L -Pit',

S T U D I E S I N EGG QUALITY

II. D e t e r m i n a t i o n s o f Albumen Index, Y o l k Index and

Yolk Golour s Thickness o f Egg S h e l l and
Egg Shape

• ;.by •

Wilson Henderson

A Thesis submitted i n Partial Fulfilment of

The Requirements f o r t h e Degree o f

MASTER OF S C I E N C E I N A G R I C U L T U R E

In t h e Department o f

P O U L T R Y HUSBANDRY

The University of British Columbia

April, 1941.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author wishes t o acknowledge the k i n d direction

o f P r o f e s s o r E . A. L l o y d throughout the entire project.

Gratitude i s expressed, also, t o Mr» J . B i e l y for sugges-

tions regarding the manuscript, t o M r * M. N a r o d f o r h i s

valued assistance i n the statistical a n a l y s i s o ft h e

d a t a , a n d t o Mr® J» C r a m a n d Mr© R. V . W i l c o x for their

co-operation i n supplying experimental material.

 T A B L E 0 F G OK T I N T S

Page

I. INTRODUCTION - E c o n o m i c I m p o r t a n c e o f E g g

II. RET LEW OF L I T E R A T U R E

(A) Methods o f Measuring Egg Q u a l i t y

1 . E g g Y o l k •©•••••»••••••.•••••»•••• 6
2 . Y o l k C o l o u r .....*.««.•••»••«•»••• 7
p« A l b u m e n . « . . . • « . . « « « « • . • . . . » . . * . • . 8
4. S h e l l • • . . • • • « • • • • • . . . • . • • ©. • • • 11
5 . C o r r e l a t i o n o f M e t h o d s ........... 12

(13) F a c t o r s S t u d i e d
1, Family Differences .. 13
2 . Breed Differences 16
J . S t r a i n D i f f e r e n c e s ......... 16
4. S e a s o n a l D i f f e r e n c e s 17

III. M A T E R I A L S AND METHODS USED 18

IT. R E S U L T S AND GENERAL D I S C U S S I O N

(A) R e l a t i o n s h i p o f Albumen and Y o l k I n d i c e s

and B e t w e e n Y o l k I n d e x and M o d i f i e d Y o l k

(B) F u r t h e r D a t a S u p p l i e d by Albumen I n d i c e s
1, Family Differences 24
2 . Breed Comparisons 23
3 » S t r a i n a n d L o c a l i t y C o m p a r i s o n s .. 26
4. S e a s o n a l D i f f e r e n c e s . 27

(C) Shell Thickness Measurements

1. Family Differences . 28
2s Breed Differences 2?
3 e S t r a i n and L o c a l i t y D i f f e r e n c e s .. 29
4. Seasonal Differences 29

(D) Y o l k Colour Measurements ......... 30

 - i i -

Page

V. SUMMARY 35

VI. REFERENCES , 37

VII. TABLES

VIII. GRAPHS

IX. MEASUREMENTS OF EGGS

 STUDIES IN EGG QUALITY

II. Determinations of Albumen Index, Y o l k I n d e x and Yolk

C o l o u r , T h i c k n e s s o f Egg S h e l l and E g g Shape,,

I. INTRODUCTION

Prior to the year 1 9 2 1 , the quantity of eggs produced

within the Province of British C o l u m b i a was insufficient to

meet t h e local demands H o w e v e r , due to rapid increase in

production at that time, by the fall of 1921 a surplus of

British Columbia e g g s was found i n the d o m e s t i c market© To

relieve the local market i n the winter season of 1921-22, a

total of some t e n carloads (4-,440 c a s e s - 123 » 2 0 0 dozen) were

shipped out of the Province. These e g g s met with a good

demand in Prairie, Eastern Canadian and American cities.

Inter-provincial shipments of eggs grew t o a total of fifty-

five carloads i n 1 9 2 6 , increased to one hundred and fifty-

five carloads i n 1 9 2 7 , and reached a peak of t h r e e hundred

and eighty-nine carloads in 1929. Moreover, i n 1 9 2 9 a d d i t i o n -

al eggs t h a t were e x p o r t e d from t h i s Province to Great Britain

brought the total export trade for that year to over four

hundred carloads, or about 6,400,000 dozen*

While such f a c t o r s as our favourable climate and ad-

vanced breeding and feeding methods were l a r g e l y responsible

for the remarkable increase i n production of eggs in the

1 9 2 1 - 1 9 2 9 p e r i o d , i t was the high quality of British Columbia

eggs t h a t was of fundamental importance i n the development

 and maintenance of outside markets* The i n h e r e n t quality of

B.C. e g g s h a d t o be s u c h as t o s t a n d l o n g shipments t o

E a s t e r n m a r k e t s , where t h e y h a d t o compete a g a i n s t local

stock' shipped from nearby points« In this connection, i t i s

interesting to note that ever since the f i r s t eggs were e x -

ported from B r i t i s h Columbia t h e y have commanded a p r e m i u m o f

f r o m one t o t h r e e c e n t s p e r dozen over P r a i r i e or Eastern

eggs i n t h e m a r k e t s o f E a s t e r n Canada,, A similar situation

exists i n the State of Washington t o the South, from which

large quantities o f eggs a r e s h i p p e d t o E a s t e r n American

cities where t h e y , t o o , have always commanded a substantial

p r e m i u m f o r quality®

In the l a s t t e n years (1930-1940), increase i n poultry

flocks and egg p r o d u c t i o n i n E a s t e r n Canada has been

responsible f o r r e d u c i n g t h e E a s t e r n market for British

Columbia eggs t o l e s s than twenty carloads annually. Moreover,

the r e s t r i c t e d demand v a r i e s from year t o year. This neces-

sitates the cultivation of another market f o r the surplus of

eggs p r o d u c e d i n this Province. Great B r i t a i n , which imported

276,430,000 dozen eggs f r o m v a r i o u s countries i n 1928, p r o -

vides the greatest potential market f o r surplus Canadian eggso

In 1938 Canada exported 1 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 dozen eggs t o Great Britain,

or about 0 * 5 4 per cent of the t o t a l quantity i m p o r t e d by t h e

Mother Country. I n 1940 Canada increased her exports t o Great

Britain t o 10,000,000 dozen, but t h i s quantity s t i l l represents

less than s i xp e r cent o f t h e eggs t h a t are normally imported

into Great Britain from European countries that a r e now c u t

 off from the B r i t i s h market. I t has been r e p o r t e d that the ,

Dominion M i n i s t e r o f A g r i c u l t u r e , t h e Honourable Mr. Gardiner,

when v i s i t i n g Great B r i t a i n r e c e n t l y was a s k e d by an officer

of t h e B r i t i s h M i n i s t r y o f Food what quantity o f eggs Canada

could supply* When h e o f f e r e d 30,000,000 dozen, t h e r e p l y

was t h a t i f Canada c o u l d supply 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 dozen, or t e n

times a s many, t h e B r i t i s h M i n i s t r y o f Food would be inter-

ested i n a contract® Thus f o rthe duration o f t h e war and

for some t i m e t h e r e a f t e r , t h e r e should be a m a r k e t for British

Columbia eggs i n Great Britain® The permanence o f t h i s market

will no d o u b t depend upon t h e c o n d i t i o n o f o u r eggs after

they have borne t h e h a r d s h i p s o f shipment over long distances

by rail and s e a . During t h e war these eggs a r e s u b j e c t e d to

extraordinary hardships i n transit. Under normal conditions

Canadian eggs have t o compete i n the B r i t i s h market with large

quantities of fresh eggs from such nearby European countries

as Denmark and H o l l a n d , where m a r k e t i n g i s highly organized

for export trade. Accordingly, both i n times o f war and i n

times o f peace, t h e egg producers of this Province can only

hope t o compete successfully i n the British market i f they

supply a product of high quality.

It i s encouraging t o note that favourable reports have

been r e c e i v e d regarding t h e q u a l i t y o f eggs r e c e n t l y shipped

to Great Britain. The f o l l o w i n g i s a q u o t a t i o n from a letter

under date o f December 12, 1 9 4 0 , a d d r e s s e d to Professor Lloyd,

from t h e A s s i s t a n t Director f o rthe Control o f Imported Eggs

in Great Britain:
 "I have t o s t a t e t h a t t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e B r i t i s h
C o l u m b i a n e g g s w h i c h h a v e s o f a r come t o h a n d
has i n d e e d b e e n v e r y s a t i s f a c t o r y . "

The eggs r e f e r r e d t o were p a r t of t h e consignment o f 20,000

cases s o l d and shipped last fall t o the order of the British

Minister o f Food and Shipping.

One of t h e problems faced by t h e t r a d e i n the P r a i r i e

Provinces of Western Canada i n filling British orders, lies

in the large numbers o f eggs o f poor quality that come onto

the markets. The 1.5-lb. pack,, i . e . , t h e p a c k t h a t weighs

15 l b s , p e r l o n g hundred, that i s s p e c i f i e d by t h e B r i t i s h

Ministry o f Food, requires a l l G r a d e A stock© I n some

districts o f Canada t h e eggs t h a t are marketed c o n s i s t o f as

m u c h a s 47 p e r c e n t t o 6? p e r c e n t o f ^he l o w e r g r a d e s , B3 a n d

C. This c o n s t i t u t e s such a large proportion of the t o t a l

supply that sufficient eggs of the higher g r a d e , A, a r e d i f f i

cult t o secure i n these areas t o make u p t h e d e s i r e d export

packs. To meet t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of the B r i t i s h market,

Western Canada as a whole must produce eggs of higher quality

The individual egg producer may i n c r e a s e h i s net returns

by placing emphasis on t h e p r o d u c t i o n of a superior product*

Such a p r o d u c t will not only bring a higher p r i c e but will

also encourage greater consumption.

