to dampen it to
approximately four percentage points below the optimum moisture content.
2. Form a specimen by compacting the prepared soil in 4 in. (102 mm) mold (with collar
attached) in five approximately equal layers to give a total compacted depth of about 5 in.
(127 mm). compact each layer by 25 uniformly distributed blows from a rammer dropping
free from a height of 18 in. (457 mm) above the elevation of the soil when a sleeve-type
rammer is used, or from 18 in (457 mm) above the approximate elevation of each finally
compacted layer when a stationary mounted type of rammer is used. During compaction,
the mold shall rest firmly on a dense, uniform, rigid and stable foundation.
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2.1 Following compaction, remove the extension collar, carefully trim the
compacted soil even with the top of the mold by means of a straightedge, holes
developed in the surface by removal of coarse material shall be patched with smaller size
material. Weigh the mold and moist soil in kilograms and divide the mass of the
compacted specimen, mold minus the mass of the mold by 0.000943 and record the
3
results as wet density W 1 in kg/m .
3. Remove the material from the mold and slice vertically through the center. Take a
representative sample of the material from one of the cut faces, weigh immediately and
dry in an oven at 110 ± 5°C for at least 12 h or to constant mass, to determine the
moisture content. The moisture content sample shall weigh not less than 500 g.
4. Thoroughly break up the remainder of the material until it will pass a 19.0 mm sieve and
90 percent of the soil aggregations will pass 1 4.75 mm sieve as judged by eye, and add
to the remaining portion of the sample being tested. Add water in sufficient amounts to
increase the moisture content of the soil sample by one or two percentage points, and
repeat the above procedure for each increment of water added. Continue this series of
determinations until there is either a decrease or no change in the wet unit mass, W 1, per
cubic foot or cubic meter of the compacted soil.
CALCULATION
Compute the moisture content and dry unit mass of the soil as compacted for each trial:
w= x 100
and
W= x 100
Where:
w = percentage of moisture in the specimen, based on oven dry mass of soil
A = mass of container and wet soil
B = mass of container and dry soil
C = mass of container
3 3
W = dry density of compacted soil in lb/ft or kg/m
3 3
W 1 = wet density of compacted soil in lb/ft or kg/m
The moisture content and corresponding dry density of the compacted soil for each
determination should be calculated. Plot the dry density as ordinate and the corresponding
moisture content as abscissa. Connect the plotted points with a smooth line. Generally, the curve
is parabolic in form.
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COMPACTION TEST/MOISTURE DENSITY RELATION TEST OF SOIL DATA SHEET

Tested by: ________________________________________
Date: ______________________
A. Tabulation
Trial Number 1 2 3 4 5
Water added in ml
Mass Mold + wet soil
in Mold + wet soil
g Wet soil
WET DENSITY, kg/m3
Container Number
Container + wet soil
Mass Container + dry soil
in Water
g Container + dry soil
Dry soil
MOISTURE CONTENT, %
DRY DENSITY, kg/m3
Method Used: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
A B C D
Rammer, kg : 2.5 ( ) 4.5 ( )
Layer No. : 3() 5()
No. of Blows/ Layer: 25 ( ) 56 ( )
3
Volume of Mold, m : 0.000943 ( ) 0.002125 ( )
3
Maximum Dry Density (MDD), kg/m : _________________
Optimum Moisture Content (OMC), % : ________________
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MOISTURE
Maximum Dry Density
Moisture Content
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LABORATORY TEST NO.9: DETERMINATION OF DENSITY OF SOIL IN PLACE BY THE

