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* FIRST DIVISION.
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KAPUNAN, J.:
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1 A.O. 223, Section 1. The same section provided for the CommitteeÊs
composition as follows:
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PRIMARY PURPOSE
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SECONDARY PURPOSES
(1) To purchase, acquire, own, lease, sell and convey real properties such as
lands, buildings, factories and warehouses and machineries, equipment
and other personal properties as may be necessary or incidental to the
conduct of the corporate business, and to pay in cash, shares of its
capital stock, debentures and other evidences of indebtedness, or other
securities, as may be deemed expedient, for any business or property
acquired by the corporation.
(2) To borrow or raise money necessary to meet the financial requirements
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herein set forth as its purposes, within or without the Philippines, and
in any and all foreign countries, and to do everything necessary,
desirable or incidental to the accomplishment of the purposes or the
exercise of any one or more of the powers herein enumerated, or which
shall at any time appear conducive to or expedient for the protection or
benefit of this corporation.
5 Rollo, p. 10.
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6 Id., at 134-135.
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A.
B.
C.
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7 Id., at 15.
8 Id., at 296-297.
9 312 SCRA 77 (1999).
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SEC. 22. Investigatory Power.·The Office of the Ombudsman shall have the power to
impeachment, for the purpose of filing a verified complaint for impeachment or over Members
In all cases of conspiracy between an officer or employee of the government and a private
person, the Ombudsman and his Deputies shall have jurisdiction to include such private
person as the evidence may warrant. The officer or employee and the private person shall be
tried jointly and shall be subject to the same penalties and liabilities.
13 E.g., Fernandez vs. Ledesma, 1 SCRA 620 (1963); Aparri vs. Court of
Appeals, 127 SCRA 231 (1984).
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Did E.O. 128 delegate the NCC with some of the sovereign
functions of government? Certainly, the law did not
delegate upon the NCC functions that can be described as
legislative or judicial. May the functions of the NCC then
be described as executive?
We hold that the NCC performs executive functions. The
executive power „is generally defined as the power to
enforce and administer the laws. It is the power of carrying
the laws into practi-
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SEC. 15. Arts and letters shall enjoy the patronage of the State. The
State shall conserve, promote, and popularize the nationÊs historical
and cultural heritage and resources, as well as artistic creations.
In its preamble, A.O. No. 223 states the purposes for the
creation of the Committee for the National Centennial
Celebrations in 1998:
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18 Id., at Sec. 2.
19 CONSTITUTION, ARTICLE VII, SECTION 1.
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Section 1. x x x.
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The State shall promote industrialization and full employment based on sound
agricultural development and agrarian reform, through industries that make
full and efficient use of human and natural resources, and which are
competitive in both domestic and foreign markets. x x x.
In the pursuit of these goals, all sectors of the economy and all regions of the
country shall be given optimum opportunity to develop. x x x.
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Oh, yes, certainly the State is interested in the unity of the people,
we wanted to rekindle the love for freedom, love for country, that is
the over-all goal that has to make everybody feel proud that he is a
Filipino, proud of our history, proud of what our forefather did in
their time. x x x.
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23 Id., at §§7, 15. See also Triste vs. Leyte State College Board of
Trustees, 192 SCRA 326 (1990).
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The term office, it is said, embraces the idea of tenure and duration,
and certainly a position which is merely temporary and local cannot
ordinarily be considered an office. „But,‰ says Chief Justice
Marshall, „if a duty be a continuing one, which is defined by rules
prescribed by the government and not by contract, which an
individual is appointed by government to perform, who enters on
the duties pertaining to his station without any contract defining
them, if those duties continue though the person be changed,·it
seems very difficult to distinguish such a charge or employment
from an office of the person who performs the duties from an
officer.‰
At the same time, however, this element of continuance can not
be considered as indispensable, for, if the other elements are present
„it can make no difference,‰ says PEARSON, C.J., „whether there be
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24 Id., at §13.
25 Id., at §8. Emphasis supplied.
26 23 Am Rep. 538 (1876).
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Administrative Code of 1987, on the other hand, states:
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