The egg-dealer requires the best possible egg t o stand

up to handling and s t o r a g e . Thousands o f d o l l a r s a r e l o s t

each y e a r t h r o u g h loss of grade o f eggs i n storage* The

eggs t h a t d e t e r i o r a t e most r e a d i l y a r e t h o s e of poor q u a l i t y

 • \ • - 5 -

when stored©

Last, and most important of a l l , t h e consumer desires

eggs o f t h e b e s t q u a l i t y from both a nutritional and an

esthetic point o f view*

Quality, a s defined, by J u l l ( 1 9 3 8 ) , "when a p p l i e d t o

m a r k e t e g g s means t h a t condition of shell and c o n t e n t s o f

eggs w h i c h c a n be m a r k e t e d i n s u c h a manner as t o give

greatest satisfaction t o t h e consumer." Wilhelm ( 1 9 3 9 )

enlarges upon t h i s statement to include benefit t o the pro-

ducer* He s t a t e s : " e g g q u a l i t y ....... t o i n c l u d e any

factor which increases t h e market value o f t h e egg t o t h e

producer and t h e n u t r i t i v e or esthetic value t o t h e consumer."

This might be f u r t h e r a m p l i f i e d to include t h e egg dealers.

Egg q u a l i t y , t h e n , may be s a i d t o be t h e c o m b i n e d elements o f

an egg w h i c h increase t h e market value to the producer, the

keeping qualities f o r t h e middleman, and t h e n u t r i t i v e and

esthetic value t o t h e consumer.

A study o f e g g q u a l i t y was u n d e r t a k e n a t The U n i v e r s i t y

of British Columbia t o compare t h e q u a l i t y o f eggs produced

at the University plant by t h e t h r e e breeds - Barred Plymouth

R o c k s , S.C. R h o d e I s l a n d R e d s , a n d S.C. W h i t e L e g h o r n s - and

to compare t h e s e w i t h t h e q u a l i t y o f eggs produced by another

flock of Barred Rocks a n d S.C. W h i t e L e g h o r n s . This included

a study o f t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e eggs l a i d by i n d i v i d u a l b i r d s ,

by t h e d i f f e r e n t breeds and s t r a i n s i n t h e v a r i o u s localities

during t h e autumn and s p r i n g periods©

 II. R E V I E W OF LITERATURE

(A) Methods of Measuring Egg Quality

1. Egg Yolk

Sharp and P o w e l l (1?30) were t h e f i r s t t o show an interest

in an i n t e r n a l measurement o f egg q u a l i t y . In t h e i r studies

of the d e c l i n e of the q u a l i t y o f eggs i n s t o r a g e , p h y s i c a l

measurements o f t h e y o l k were u t i l i z e d . They called their

measurement the "yolk index". I t was based on t h e theory

that water passes from t h e albumen t o t h e y o l k by an osmotic

process. This results i n a weakened vitelline membrane and

a less upstanding and p o o r e r yolk. The yolk i n d e x was de-

termined by b r e a k i n g t h e e g g onto, a p e t r i d i s h and removing

most of the white by means o f a p i p e t t e . The last of the

adhering white was removed by h o l d i n g t h e y o l k i n the palm of

the hand and r u b b i n g g e n t l y w i t h a damp c l o t h . The chalazae

were clipped o f f with scissors. The y o l k was then placed on

a wet flat g l a s s p l a t e and covered with a crystallizing dish.

After exactly five minutes the height and two w i d t h s at right

angles t o each o t h e r were t a k e n . The height d i v i d e d by t h e

mean w i d t h gave t h e " y o l k index", ;The higher the index the

better t h e egg• There a r e f o u r limitations that are general-

ly recognized regarding this measurement o f egg quality:

(1) I t i s p r a c t i c a l l y impossible to handle a y o l k

with a low index without r u p t u r i n g the v i t e l l i n e
membranes.
 (2) T h i s method does not g i v e an i n d i c a t i o n of t h e
c o n d i t i o n of the albumen, which i s c e r t a i n l y
important i n egg quality,

(3) Small yolks give high indices.

(4) F r e s h eggs v a r y l i t t l e i n y o l k index, despite

d i f f e r e n c e s i n quality®

Haugh (1939) and Munro and Robertson (1935) developed

methods f o r measuring y o l k quality by the strength of the

vitelline membrane. These methods, however, have not been

used by other investigators to the same e x t e n t as the method

of the yolk index as described®

Parsons and Mink (1937) m o d i f i e d S h a r p and Powell's

(1930) method by t a k i n g the measurement of the yolk while i t

was s t i l l enveloped i n the albumen and by calculating a

"modified yolk index". This was the method used by Cook

(1939)» a n d has been f o l l o w e d since that time at The Univer-

sity of British Columbia.

2. Yolk Colour

The earliest studies of yolk c o l o u r w e r e made b y Palmer

and Kempster ( 1 9 1 9 ) , who used the Lovibond Tintometer. In

1926 , Parker, Grossman a n d E i p p i n c o t t used the colour plates

published by Ridgway ( 1 9 1 2 ) to compare the yolk colour of

broken eggs.

The Larro R e s e a r c h Farm ( 1 9 3 2 ) measured y o l k colour by a

series of glass vials filled with different shades of yellow

paint, varying from y e l l o w i s h white to deep o r a n g e . Degrees

of shade were numbered f r o m 0 t o 1 0 0 to give numerical value

for statistical interpretation.

 Stewart, Gaus and Sharp (1932) s e t up an arbitrary

system of scoring yolk colour. W i l h e l m and Payne (1934)

painted twelve vials to cover the range of y o l k colour.

Heiman and Carver (1935) d e v e l o p e d the yolk colour

rotor* I t c o n s i s t s of 24 coloured watch g l a s s e s , rangiag from

pale cream c o l o u r to dark orange. Each glass i s given a

number, c a l l e d the "yolk colour index".

The foregoing are examples of the methods t h a t are used

in classifying the colour of yolks. The numerous investiga-

tors have d e v i s e d special methods t o suit their own particular

conditions and facilities. There would appear to be some

room f o r improvement, however, i n the methods so far reported.

For classifying egg yolks a system, to be w o r k a b l e , must be

quick, i t must be based on some s t a n d a r d , and i t s scale of

colours must cover a l l shades that appear i n the yolkso

3© Albumen

The measurements of the condition of e g g . a l b u m e n may be

divided into three classes?

(1) Those d e a l i n g w i t h the percentage of thick and

t h i n albumen.

(2) Those m e a s u r i n g t h i c k albumen.

(3) Those which attempt to measure albumen without the

breaking of the egg.

St. John and Green (1930) showed t h a t the plasticity

value of the thick a l b u m e n was p r o p o r t i o n a l to the number of

times i t was passed through a Gooch c r u c i b l e . Holts and

Almquist (1931) p r o p o s e d t h e sieve.method of determining the

 percentage of thick and t h i n w h i t e . By t h i s method the white

is separated from t h e y o l k onto a sieve. The t h i n white i s

passed through the sieve into a graduate, and t h e volume de-

termined. Then t h e t h i c k white that i s left on t h e s i e v e i s

added t o t h e graduate and t h e t o t a l volume of white i s deter-

mined. From t h e s e figures the percentages of t h i c k and thin

white are calculated. Knox and Godfrey (1934) used a modifi-

cation of this method, i n that they weighed t h e albumen

fractions. These methods of measuring albumen have t h e f o l l o w -

ing disadvantages: *

(1) The s t r u c t u r e o f t h e albumen i s disturbed on

p a s s i n g t h r o u g h a sieve®

(2) P a r t o f t h e t h i n a l b u m e n i s retained i nthe

t h i c k albumen s a c .
<«

(3) The v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e albumen

are not consideredo

V a n Wagenen a n d W i l g u s ( 1 9 3 3 ) s e t up a s t a n d a r d by select-

ing a series on t h e b a s i s of t h e broken out appearance of the

egg. The s e t g r a d e d from 1«0 f o r a g o o d e g g t o 3.0 f o r a poor

egg , according to the observed grade. This series was then

photographed. By t h i s s i m p l e method, e g g s c o u l d be b r o k e n and

readily compared w i t h t h e standardo

Wilgus a n d Y a n Wagenen (1936) d e s c r i b e d a method whereby

t h e y measured t h e a c t u a l h e i g h t o f t h e albumen t o a v o i d errors

in judgment that might occur with p i c t o r i a l standards• Wilhelm

and Heiman ( 1 9 3 6 ) , h o w e v e r , showed that t h e egg weight should

be considered w i t h the height o f the albumen.

 Heiman and Carver (19 3 6 ) d e v e l o p e d t h e "albumen i n d e x " as.

a measure o f i n t e r i o r e g g quality® This albumen index i s

determined by"measuring the height of the structural thick

white at the proximal end w i t h a l i n e of the least curvature

on t h e p a r t of the s t r u c t u r a l white having the greatest

uninterrupted surface area when t h e e g g i s b r o k e n , then

measuring the greatest width of the firm a l b u m e n a t two points

which a r e a t r i g h t angles t o each other." The i n d e x i sthe

quotient obtained by d i v i d i n g the height b y t h e mean width*

This gives a rapid and a c c u r a t e measurement o f t h e egg albumen

as i t a p p e a r s t o t h e c o n s u m e r when t h e e g g i s b r o k e n out on a

flat surface© Wilhelm and Heiman (1936) m o d i f i e d t h e above

method o f o b t a i n i n g t h e albumen index. They found a high

positive correlation between the h e i g h t o f t h e albumen and t h e

albumen index when t h e w e i g h t o f t h e e g g was c o n s i d e r e d . From

this they constructed a monogram w h i c h permits a reading of the

albumen index when t h e h e i g h t and t h e weight o f t h e egg a r e

k n o w n a,

Parsons and Mink (1937) suggested t h e albumen area index

as a measure o f egg q u a l i t y . I t i s the ratio of the area of

the firm albumen t o t h e egg weight and i s d e t e r m i n e d by placing

a petri dish over the broken-out egg, covering this with

cellophane, and t r a c i n g the outline of the thick albumen with

a china marking pencil. The. a r e a i s determined by use o f a

planimeter.

Haugh (1937 ) p r o p o s e d "Haugh u n i t s " as a measure o f

 interior egg q u a l i t y . The Haugh u n i t i s a m a t h e m a t i c a l one

based upon egg w e i g h t , albumen h e i g h t and a constants,

Wilcke ( 1 9 3 6 ) developed a method f o r measuring egg

quality without removing t h e contents o f t h e egg from t h e

shell. In this method a tension p e n d u l u m was d e v e l o p e d t o

measure the internal viscosity.