SAND-CONE METHOD
SIGNIFICANCE:
Density of soil is defined as the weight/mass per unit volume. It is a very significant
engineering property of soils as strength is dependent upon density.
The field density test is widely used as a control test in embankment construction to
ensure adequate compaction. Highway specifications usually require that embankment should be
compacted to not less than 95 % of a maximum density. Another application of the test in
highway work is in connection with the determination of “pay quantity” of borrow materials, when
the borrow pit is not amenable to direct volumetric measurements.
STANDARD REFERENCE:
ASTM D 1556 - Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by Sand-
Cone Method
APPARATUSES/ MATERIALS:
1. Density Apparatus – shall consist of 4 liters capacity (1 gal.) jar and a detachable cone
consisting of a cylindrical valve with an orifice 12.7 mm (1/2 inch.) in diameter. The valve
shall have stops to prevent rotating the valve past the completely open or completely
closed positions. A guide or base plate shall be provided for more constant base for tests
of soft soils.
2. Sand – any clean, dry, free-flowing, uncemented sand having few, if any, particles
passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) or retained on the 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieves.
Note: passing No. 10 and Retained no. 200
3. Balances – 10 kg capacity accurate to 1.0 g and balance of 500 g capacity accurate to
0.1 g.
5. Digging tools, such as earth auger, crowbar or chisel
6. Soil pans, MC cans, plastic bags, labeling materials
PROCEDURES:
A. Determination of Volume of Density Jar
1. Weight the assembled apparatus & record.

2. Place the apparatus upright and open the valve.
3. Fill the apparatus with water until it appears over the valve.
4. Close the valve and remove the excess water.
5. Weigh the apparatus and water.
6. Repeat the procedure described in steps (1) to (5) at least twice.
B. Determination of Bulk Density of the Sand to be used in the Field
1. Place the empty apparatus upright on a firm level surface, close the valve and fill the
funnel with sand.
2. Open the valve, keeping funnel at least half full of sand, fill the apparatus.
3. Close the valve sharply and empty excess sand.
4. Weigh the apparatus with sand.
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C. Determination of Mass of Sand required to fill the funnel

1. Put sand in the apparatus and secure mass of the apparatus and sand.
2. Seat the inverted apparatus on a clean, level, plane surface
3. Open the valve and keep open until after the sand stops running.
4. Close the valve sharply, weigh the apparatus with remaining sand and determine the
loss of sand. This loss represents the mass of sand required to fill the funnel.
D. Determination of the Soil Density in Place
1. Smooth off a representative spot of sufficient size and lay flat the guide plate on the
surface of the soil layer to be tested.
2. Dig the test hole inside the center hole in the base plate with an auger, knife or any
digging tool to the full depth of the layer under test. Trim the hole carefully to make
the sides more or less vertical and bottom, level.
3. Place all the loosened soil in a container being careful to avoid losing any material.
Protect the material from any loss of moisture. Weigh the material.
4. Weigh the Density Apparatus and sand.
5. Position the Density Apparatus to the inverted position leveled to the guide plate
above the test hole. Open the valve to release the calibrated sand. Take care to
avoid jarring or vibrating the apparatus on the ground during this step. Close the
valve after the sand has stopped and determine the mass of sand used in the test.
6. Mix the material thoroughly and obtain a representative sample for moisture content
determination or use the entire sample. Dry and weigh the moisture sample.
7. Remove the sample from the test hole, clean for future use.
The minimum test hole volumes suggested in determining the in-place density of soil
mixture are given in Table 1.
TABLE 1: Minimum Test Hole Volumes and Minimum Moisture Content Samples
Based on
Maximum Size of Particle
Maximum Minimum Minimum Minimum
particle Size Test Hole Test Hole Moisture
Vol. (cm3) Vol. (ft3) Content Sample, g
4.75 710 0.025 100

12.5 1420 0.05 250
25 2120 0.075 500
50 2830 0.100 1000
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DENSITY OF SOIL IN PLACE BY THE SAND-CONE METHOD DATA SHEET

Tested by: ________________________________________
Date: ______________________
Unit weight of air-dry sand

1. Container full of water, kg __________________
2. Container, kg __________________
3. Water, kg (1) – (2) __________________
3
4. Container, m (3) /1000) __________________
5. Container filled with air-dry sand, kg __________________
6. Air-dry sand, kg (5)-(2) __________________
3
7. Unit Weight of dry sand, kg/m (6)/ (4) __________________
Mass of Sand to Funnel

8. Mass of Jar + Sand, kg __________________
(after pouring)
10. Sand in Funnel, kg (8) - (9) __________________
Actual moisture content