4. Egg Shell

Measurements o f egg s h e l l have been expressed i n numerous

ways, such as percentage of the total e g g w e i g h t , t h e amount o f

shell as measured w i t h respect t o the unit area o f egg s u r f a c e ,

rather than i t sweight, t h e percentage of ash of d r y shell,

the percentage of ash of total egg, the strength o f s h e l l , and

f
a classification o f smoothness© '

Willard a n d Shaw ( 1 9 0 9 ) based their studies with individual

hens on t h e p e r c e n t a g e of shell of total egg w e i g h t . M i l l e r

and Bearse (1934), T a y l o r and M a r t i n (1928), T a y l o r and Lerner

(1939) have a l l f o l l o w e d and used t h e same m e t h o d of expressing

egg s h e l l quality.

Hendricks, Lee and Godfrey ( 1 9 3 1 ) proposed a method

w h e r e b y t h e amount o f s h e l l i smeasured with r e s p e c t t ot h e

unit a r e a o f t h e egg s u r f a c e .

Taylor and L e r n e r (1939) f o u n d that " t h epercentage o f

total egg weight a s r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e s h e l l was a s a c c u r a t e

an e x p r e s s i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l variation a s more cumbersome

formulas which take into account the effect of differences i n

total egg weight upon shell weight."

 Miller and Bearse (1934-) c l a s s i f i e d eggs a c c o r d i n g to

the smoothness o f t h e egg s u r f a c e . The e n t i r e a b s e n c e o f a n y

r o u g h n e s s was c o n s i d e r e d as zero grade, and each grade o f

greater r o u g h n e s s was g i v e n a higher number«

Munro (19J8) used the percentage of ash of dry s h e l l , and

percentage of ash of t o t a l egg i n s t u d i e s on t h e e f f e c t of

heredity on e g g q u a l i t y . He u s e d this method because he con-

sidered that this measurement was l e s s v a r i a b l e a n d mor©

reliable than measurements o f b r e a k i n g strengths

Several investigators devised methods o f measuring t h e

crushing or breaking strength o f egg s h e l l s . Romanoff (1929)

devised a weighted rolling car attached to a crushing beam,

Swenson and James (1932) determined the breaking strength of

the w o r k done when a s t e e l b a l l was d r o p p e d f r o m a known

height, Almquist and Burmester ( 1 9 3 4 ) measured t h e weight

applied to a strip of shell imbedded i n a base o f Wood's metal.

L u n d , Herman and W i l h e l m ( 1 9 3 8 ) designed an a p p a r a t u s t o

measure r e s i s t a n c e o f egg s h e l l to crushing and puncturingo

Each of these i n v e s t i g a t o r s found a c o r r e l a t i o n between shell

thickness and b r e a k i n g strength, Stewart ( 1 9 3 6 ) confirmed

these findings. Accordingly i t has been concluded that shell

thickness as measured w i t h a convex micrometer i s a rapid,

simple and adequate measure of shell strength.

5. C o r r e l a t i o n o f Methods o f Measuring Egg Q u a l i t y

Considering t h e numerous methods t h a t have been u s e d t o

study the interior quality of an egg, there has been

 relatively little work r e p o r t e d on t h e c o r r e l a t i o n of these

various methods,

Wilgus a n d V a n Wagenen (193&) f o u n d a high correlation

between t h e i r observed s c o r e s , on t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r arbitrary

standards o f 19 3 3 , and t h e albumen height. Wilhelm and Heiman

( l ? 3 6 ) , however, found t h a t t h e r e was no c o r r e l a t i o n between

observed s c o r e and t h e albumen index u n l e s s t h e egg weight was

held constant *

Heiman and Wilhelm ( 1 9 3 7 ) i n s t u d i e s w i t h both f r e s h and

storage eggs found t h e albumen i n d e x t o be c l o s e l y related to

observed grade® A t t h e same t i m e they found that the yolk

index and t h e percentage of firm white bear little i f any.

relation t o the observed grade, o r t o t h e albumen index, or

to each other*

Parsons and M i n k ( 1 9 3 7 ) h a v e made t h e m o s t exhaustive

study t o date on t h e c o r r e l a t i o n between some o f t h e m o r s

common m e t h o d s of measuring the interior egg q u a l i t y * They

found t h a t t h e albumen a r e a index and t h e albumen index

seemed to give the clearest picture of the photographic

method o f g r a d i n g egg q u a l i t y , .

(B) Factors Studied

1® Family Differences

Relatively little h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d on t h e i n h e r i t a n c e

of interior egg q u a l i t y . The r e p o r t s so f a r s u b m i t t e d may be

divided into two classes:

 14

(1) Those e s t a b l i s h i n g f a m i l i e s w i t h desirable and

u n d e s i r a b l e egg q u a l i t y *

(2) Those p r e s e n t i n g s t u d i e s o f t h e q u a l i t y o f eggs

produced by d i f f e r e n t f a m i l i e s .

Knox and Godfrey (1940) showed that the ability o f a hen

to l a y eggs w i t h a high percentage o f t h i c k albumen i s

inherited© By s e l e c t i o n t h e y produced two f l o c k s , one laying

eggs i n w h i c h the t h i c k white c o n s t i t u t e d 68 p e r c e n t , and t h e

other l a y i n g eggs i n which i tconstituted only 4 5 per cent o f

the total white,

Lorenz, Taylor and A l m q u i s t (1954) s e l e c t e d two f a m i l i e s

on t h e b a s i s of producers of high and l o w percentage of firm

albumen. . They succeeded i n producing one f a m i l y t h a t gave

6 6 * 7 per cent firm white,as compared w i t h the other family,

which gave 5 7» 2 p e r cent firm white, They explain their

findings on t h e b a s i s that low percentage of firm white i s

dominant to high percentage of firm white,

Van Wagenen a n d H a l l (19?6) p r e s e n t e d data that tended t o

support t h e above explanation of the inheritance of percentage

of f i r m white,' They s e l e c t e d females that laid eggs w i t h egg

quality averages above or below t h e average, and selected

1 1
males on t h e b a s i s of their dams sisters and daughters'

records, Their c o r r e l a t i o n s showed that the score of the

condit ion o f f i r m a l b u m e n was i n h e r i t e d a n d i t w a s probably

dependent upon m u l t i p l e factors, They point out that the type

of s e l e c t i o n p r a c t i s e d d i d f i xt h e c h a r a c t e r s of:

(1) The p e r c e n t a g e of apparent t h i n albumen.

 (2) The p e r c e n t a g e of firm albumen.

(3) The y o l k index.

(4) The s c o r e o f t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e f i r m albumen,,

•Taylor and L e r n e r (1938, 193?) s e l e c t e d and b r e d two

lines of chickens which produced t h i n and t h i c k shells

respectively. They f o u n d t h a t " h e r i t a b l e f a c t o r s were i n -

volved i n the determination o f t h e amount, thickness and

percentage o f egg s h e l l characteristics of individual hens " 0

Munro (1938) c o l l e c t e d data on t h e q u a l i t y o f eggs a s

laid by f u l l - s i s t e r f a m i l i e s and concluded that there were no

significant d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e t r a n s m i t t i n g a b i l i t y of

the dams w i t h regard to t h e percentage of firm white, the

condition of firm white, yolk colour or breaking strength of

the vitelline membrane o f t h e i r eggs,/ Highly significant

differences w e r e f o u n d , h o w e v e r , b e t w e e n dams i n regard to

ability to transmit yolk weight, percentage ash of dry s h e l l ,

and percentage ash of t o t a l egg. Since these two measurements

of a s h i n t h e s h e l l a r e i n h e r i t e d , Munro concluded that there

must be g e n e s c o n c e r n e d with calcium utilization. Munro

contends further that the effect o f t h e gene o r genes on

calcium m e t a b o l i s m must be e x e r c i s e d o n a t l e a s t two inde-

pendent f u n c t i o n a l phases:

( 1 ) The a b s o r p t i o n and m o b i l i z a t i o n c u l m i n a t i n g i n
•s e c r e t i o n .

(2) The r e g u l a t i o n o f t h e p r o p o r t i o n a t e d e p o s i t i o n
i n t h e egg s h e l l , of o r g a n i c and i n o r g a n i c
materials©
 2. Breed Differences

Knox and Godfrey (1934) found a s i g n i f i c a n t l y greater

percentage o f f i r m a l b u m e n i n t h e e g g s f r o m S.C. White

Leghorns than i n t h o s e f r o m S,C. Rhode I s l a n d Reds• Blasket t

Dryden and Hale (1937) f o u n d no differences in shell strength

among . White Wyandottes, S.G, ; Rhode I s l a n d R e d s and S. G«

White Leghorns*

By f a r t h e most extensive i n v e s t i g a t i o n of v a r i a t i o n s i n

egg q u a l i t y i n d i f f e r e n t breeds was conducted by Van Wagenen,

Hall and Wilgus (1937). They found a s i g n i f i c a n t l y poorer

condition of the f i r m albumen i n the eggs f r o m B a r r e d and

White Rocks as compared w i t h eggs f r o m S.C. Rhode I s l a n d Reds,

New Hampshires and S.G. White Leghorns. The Barred Plymouth

Rocks showed a s l i g h t l y w e a k e r egg shell strength than the

other breeds. The p e r c e n t a g e s o f f i r m albumen and shell

strength d i d not d i f f e r among t h e b r e e d s studied*

3« Strain Differences

Van Wagenen, H a l l and Wilgus (1937) found i n the S.C,

White Leghorns at the C e n t r a l and Western New York Egg Laying

Trials, a greater variability between pens t h a n within pens

with respect t o c o n d i t i o n and percentage of f i r m albumen.

This would indicate a strain difference f o r these characters.

However, i n the American breeds studied a t t h e same time

no i n d i c a t i o n o f a d i f f e r e n c e among s t r a i n s was found.

 4• Seasonal Differences

The first studies of seasonal variations i n egg quality

were c o n c e r n e d with yolk colour* P a r k e r , Grossman and

Lippincott (1926) and P a r k e r (1927) f o u n d no s e a s o n a l t r e n d i n

yolk colour© Hunter, Y a n Wagenen a n d H a l l (1936) and Wilhelm

and Heiman (1938) confirmed these findings©

Using measures o f q u a l i t y other than yolk colour, several

investigators h a v e r e p o r t e d s e a s o n a l t r e n d s i n e g g quality©

Knox and Godfrey (1934) found that t h e p o o r e s t eggs were pro-

duced i n June* Hunter, Y a n Wagenen a n d H a l l ( 1 9 3 6 ) reported

that eggs of the highest quality were produced during the

period f r o m November t o March, and t h a t a lowering of this

quality took place i n A p r i l and c o n t i n u e d t h r o u g h t h e summer©

This agrees with the finding o f Fronda and Clement ( 1 9 3 7 ) , who

observed that eggs s t o r e d i n t h e months o f November t o March

had yolks which remained i n good condition longer than those

of eggs produced during the remainder o f t h e year© Wilhelm

and Heiman ( 1 9 3 8 ) found a constant drop i n egg q u a l i t y from

the time the birds came i n t o production u n t i l July p when a

slight i m p r o v e m e n t t o ok p l a c e * This agrees very closely with

the findings o f Knox and G o d f r e y (1934),

Miller and Bearse (1934) reported that the percentage o f

shell and t h e index f o r s h e l l smoothness progressively

declined f r o m December u n t i l O c t o b e r * The s h e l l mottling

index improved from December u n t i l February, t o increase to

the maximum i n August and September* Blasket, D r y d e n and

Hale (19 3 7 ) observed that shell strength attained a maximum i n

March., a f t e r w h i c h t h e r e was a p r o g r e s s i v e weakening until

July. After this low point, the s h e l l strength increased

until October* Wilhelm (193?) found a s l i g h t increase i n

shell thickness as t h e p u l l e t s commenced t o l a y , and t h i s

increase r e a c h e d a maximum d u r i n g O c t o b e r a n d November© A

decline i n shell thickness started i n March and c o n t i n u e d t o

the end o f t h e p u l l e t year©

III. M A T E R I A L S / A N D METHODS • •

In t h i s s t u d y eggs were c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e R.O «P, entry

of Barred Plymouth Rock,,S.C. Rhode I s l a n d R e d a n d S.C. White

Leghorn pullets a t The U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia* The

b i r d s were kept under commercial conditions and r e c e i v e d feeds

of the f o l l o w i n g formulas: ,

Mash

Feed Cornmeal • • * « «• 0 9 360 lbs.

G r o u n d Wheat ...... 400 it
P u l v e r i z e d O a t s ... 3 0 0 11

W h e a t M i d d l i n g s ... 0 •4 ti> 2 0 0
« O O •
«
Wheat B r a n .• 200 ti
F i s h m e a l .......... 100 11

M e a t S c r a p ........ 1 0 0 n
Powdered Skim M i l k 1 0 0 n
A l f a l f a L e a v e s and Blossoms 1 0 0 11

Ground Limestone . 40 u
Soyabean Meal • 9 0 O 0 60 + 9 O n
3oXlIll.il • e«4Q « $ 1 0 11

CharcoaX • • e « o e e * o
0
10 11

20 11

Pilchard Oil , 0 . * . . 2. gals*

Total 1 t on
 Scratch

W h e a t ................. 1,000 l b s .
B a r l e y ................ jjOO "
Oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . J 0 0 "
Corn 200 "

Total .. . 1 ton

T h e m a s h was k e p t b e f o r e the birds at a l l times; the scratch

was f e d i n t h e m o r n i n g and i n t h e a f t e r n o o n . An a d d i t i o n a l

supply of oyster shell and g r i t was a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e birds©

They r e c e i v e d green feed i n the form of kale when i t was

available, and were c o n f i n e d or allowed range depending on

weather and management c o n d i t i o n s . The b i r d s were trap-nested

each hour and t h e eggs p r o m p t l y p l a c e d i n a cool e g g room,,

Eggs were a l s o obtained from a p r i v a t e S,C. W h i t e Leghorn

farm located about ten miles f r o m The U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h

Columbia« These b i r d s received a mash t h a t was v e r y closely

comparable with that fed at the University* Scratch was f e d

night and morning t o the birds i n this f l o c k , and s h e l l and

grit were always available* Since the birds were n o t t r a p -

n e s t e d , t h e eggs were c o l l e c t e d f o u r times, d a i l y and s t o r e d i n

a cool cellar©

Eggs were a l s o obtained from a Barred Plymouth Rock farm

located about eighteen miles f r o m The U n i v e r s i t y of British

Columbia, These b i r d s were f e d a s i m i l a r mash a n d s c r a t c h t o

those f e d the other two f l o c k s , and were s u b j e c t to similar

conditions o f management. The B a r r e d Plymouth Rock p u l l e t s

 from which t h e eggs were g a t h e r e d were e n t e r e d i n R.O.P., a n d

consequently t h e eggs were g a t h e r e d every hour from the trap-

nest s o

Since i t was i m p o s s i b l e t o s e c u r e t h e eggs from the out-

side flocks early enough t o measure them on t h e day t h e y were

laid, a l l eggs were measured on t h e day f o l l o w i n g . A t o t a l of

1,239 e g g s w a s measured®

E a c h e g g was w e i g h e d t o t h e n e a r e s t 0.1 g r a m . The l e n g t h

and width a t t h e l o n g e s t and w i d e s t p o i n t s were determined by

means o f V e r n i e r c a l i p e r s . A figure called the length-width

ratio f o r t h e e g g s h a p e was o b t a i n e d b y d i v i d i n g the length

by the width.

The e g g was t h e n broken onto a level glass plate. The

a l b u m e n i n d e x was d e t e r m i n e d by t h e method first proposed by

Heiman and Carver (193&) a s d e s c r i b e d . Some d o u b t a r o s e r e -

g a r d i n g t h e most satisfactory point at which the height o fthe

albumen s h o u l d be measured. I t was d e c i d e d to follow the

method used by Cook (1939) - i . e . , t o use t h e p o i n t where t h e

yolk apparently touches t h e albumen between t h e c h a l a z a e . One

of the main reasons f o r t h e a d o p t i o n o f C o o k ' s m e t h o d was t h e

fact t h a t i n t h e case o f a b o u t 15 p e r c e n t of the fresh, high-

q u a l i t y eggs, the l e v e l p l a n e on t h e u p p e r s u r f a c e o f t h e t h i c k

white actually showed one c o n t i n u o u s curve from the yolk to

the t h i n white. Since i t was p r a c t i c a l l y impossible to find

a p o i n t on t h e s h a r p l y c u r v e d s u r f a c e o f t h e albumen o f eggs ,

of t h i s quality t o correspond w i t h t h e p o i n t used by Heiman

 and Carver (1936), i t was d e c i d e d t o u s e t h e p o i n t where t h e

yolk apparently touches t h e albumen midway between t h e

chalazae„

•The " m o d i f i e d yolk index" o f Parsons and Mink ( 1 9 3 7 ) -

i»e., with the yolk resting i n t h e albumen - was determined

on a l l t h e e g g s t h a t were broken. During June, 1940, t h e y o l k

i n d e x was d e t e r m i n e d by t h e method o f Sharp and P o w e l l ( 1 9 3 0 ) ,

as well a s by t h e m o d i f i e d method© There were two reasons f o r

this:

(1) A c o r r e l a t i o n was f o u n d b e t w e e n t h e m o d i f i e d
y o l k i n d e x and t h e albumen i n d e x , i n
d i s a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e work o f Heiman and
Wilhelm ( 1 9 3 7 ) .

(2) A r e v i e w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e g a v e no i n d i c a t i o n
of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e two methods
of determining y o l k index.

The c o l o u r o f t h e y o l k was o b t a i n e d by c o m p a r i s o n with

the Yolk Colour Rotor o f Heiman and Carver (1933).

The shell t h i c k n e s s was m e a s u r e d w i t h t h e m i c r o m e t e r t o

OoOOOl o f a n i n c h . A particle of shell was b r o k e n from t h e

centre p o r t i o n o f t h e egg s h e l l . T h i s was s m a l l enough t o

reduce t o a minimum t h e e r r o r c a u s e d by c u r v a t u r e . C a r e was

taken t o remove the shell membrane i n a l l m e a s u r e m e n t s of

shell.

The m e a s u r e m e n t s o f albumen and y o l k i n d i c e s f o r t h e

eggs m e a s u r e d i n October, 1 9 3 9 a n d M a r c h , 1940 were reported

by N a r o d a n d H e n d e r s o n (1940) and a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h i s report

for purposes o f discussion©

 " I7,.-.' ':
R E S U L T S AMD GENERAL D I S C U S S I O N

At t h e end o f t h i s essay are presented t h e measurements

of t h e 1 , 2 3 9 eggs t h a t were broken and examined d u r i n g this

study. These measurements a r egrouped according t o breed and

month of production, w i t h t h e measurements o f t h e eggs from

individual hens placed together. From these data, Tables I

to IX have been d e r i v e d , and t h e t h r e e graphs, I to I I I ,

prepared. The d i s c u s s i o n i s b a s e d on t h e summarized data

contained i n t h e tables®

A. Albumen and Y o l k Indices

The ' c o r r e l a t i o n s that e x i s t e d between t h e albumen and

yolk i n d i c e s f o r t h e eggs from t h e t h r e e breeds during the

several periods arepresented i nTable I. From this table

it will be s e e n t h a t significant positive correlations of

0 , 2 7 7 , 0.500, O . 3 0 9 , 0 . 2 8 3 , 0 , 2 8 6 were found i n the respective

cases between t h ey o l k and t h e albumen i n d i c e s o f t h e eggs

laid by t h eBarred Plymouth Rocks. The albumen indices i n a l l

periods a r e shown i nTable I I . This t a b l e shows that the

albumen indices f o r t h edifferent periods arehigh, being 8 8 2 ,

945, 1,242, 1 , 1 2 1 , and 1,089 r e s p e c t i v e l y .

In t h e eggs l a i d b y t h e S.G. R h o d e I s l a n d R e d s i n three

out of four cases an i n s i g n i f i c a n t correlation, v i z . , -.046,

ol43 a n d .232, was f o u n d between y o l k and albumen indices. In

the fourth period t h e sample value o f " r " was . 2 3 4 , w h i c h i s

above t h e 5 p e r cent error of 0 2 0 5 • I t i si n t e r e s t i n g t o

note t h a t i n this p e r i o d t h e mean a l b u m e n index w a s 9 25

 - 23 -

(Table I I ) a s c o m p a r e d w i t h a mean a l b u m e n index i n the other

three periods of 6 8 7 , 7 3 4 and 6 4 5 r e s p e c t i v e l y .