11. Container +wet soil, g __________________
12. Container +dry soil, g __________________
13. Moisture, g (11) - (12) __________________
14. Container, g __________________
15. Dry soil, g (12)-(14)
16. Actual moisture content, % __________________
(13)/(15) x 100
17. Average actual moisture content, % __________________
Field Density
18. Total material taken from hole, kg __________________
20. Mass of Jar + Sand, kg (after pouring) __________________
21. Sand to fill hole kg (19)-(20)-(10) __________________
3
22. Volume of hole, m (21)/ (7) __________________
3
23. Wet unit weight, kg/m (18)/(22) __________________
3
24. Dry unit weight, kg/m (23)/[17]/100]+1 __________________
25. Laboratory compaction test data __________________
3
(a) Maximum dry density, kg/m __________________
(b) Optimum moisture content, % __________________
26. Degree of Compaction, % (24)/ (25a) x100 __________________
______________________________________________________________________________
47
CE Instructors
DENSITY OF SOIL IN PLACE BY THE SAND-CONE METHOD DATA SHEET
______________________________________________________________________________
48
CE Instructors
REMARKS/RECOMMENDATION:
______________________________________________________________________________
49
CE Instructors

Experiment No. 01 To 09

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______________________________________________Soil Mechanics Laboratory Manual____

LABORATORY TEST NO.1: Soil Sampling, Labeling, and Storage

Provide images during laboratory testing.

f. Identify moisture condition (dry, moist, wet or saturated) using Table 5.

Examples of coarse-grained soils:

Examples of fine-grained soils:

Table 1: Grain Size Distribution

Table 2: Criteria for Describing Shape of Coarse-Grained Soil Particles

Table 3a: Criteria for Describing Dry Strength

Table 3b: Criteria for Describing Dilatancy of a Soil Sample

Table 3c: Criteria for Describing Soil Plasticity

Table 3d: Criteria for Describing Soil Toughness

Table 4: Identification of Inorganic Fine-Grained Soils

Table 5: Criteria for Describing Soil Moisture Conditions

Soil Sample Number: ___________________

Type Approx. % by weight

6. For Coarse-grained Soils:

7. For Fine-grained Soils:

8. Moisture Content : _______________________

Provide images during laboratory testing.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE:

1.2 As an alternative to the procedure described in Method B – Quartering procedure 1.1

Cone Sample on Hard Clean Surface Mix by Forming New Cone

Quarter after Flattening Cone Sample Divide into Quarters

Retain Opposite Quarters

Figure 1: Quartering on a Hard, Clean, Level Surface

Mix by Rolling on a Blanket Form Cone after Mixing

Quarter after Flattening Cone Sample Divide into Quarters

Retain Opposite Quarters

Figure 2: Quartering on a Canvas Blanket

Soil Sample Number: ___________________

b. The used of materials:

Between the two methods

Soil Sample Number: ___________________

Moisture Content Can Number : 1 2 3

Weight of Moisture Can +

Average Moisture Content: ____________________

B. Hydrometer & Sieve Analysis of Fraction Passing 2.00 mm sieve:

Percentage of Soil in Suspension, P

For hydrometer B (151 H)

P= 1606 (R-1)a x 100

Diameter of Particle in Suspension, D

7. The maximum diameter, D, of the particle in suspension, corresponding to each

Soil Sample Number: ___________________

Weight of Soil Sample:

Sieve Sieve + Soil Soil Weight on Percentage Percentage

Figure 1: Liquid Limit

LIQUID LIMIT DATA SHEET

Soil Sample Number: ___________________

Moisture Content Can Number : 1 2 3

Weight of Moisture Can, W1 (g) : __________ _________ _________

Weight of Moisture Can +

Weight of Moisture Can +

No. of Blows : __________ _________ _________

Liquid Limit: ____________________

Plastic Limit = x 100

Plasticity Index = Liquid Limit – Plastic Limit

Figure 1: Plastic Limit

Soil Sample Number: ___________________

Moisture Content Can Number : 1 2 3

Weight of Moisture Can, (g) : __________ _________ _________

Weight of Moisture Can +

Weight of Crumbled thread,

__________________________________________Soil Mechanics Laboratory Manual

Weight of Moisture Can, W1 (g) : ______ _ _____

No. of Blows : ______ _ _____

Weight of Moisture Can, (g) : ______ _ _____