In t h e measurements o f y o l k and albumen indices o f S.C.

White Leghorn eggs, a s i g n i f i c a n t correlation was f o u n d i n

the eggs l a i d i n O c t o b e r f r o m t h e U.B.C. f l o c k ( r = .430) a n d

the outside flock (r = .424) , a n d a l s o i n t h e eggs p r o d u c e d

in J u n e b y t h e U.B.C. f l o c k ( r = .343)• However, i n t h e eggs

laid i n March t h e c o r r e l a t i o n ( r r .248) t h a t was f o u n d was

not significant. The b e s t apparent explanation of this

'result w o u l d be i n t h e s m a l l n e s s o f the sample. A correla-

tion that was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t was f o u n d between t h e albumen

and yolk indices o f t h e eggs l a i d b y t h e S.C. W h i t e L e g h o r n s

in September, 1940. For this no e x p l a n a t i o n has been found.

Thus i t w o u l d appear t h a t there'' a r e c o n d i t i o n s under

w h i c h t h e two i n d i c e s are correlated, others under which they

are not. This agrees with the conclusions o f Cook ( 1 9 3 9 ) »

who f o u n d a c o r r e l a t i o n , and also with those o f Heiman and

Wilhelm ( 1 9 3 7 ), who f o u n d no c o r r e l a t i o n between t h e two

measurements. The d a t a indicate a greater probability of the

occurrence of a correlation where a h i g h albumen index i s

observed. The B a r r e d P l y m o u t h Rocks gave a s i g n i f i c a n t cor-

relation i n every c a s e , and t h e i r eggs were of t h e best

quality. T h e S.C. R h o d e I s l a n d Reds gave o n l y one significant

correlation, and t h e i r eggs were u n d o u b t e d l y t h e poorest»

The S.C. W h i t e L e g h o r n s w e r e very nearly as h i g h i n quality

of egg as were the Barred P l y m o u t h R o c k s , and t h e i r eggs gave

three significant correlations between y o l k and albumen

 indices. In only one i n s t a n c e was a n i n c o n s i s t e n t r e l a t i o n -

ship found.

Harod and Henderson (1940) s u g g e s t e d that the reason

Cook (1939) found' a c o r r e l a t i o n between t h e albumen and y o l k

indices, while Heiman and W i l h e l m (1937) d i d n o t , m i g h t be

attributed to the fact that they used d i f f e r e n t methods o f

determining their yolk indices. Cook (1939) used t h e

modified method of Parsons and M i n k (1937), while Wilhelm

and Heiman used-the o r i g i n a l method o f Sharp and P o w e l l ( 1 9 3 0 )

Since no i n f o r m a t i o n was f o u n d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e on t h e

relationship o f t h e two y o l k indices, t h e eggs i n J u n e , 1940

were measured by b o t h methods• A positive correlation was

found between t h e i n d i c e s obtained b y t h e two m e t h o d s 9 - the

highly significant correlation with value of " r " = + .7 2 5 « -

Upon t h e d i s c o v e r y of this high correlation, i t was

d e e m e d a d v i s a b l e t o w o r k o u t some common b a s i s f o r comparison

between t h e two methods. This was d o n e b y d i v i d i n g the Yolk

Index o f Sharp and P o w e l l by t h e M o d i f i e d Yolk Index 0 f

Parsons and Mink. Prom t h i s was d e r i v e d t h e mean ratio,

0 894i.039•I«
o This would indicate that a s a m e a n s o f com-

parison the Yolk I n d e x w a s 89% o f the Modified Yolk Index.

B. Albumen Indices

1. Family Differences

In the f a m i l y studies o f albumen index there i s no

inforraation to report other than that given p r e v i o u s l y by

Henderson and Narod (1940). At that time t h e analysis of

 variance indicated that egg quality as measured by t h e albumen

index is a characteristic of the individual hen. Similar

results have been r e p o r t e d by H o i s t and A l m q u i s t ( 1 9 3 1 ) ,

Lorenz, Taylor and A l m q u i s t (1934). Van Wagenen and Hall

( 1 9 3 6 ) , W i l h e l m and Heiman (1926) and Munro ( 1 9 3 8 ) .

2«. Breed Comparisons

In the comparison of the eggs l a i d by t h e t h r e e b r e e d s ,

the mean a n d the error o f t h e mean w e r e u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e the

.significance of the difference. The error of the differences

is calculated by t a l c i n g the square root of the sum of the

errors squared. I f the d i f f e r e n c e i s greater than three times

the error, the difference i s c o n s i d e r e d t o be significant.

Table I I I gives the comparison o f the albumen i n d i c e s of

the eggs l a i d by t h e t h r e e breeds» In a l l cases there i s a

significant difference between t h e B a r r e d Plymouth Rocks and

the S•C. Rhode I s l a n d R e d s , and b e t w e e n t h e S.C. White Leg-

horns and t h e S.C. Rhode I s l a n d Reds. In the case of the

S.C. White Leghorns and the Barred Plymouth Rocks there i s a

significant difference i n each p e r i o d except i n March. In

this case the albumen i n d e x i n S.C. White Leghorns was

practically the same a s t h a t g i v e n by t h e B a r r e d Plymouth

Rocks. I t i s apparent from t h i s that as a r u l e the albumen

index is significantly different i n the three breeds studied.

Van Wagenen, H a l l and Wilgus ( 1 9 3 7 ) reported that the

eggs f r o m B a r r e d and White Plymouth Rocks were significantly

poorer i n condition of firm albumen t h a n t h o s e from S.C

 Rhode I s l a n d Reds, S.C. White Leghorns a n d New Hampshires.

Knox and Godfrey (1933) reported that S.C. White Leghorn eggs

were s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher i n percentage of firm albumen than

the e g g s o f S.C. Rhode I s l a n d Reds. This result would be

expected, since albumen i n d e x has already b e e n s h o w n t o be a

characteristic of the i n d i v i d u a l hen. The data secured from

the breeds as selected by Yan Wagenen, H a l l and Wilgus (1937)

represent a few p i c k e d birds selected f o r contest purposes,and

therefore cannot be considered as r e p r e s e n t i n g a cross section

of the various breeds or a s t r a i n . For t h i s reason the con-

dition of f i r m albumen o b t a i n e d by them i n t h e study of breeds

represents a measure of a group of i n d i v i d u a l s within the

breeds, rather than the breeds themselves. In view of these

reports and the r e s u l t s obtained a t U.B.C. F a r m , t h e evidence

tends to indicate that egg quality is a characteristic of a

strain within a breed rather than of the breed as a whole.

3. Strain and Locality Comparisons

Narod and Henderson (1940), using t h e same statistical

methods as i n the comparison of the breeds, found a signifi-

cant difference between t h e two flocks of Barred Plymouth

Rocks, and an insignificant difference between t h e two flocks

of S.C. White Leghorns (reported i n Part I of the study).

 - 27 -

, 4•Seasonal Differences

Using t h e same s t a t i s t i c a l method, the seasonal differ-

ences were studied and a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Table IT. I n com-

paring t h e albumen o f t h e eggs l a i d by t h e t h r e e breeds,

significantly higher albumen indices were found i n March, 1940

than i n October, 1939. These eggs were p r o d u c e d by different

hens and a r e n o t s t r i c t l y c o m p a r a b l e .

In t h e c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e eggs laid i n March, June and

S e p t e m b e r , 1940, t h e eggs d e a l t with were p r o d u c e d by t h e

same h e n s . T h e r e was a significant difference between t h e

albumen indices o f t h e eggs laid i n March and June by t h e

three breeds. The Barred Plymouth Rock a n d S.C. White Leg-

horn eggs showed a difference that was not s i g n i f i c a n t , while

the S.C. Rhode Island Reds showed a significant difference

between t h e eggs o f June and September.

The g r a p h s o f t h e mean a l b u m e n index f o r the three breeds,

and the three s e a s o n s , were plotted on squared paper. (Graphs

I, II, and I I I . ) From t h i s i t seems t h a t t h e albumen indices

are highest i n M a r c h , and t h a t they then take a sharp drop to

June, after which they remain almost constant t i l l September.

This agrees with the results found by H u n t e r , Tan Wagenen and

Hall ( 1 9 3 6 ) , w h i c h showed that eggs o f t h e h i g h e s t quality

were p r o d u c e d f r o m November t o M a r c h , a f t e r which a decline i n

quality began and continued throughout t h e summer. Wilhelm

and Heiman ( 1 9 3 8 ) found that egg q u a l i t y gradually decreased

 - .2-8 - .

until July, after which a s l i g h t improvement took place. Other

reports indicating t h e same seasonal d i f f e r e n c e s i n egg

quality were g i v e n by J u l l and B y e r l y (19 3 4 ) , and Fronda and

Clemente (1927).

(G) Shell Thickness

1. Family Differences

In the study of families, egg s h e l l t h i c k n e s s e s were

grouped according to the sires o f t h e hens p r o d u c i n g t h e eggs.

The sires used had been mated t o a t l e a s t t w o dams, e a c h o f

w h i c h h a d two o r more d a u g h t e r s . An a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was

calculated f o r each of these families according t o Snedecor

(1928), and i s p r e s e n t e d i n Table ¥1. Analysis of variance of

shell thickness of four of the f a m i l i e s included i n the table

gave v a l u e s that were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . One family, however,

f r o m t h e s i r e TJ. 2 4 1 5 , showed a s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a t i o n i n egg

shell thickness between t h e progeny o f t h e dams. These dams

apparently h a d some i n f l u e n c e on t h e s h e l l t h i c k n e s s of the

eggs p r o d u c e d by t h e i r daughters. In view of the fact that

only one o f t h e f i v e families showed t h e above variation,

however, the evidence i s by no means conclusive on t h i s point.

There i s a more d e c i d e d indication, on t h e o t h e r hand, that

shell thickness i s a characteristic of the individual hen 0

This i s i n agreement with Wilhelm (1929), who reports that

shell thickness i s one o f t h e egg q u a l i t y factors that are

characteristic of the individual hen.

 2. Breed Bifferences

The eggs l a i d by the d i f f e r e n t b r e e d s and strains in the

different seasons are compared w i t h respect t o mean shell

thickness. The r e s u l t s are given i n T a b l e V. From t h i s table

it can be seen that there i s no significant difference among

the three breeds as regards shell thickness« This agrees with

the f i n d i n g s of Blasket, D r y d o n and Hale (1937), who studied

the shell strength of eggs of White Wyandottes, S.C. Rhode

Island R e d s , and S.C. White Leghorns. Van Wagenen, H a l l and

Wilgus (1937 ) a l s o found no difference in shell strength in

Barred and White Rocks, S.C. R h o d e I s l a n d R e d s , New Hamp-

shires and Leghorns. In t h i s case, however, the eggs of the

Barred Plymouth Rocks showed slightly weaker shell strength

than those of the Leghorns and R e d s . '"

3. Strain Differences

It will be seen i n Table V that no significant difference

appeared in shell thickness between the s t r a i n s of Barred

Plymouth Rocks and S.C. White Leghorns. Van Wagenen, Hall

and Wilgus ( 1 9 3 7 ) do not report a strain difference in shell

strength, although they do report an i n d i c a t i o n of a strain

difference i n percentage of albumen.

4• Seasonal Differences

When T a b l e V i s used to compare the seasonal differences

in shell thickness, the Barred P l y m o u t h Rocks have the same

mean t h i c k n e s s f o r the three periods measuredo The shell

 - 30 - '

thickness o f t h e S.G. W h i t e L e g h o r n s i n M a r c h was t w o t e n -

thousandths o f an i n c h greater than i n t h e months o f June a n d

September. T h e S.G. R h o d e I s l a n d R e d s g a v e a r a n g e of differ-

ence o f s i x t e n - t h o u s a n d t h s o f an i n c h i nthe different months,

I n no c a s e was t h e r e a significant difference i n shell thick-

ness f o r t h e periods studied. Blasket, Dryden and H u l l (1937)

f o u n d a maximum s h e l l strength i nMarch that progressively

declined until July, then improved again until October.

Wilhelm (1939) reported a seasonal trend i nshell thickness,

with a maximum i n O c t o b e r a n d N o v e m b e r , a n d a d e c l i n e that

began i n March and continued t o t h e end o f t h e y e a r .

The seasonal trend of variation of shell thickness i s

shown o n G r a p h s I , I I and I I I . The Reds show a s l i g h t decline

for each succeeding period i nthe pullet year, while the

Barred Plymouth Rocks a r e e x a c t l y t h e same i n t h e t h r e e periods

The shell thickness i n June a n d S e p t e m b e r was t h e s a m e , b u t

slightly lower than i n March.

(D) Yolk Colour

The Yolk Colour Rotor o f Heiman and C a r v e r (1935) was

used i n the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of yolk colour. I t was f o u n d that

most o f t h e y o l k s could be v e r y q u i c k l y and a c c u r a t e l y matched

with this set of standards. I t might be s u g g e s t e d , however,

that the colours on t h e c h a r t w e r e made o f D u c o p a i n t , which

c a n n o t b-e c o n s i d e r e d a standard product and might t h u s be

impossible t o replace. During t h e actual use o f t h e Rotor

some y o l k s were found w h i c h c o u l d n o t be matched perfectly.

 T h e r e were one o r t w o p o i n t s on t h i s series of colours where

the s h a d i n g was n o t f i n e enough.to match t h e y o l k o f t h e eggs

e x a m i n e d , s u c h a s b e t w e e n n u m b e r s 18 a n d 1 9 . Further, in a

number o f t h e y o l k s examined a g r e e n i s h h u e was f o u n d which

x -
was not included i n the chart.

Due t o t h e f a c t t h a t this Colour Rotor d i d not include i n

its s e r i e s a l l t h e shades of yolk colour observed i n the

U.B.C. e g g s , a n d b e c a u s e t h e v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e s h a d e s o f y o l k

colour were n o t g r e a t , the analysis of variance was n o t a p p l i e d

to the data.

The mean y o l k colour was c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h p e r i o d , a n d

is presented i n Table V I I . From t h i s i t c a n be s e e n t h a t there

is no s i g n i f i c a n t difference i n the yolks of the three breeds

studied. A survey of t h e l i t e r a t u r e on egg q u a l i t y d i d n o t

reveal any previous comparison of the yolk colour f o r the

different breeds.

T h e r e was no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e two s t r a i n s

of Barred Plymouth Rocks a n d S.C. W h i t e L e g h o r n s . T h e mean

yolk colour f o r t h e two B a r r e d P l y m o u t h R o c k f l o c k s was t h e

same, w h i l e t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e t w o s t r a i n s o f L e g h o r n s was

not significant.

K
A more s a t i s f a c t o r y c h a r t f o r t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f y o l k
c o l o u r s m i g h t b e made f r o m a s e r i e s o f c o l o u r s b a s e d o n
s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n s o f p o t a s s i u m d i c h r o m a t e as s u g g e s t e d i nt h e
method p r o p o s e d by T u r n e r and Conquest ( 1 9 3 9 ) • This colour
s e r i e s c o u l d be a d a p t e d b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f c o p p e r s u l p h a t e t o
the potassium dichromate s o l u t i o n s , t o match t h e greenish
t o n e s f o u n d i n some e g g yolks®
 In comparing the'yolk colour o f t h e eggs produced i n the

different m o n t h s o f t h e same p r o d u c t i o n year, the Barred

Plymouth Rocks arid L e g h o r n s s h o w e d t h e same y o l k colour index

in t h e M a r c h and June p e r i o d s , and a s l i g h t l y lower index i n

September. The S.C. Rhode I s l a n d Reds showed a slight i n -

crease i n yolk colour i n June over that of March, only to

decrease again i n September. However, the difference i n no

c a s e was large enough t o be significant. This agrees with the

findings of Parker, Grossman and L i p p - i n c o t t (1926) , P a r k e r

'(1927), H u n t e r , Yan Wagenen a n d H a l l ( 1 9 3 6 ) , and W i l h e l m and

Heiman (1938).

The yolk colour indices are plotted on Graphs I , I I and

III. The L e g h o r n s show v e r y little change i n the three

periods, with a slight drop i n colour from June t o September.

The Barred Plymouth Rocks show a l a r g e r drop i n September than

the Leghorns. I n t h e S.C. Rhode Island R e d s , w h i c h had the

highest yolk colour i n June, i s found the greatest drop i n

September. However, little emphasis should be p l a c e d on this

drop i n September, as t h e b i r d s were confined f o r part ora l l

of the period i n w h i c h t h e eggs were laid. Since they d i d not

.have access to green feed on r a n g e , t h e d r o p i s n o r m a l , a s t h e

xanthophyl pigments ingested would be lower«

D u r i n g t h e month o f September the Barred Plymouth Rocks

a n d t h e S.C. Rhode Island Reds were confined on September

third. The f o r m e r were allowed back on r a n g e on September

fourteenth, w h i l e t h e l a t t e r were confined f o r the whole

month. The S.C. White L e g h o r n s were allowed o u t on range

 until September fourteenth,, when t h e y were c o n f i n e d * The

average y o l k colour index was c a l c u l a t e d f o r each day for eaeh

of the breeds® The data are presented i n Table VI and in

Graph- I V . In considering these data i t m u s t be remembered

that on some d a y s t h e r e were v e r y few eggs a v a i l a b l e f o r

examination; consequently the average given on any one day

would not represent the true average of a l a r g e r number of

eggs. However, a general trend is indicated.

In the eggs l a i d by the Barred Plymouth Rocks a decline

began i n y o l k colour three days a f t e r the confinement of the

birds. The drop in colour continued f o r s i x d a y s , when a

light colour was r e a c h e d and remained constant t i l l the end of

the confinement period. Immediately the b i r d s w e n t on range

the yolk colour became d a r k e r , and at.'the end of the sixth

day had become s i m i l a r to that of the period preceding con-

finement 0

The yolk colour of the eggs p r o d u c e d by the S.C. White

Leghorns held constant f o r the first part of September, but

following confinement on September f o u r t e e n t h the yolk colour

slowly decreased until the end of Sept ember, However, the

c h a n g e was not nearly so marked as i n the case of the Barred

P l y m o u t h R o c k egg yolks,

The yolk colour of the eggs p r o d u c e d by the S.C. Rhode

Island Reds began to d r o p two days a f t e r the b i r d s were kept

indoors, and continued at a rate similar to that occurring in

the Leghorn eggs, u n t i l September t h i r t e e n t h . For the

remainder of the month the S.C. Rhode I s l a n d Reds maintained

 - 34 -

an a l m o s t constant yolk colour.

The more r a p i d a n d m a r k e d change i n the yolk colour of

the eggs p r o d u c e d by t h e B a r r e d Plymouth Rocks i s very

interesting, i n that i t has been observed on The U n i v e r s i t y o f

British Columbia Farm t h a t Barred Plymouth Rocks as a breed

seem t o r e s p o n d comparatively q u i c k l y t o changes i n management,

(E) Egg Shape

Jull (1938) s t a t e s t h a t t h e g e n e r a l shape o f t h e egg

appears t o be d e t e r m i n e d largely b y t h e amount o f white

secreted i n t h e magnum s e c t i o n o f t h e o v i d u c t and by t h e

caliber o f t h e l u m e n o f t h e magnum a n d i s t h m u s a n d t h e

muscular activity of their walls. Since forty t o sixty per

cent o f t h e albumen i ssecreted i n t h e magnum a n d t h e isthmus,

a r e l a t i o n s h i p i s suggested between t h e shape o f an egg and

the quality o f t h e albumen. Furthermore, Jull (1938) states

that eggs laid by an i n d i v i d u a l hen possess a characteristic

shape, I t was r e p o r t e d i n the f i r s t part of this essay that

when t h e a l b u m e n index was u s e d as t h e measure, egg q u a l i t y

was a characteristic o f an i n d i v i d u a l hen. Thus i t i s sug-

gested further that there m i g h t be a r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e

shape o f a n egg and i t salbumen index 0

A figure representing t h e shape o f t h e e g g was a r r i v e d a t

by d i v i d i n g the length by t h e w i d t h o f t h e eggs measured.

This f i g u r e f o r e g g s h a p e was c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e albumen

index,, The r e s u l t s are given i n Table IX. This shows a

negative correlation i n t h e eggs from t h e t h r e e breeds, with

 "r" equal to - . 1 8 3 , - . 1 0 7 and - . 1 5 9 f o r Rocks, Leghorns and

Reds r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h i s means t h a t the shorter and more

round egg had the higher albumen index. Such a conclusion

agrees with the report o f Cook ( 1 9 3 9 ) , who found a similar

correlation.

This correlation o f egg shape and albumen index suggests

the possibility o f a p r a c t i c a l method o f mass s e l e c t i o n of

eggs of higher interior quality. I t may be possible to secure

improvement i n egg quality through the selection o f t h e more

nearly round eggs for incubation and t h e elimination of the

longer thinner eggs®

SUMMARY

A review i s presented of the l i t erature on m e t h o d s of

measuring egg quality and the r e s u l t s that have been reported.

A total o f 1 , 2 3 9 eggs from three breeds of chickens -

Barred P l y m o u t h R o c k s , S.C. Rhode Island Reds, and S.C. White

Leghorns - f r o m The University of B r i t i s h Columbia flock, and

from Barred Plymouth Rocks a n d S.C. White Leghorns from two

outside private flocks, was examined t o secure measurements of

egg quality.

In comparing t h e albumen and y o l k indices, t h e eggs from

the B a r r e d Plymouth Rocks showed a s i g n i f i c a n t positive

correlation during the four p e r i o d s measured. The eggs from

t h e S.C. Rhode I s l a n d Reds showed correlations that were not

significant except during the period of March, 1940. The eggs

f r o m t h e S.C. White Leghorns showed significant posit ive

 correlations, except during the periods o f March and September

1940.

M
A highly significant correlation ( r " » . 7 2 5 ) was found

between t h e y o l k i n d e x and t h e m o d i f i e d yolk index. A factor,

.8941.039, was found.

A significant difference was found among t h e albumen

indices o f t h e eggs p r o d u c e d by t h e t h r e e breeds i n October,

1 9 3 9 , June, 1940, and September, 1940. I n March, 1940, there

was a significant difference between t h e albumen indices of

the eggs p r o d u c e d b y t h e S.C. Rhode I s l a n d Reds and t h e Barred

P l y m o u t h R o c k s , t h e S.C. Rhode Island Reds and t h e S.C. White

L e g h o r n s , b u t not between t h e albumen indices o f eggs p r o d u c e d

b y t h e S.C. W h i t e L e g h o r n s and t h e B a r r e d Plymouth Rocks.

The eggs p r o d u c e d i n M a r c h showed significant higher

albumen indices than those p r o d u c e d i n June and September.

O n l y t h e e g g s p r o d u c e d b y t h e S.C. Rhode I s l a n d Reds had

significant higher albumen indices i n June t h a n i n September.

T h e r e was some i n d i c a t i o n that shell thickness was a

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the i n d i v i d u a l hen.

No significant difference in shell thickness was found

between.breeds, s t r a i n s or s e a s o n s i n w h i c h the eggs were

laid.

No significant difference i n yolk colour was found

between b r e e d s , strains o r s e a s o n s i n w h i c h t h e eggs were laid.

Egg s h a p e was f o u n d t o be correlated with the albumen

index. The shorter and more n e a r l y r o u n d egg showed an albumen

with a higher index than that of the longer thinner egg.

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d i e t of c o n f i n e d l a y i n g hens•

H o i s t , W.F. and A l m q u i 3 t , H . J . 1931. H i l g a r d i a 6_: 4 9 - 6 0 .

Measurement o f d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n t h e s t o r e d hen's eg;

H u n t e r , J . A . , V a n W a g e n e n , A., H a l l , G*0. 1 9 3 6 . Poultry

Science 15: 1 1 5 - 1 1 8 . S e a s o n a l c h a n g e s i n i n t e r i o r egg
q u a l i t y o f S.C. W h i t e L e g h o r n h e n s ,
 - 38 -

J u l l , M.A. 1?J8. Poultry Husbandry. M c G r a w - H i l l Book Go 0

Inco

J u l l , M.A. a n d B y e r l y , T.C. 1934. Egg q u a l i t y c o n t r o l l e d

by f e e d i n g . a n d b r e e d i n g i n c r e a s e s p o u l t r y i n c o m e
0

U.S.D.A. Y e a r B o o k o f A g r i c u l t u r e , 1 9 3 4 ; 1 9 3 *

K n o x , C.W. a n d G o d f r e y , A . B . 19 33= U.S. E g g & P o u l t r y M a g .

39 , 1 2 : 4 8 - 3 L Breed d i f f e r e n c e s - e f f e c t o f egg weight
and a n t e c e d e n t p r o d u c t i o n i n r e s p e c t t o t h i c k a l b u m e n .

K n o x , C.W.and G o d f r e y , A.B. 19 3 4 . Poultry Science 171

Factors i n f l u e n c i n g the percentage of t h i c k
1 3 9 - 1 6 2 .
albumen o f t h e hen's eggs.

K n o x , C.W. a n d G o d f r e y , A . B . 1940. P o u l t r y Science 1 9 , 5 :

291-294. F i v e years o f breeding f o r high and l o w
p e r c e n t a g e o f t h i c k albumen i n t h e eggs o f Rhode I s l a n d
Reds»

The L a r r o R e s e a r c h F a r m . 1 9 3 2 . U.S. E g g & P o u l t r y M a g . 3 8 ,

3: 22-25. C o m m e r c i a l r e s e a r c h i n eggs t o l d i n p i c t u r e s .

L o r e n z , F.W., T a y l o r , L.W. a n d A l m q u i s t , H . J . 19 3 4 » Poultry

S c i e n c e 1 3 : 14-17. F i r m n e s s o f albumen as an i n h e r i t e d
characteristic.

L u n d , W.A., H e i m a n , 7 . , a n d W i l h e l m , L , A . 1 9 3 8 . Poultry
S c i e n c e 1 7 : 372-376. The r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n e g g s h e l l
t h i c k n e s s a n d strength©

Miller, M.W. a n d B e a r s e , G.E. 1934. Wash. A g r . E x p t . S t a .

Bui. 3 0 6 . Phosphorus requirements of l a y i n g hens.

Miller, MVW. a n d B e a r s e , G.E. 1 9 3 4 . Wash. A g r . E x p t . S t a .

Bui. 3 2 0 . M i n e r a l supplements f o r l a y i n g hens•

Munro, S.S. 19 3 8 . P o u l t r y S c i e n c e 17_: 1 7 - 2 7 . Effect of

h e r e d i t y on i n t e r i o r egg q u a l i t y and s h e l l c o m p o s i t i o n s

Munro, S S • and R o b e r t s o n , George.

e 1 9 3 5 . U.S. E g g &
P o u l t r y Mag. 4 1 , 1 2 : 4 8 - 5 0 . A method o f m e a s u r i n g t h e
s t r e n g t h o f t h e y o l k membraneo

P a l m e r , L . S . a n d K e m p s t e r , H.L. 1919 • J« Biol© Chem. 3 9 •

299-312. R e l a t i o n of plant c a r o t i n o i d s t o growth,
f e c u n d i t y a n d r e p r o d u c t i o n o f fowls»

P a r k e r , S.L. 1927, P o u l t r y S c i e n c e 6_: 2 5 9 - 2 7 3 * Studies in

egg q u a l i t y i - I I . S e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n s i n y o l k colour.
 P a r k e r , S . L . , G o s s m a n , S « S , a n d L i p p i n c o t t , W.A. 19 26 „
P o u l t r y , S c i e n c e 5,: 1 3 1 - 1 4 5 . S t u d i e s i n egg q u a l i t y ,
I , V a r i a t i o n s i n y o l k colour«

P a r s o n s , C.H., a n d M i n k , L . D . 1 9 3 7 . U.S. E g g & P o u l t r y

Mag. 4_3_: 4 8 4 - 4 9 1 . The c o r r e l a t i o n o f methods f o r
measuring the i n t e r i o r q u a l i t y o f eggs.

R i d g e w a y , R. 1 9 1 2 . P u b . b y a u t h o r , 4 3 p p . , 53 plates.
C o l o u r s t a n d a r d s and c o l o u r n o m e n c l a t u r e .

R o m a n o f f , A . L . 1 9 2 9 . B i o l . B u i . J 5 6 ( 5 ) '• 3 5 1 - 3 5 6 . Study
of t h e p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e hen * s egg s h e l l i n
r e l a t i o n t o the f u n c t i o n of the s h e l l - s e c r e t o r y glands.

S h a r p , P . F . a n d P o w e l l , O.K. 1 9 3 0 . I n d . & E n g . Chem. 2 2 :

909-910. Decrease i n i n t e r n a l q u a l i t y o f hen's eggs
d u r i n g s t o r a g e as i n d i c a t e d by t h e y o l k .

S n e d e c o r , GbW. 1 9 3 8 . Statistical Methods. Collegiate

Press, Inc.

S t e w a r t , G.E. 1 9 3 6 .P o u l t r y Science 15.: 119-124. Shell

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p to the breaking
strength.

S t e w a r t , G.E., G a n s , A.R. a n d S h a r p , P . F , 1 9 3 2 . U . S . E g g
& P o u l t r y Mag. 3 8 , 1 1 : 3 5 . The r e l a t i o n o f y o l k i n d e x t o
the i n t e r i o r q u a l i t y by c a n d l i n g and from t h e opened egg.

St • John, J . I . and Green, E.L. 1 9 3 0 . J . R h e o l o g y J L : 4 8 4 -

304. The c o l l o i d a l s t r u c t u r e o f egg w h i t e as i n d i c a t e d
by p l a s t i c i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s .

S w e n s o n , T . L . a n d J a m e s , H . J . 1 9 3 2 . U.S. E g g & P o u l t r y
Mag. 3 8 , 1 1 : 1 4 . O i l i n g d o e s n o t make e g g s h e l l s m o r e
brittle.

T a y l o r , L.W. a n d L e r n e r , I.M. 1939« J . A g r . Res. 58: 3 8 3 -

396. I n h e r i t a n c e o f egg s h e l l t h i c k n e s s i n White L e g h o r n
pulletso

Taylor, L. W. a n d M a r t i n , J . H . 1 9 2 8 . P o u l t r y S c i e n c e 8_:
39-44• Factors influencing t h i c k n e s s of egg s h e l l .

T u r n e r , A.W. a n d C o n q u e s t , V. 1 9 3 9 . U.S. E g g & P o u l t r y

Mag. 4 5 : 668-670. A p r a c t i c a l method o f d e t e r m i n i n g
c o l o u r i n f r e s h and f r o z e n egg y o l k s .

Van W a g e n e n , A. a n d W i l g u s , H.S. J r . ^ . 9 3 5 . J . A g r , R e s . 31.: 1 1 2 9 .

D e t e r m i n a t i o n and importance o f t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e f i r m
albumen i n s t u d i e s o f egg w h i t e q u a l i t y .
 - 40 -

T a n W a g e n e n , A., H a l l , G.O. a n d W i l g u s , H.S. J r . 1937»

J .Agr. R e s . 54: 7 6 7 . T a r i a t i o n s i n egg q u a l i t y -
c h a r a c t e r s i n c e r t a i n "breeds, v a r i e t i e s a n d s t r a i n s o f
chickens.

T a n W a g e n e n , A. a n d H a l l , G,0, 19 5 6 . P o u l t r y S c i e n c e 15:
'405• The i n h e r i t a n c e o f c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r s a f f e c t i n g
egg q u a l i t y .

W i l c k e , H.L. l?p6. Iowa A g r . E x p t . Sta.Bul c 194. External

measure o f egg v i s c o s i t y , , ,

W i l g u s , H.S., J r . a n d T a n W a g e n e n , A. 1936. Poultry

Science, 15: 3 1 9 - 3 2 1 . The h e i g h t o f t h e f i r m a l b u m e n a s
a measure o f i t s c o n d i t i o n ,

W i l h e l m , L.A. 1939. Egg Q u a l i t y - a l i t e r a t u r e review.

U.S. E g g & P o u l t r y M a g . 45.: 5 6 5 , 6 1 9 , 6 7 5 .

W i l h e l m , L . A . a n d P a y n e , L . E . 1 9 3 4 . U.S. E g g & P o u l t r y
M a g . 4_0,3: 28-29 , 4 2 - 4 3 . The e f f e c t s o f s e v e r a l t y p e s
o f l i g h t s a n d c a n d l e s o n t h e v i s i b i l i t y o f e g g yolks»

W i l h e l m , L . A . a n d H e i m a n , T, 1 9 3 6 . U.S. E g g & P o u l t r y M a g .
42: 426-429. A l b u m e n i n d e x d e t e r m i n a t i o n by nomogram.

W i l h e l m , L.A. a n d H e i m a n , V, 1 9 3 8 . Wash. A g r , E x p t . S t a .
T e c h . B u i . 3 3 8 . The s e a s o n a l c h a n g e s i n i n t e r i o r egg
q u a l i t y o f new l a i d e g g s .

W i l l a r d , J . T . a n d S h a w , R.H. 1909 . Kans. Agr. Expt. S t a .

B u i . 159. A n a l y s e s o f eggs.
 TABLE 1

C o r r e l a t i o n s o f Albumen Index and Y o l k Index

DF Sample Value Necessary " r "

T ,
of r " for error o f
5* IjT^
O u t s i d e B.P.R. Oct. 1939146 .277 *•' .159" ; .208 HS
" S.C.TT.l. O c t . 1939 138 .424 . »174- .208 HS
U.B.C. B.P.R. O c t . 1939 ; 133 .500 .174 • .208 HS
" S .C.W.I. O c t . 1939 83 .450 .217 • .283 HS
" S.C.R.I.R. Oct. 1939 . '49 ' -.046 .273 «354 IS
" B.P.R. March 1940 ,116 .309 • .174 . v228- •.' HS
n
S.C.W.L. March 1940 59 .248 .250 .325 US
" S.C.R.I.R. March 1940 94 .234 - " „205 .267 s
" B.P.R. June 1940 • 73 .283 .232. .302 s
" S.C.W.L. June 1949 90 ®343 ' : .205 .267 HS
" S.C.R.I.R. June 1940 29 a4s .355" .456 FS
" B.P.R. S e p t . 1940 56 .286 .250 • .325' s
" S.C.Y/.L. Sept* 1940 114 .117 .174 .228 US
" S.C.R.I.R. Sept. 1940 31 ..332 .349 .449 US

HS - h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t
S - sigalfican't
NS - n o t s i g n i f i c a n t
 TABLE I I

Summary of Albumen I n d i c e s

n •• X Sx • Em CT

O u t s i d e B.P.R. Oct. 1939 148 882 ±202 ±11.2 22.9$

» S.C «W.L. Oct. 1939 140 815 1209 ±11.9 25.6
U.B.C. B.P.R. Oct. 1939 135 945 ±269 ±15.6 28.5
S.C.W.L. Oct, 1939 85 800 ±225 ±16.5 28.1
S . C . R . I . R . Oct. 1939 51 687 ±285 ±27.1 41.5
it
B.P.R. March. 1940 118/ 1242 ±218 ±13.5 17.6
t»
S.C.W.L. March 1940 :
61 1240 ±206 ±17.8 16.6
tt
S.C .R • I .R . March 1940 96 920 ±228 , . . .±15 7 24.8
e r

« B.P.R.. June 194& 75 1121 ±156 ±12.4 . 13.8

II
S.C.W.L. June 1940 92 925 ±213 ±15.0 23.0
u
S.C.R.I.R. June 1940 31 734 ±198 ±23.9 27.0
tt
B.P.R. S e p t . 1940 58 1089 ±258 ±22.9 23.6
it
S.C.W.L. S e p t . 1940 116 904 ±179 ±11.2 19.8
it
S »C.R .1 »R. 8ept» L940 33 645 ±124 . ±14.7 19.1

n - number i n sample
x - mean
Sx - s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f mean
Em - e r r o r o f mean
CT - c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a b i l i t y
 TABLE I ?

Seasonal D i f f e r e n c e s o f Albumen I n d i c e s

x Em E difference

B.P.R. Oct. 1939 945 i 15.6

March 1940 1242 ± 13.5 (I5x)
297 ± 20.6 h i g h l y significant
B.P.R. March 1940 1242 t 13.5
June 1940 1121 ± 12.4
121 t 18.3 (6x)
highly significant
B.P.R.8 June 1940 1121 ± 12.4
S e p t . 1940 1089 ± 22.9
32 i 26.0

S.C.W.L. •Oct. 1939 800 ± 16.5

March 1940 1240 ± 17.8 (I8x)
440 ± 24.3 highly significant
S.C.W.L. March 1940 1240 ± 17.8
June 1940 925 ± 15.0 (I3x)
315 t 23.3 highly significant
S.C.W.L. June 1940 925 ± 15.0
Sept. 1940 904 ± 11.2
21 % 18.7

S.C.R.I.R. Oct. 1939 687 ± 27.0

March 1940 920 ± 15.7 (8x)
233 t 31.2 highly s i g n i f i c a n t
S.C.R.I.R. March 1940 920 ± 15.7
June 1940 734 ± 23.9 (6x)
186 - 28.6 highly significant
S.C.R.I.R. June 1940 734 ± 23.9
Sept. 1940 645 ± 14.7 (3x)
89 ± 28.1 significant

x. - mean
Em — error o f mean
E difference - error of difference
 TABLE I I I

Breed Comparisons o f Albumen I n d i c e s

i Em E Difference

B.P.R. Oct. 1939 945 ± 15.6

S.G.W.L. Oct. 1939- 800 ± 16*5
(6x)
145 ± 22,7 highly significant
S.G.W.L. Oct. 1939 800 ± 16*5
S.C.R.I.R. Oct. 1939 687 ± 27.1
(3x)
115 ± 31.7 significant
B.P.R. March 1940 1242 1 13*5
S.G.W.L. March 1940 1240 + 17.8
2 - 22,3
S.G.W.L. March.1940 1240 ± 17*8
S.C.R.I.R. March 1940 920 ± 15.7 U4xJ
520 t 2 3 7 s highly, s i g n i f i c a n t

B.P.R. June 1940 1121 t 12*4

S.G.W.L. June 1940 925 ± 15.0 (lOx)
196 ± 19*5' highly significant
S.G.W.L. June 1940 925 2 15,0
S.C.R.I.B. June 1940 734 ± 23,9 (ex)
191 ± 28.2 highly significant

B.P.R. S e p t . 1940 1089: ±- 22*9

S.G.W.L. Sept* 1940 - 904 ± 1 1 . 2 . (7x)
185 - 25,5

S.G.W.L. Sept.. 1940 904 t 11.2 highly significant

S.C.R.I.R. S e p t . 1940 •645 ± 14,7
259 ± 18.5
(l4x)
highly significant

x - mean
Em - e r r o r of mean
E d i f f e r e n c e - e r r o r of d i f f e r e n c e
 TABLE V

Mean S h e l l Thickness Expressed as Ten-Thousandths o f an I n c h

3.P.E. S.G.W.L. S.C.R.I.R,

Outside Flocks

' Oct* 1933 133 ± 13,5 133 ± 12.0

U.B.O. F l o c k

Oct, 1939 121 ± 16.2 123 ± 13.6 125 i 11.9

March 1940 112 i 14.2 126 ± 1 1 , 2 116 ± 14.0

June 1940 112 ± 14,2 124 t . 9,5

: 114 ± 13.8

Sept. 1940 112 ± 1 2 . 1 124 ± 10.5 110 ± 14.7

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 TABLE Y I I

Mean Y o l k Colour

B.P.R. S.G.W.L. S.C.R.I.R.

Outside Flocks
Oct. 1939 16.03 ± 1.18 13.66 1 1.90

U.B.O. F l o c k
Oct. 1939 16.07 ± 1.02 16.16 ±1.80..: 15.74 ± .91

March 1940 14.13 - 2.43 16.43 ± 2.30 14.81 ± 2.02

June 1940 14.96 ± 2.37 16.23 ± 1.79 18.03 1 .91

S e p t . 1940 12.68 t 4.10 15.67 t 1.72 13.82 ± 2.10

 TABLE V I I I

Average Y o l k Colour Index

Date B.P.R. S.G.W.L. . S»0»H»I©R©

Sept. 1
2 16.0 16.2 16.5
3 15.0 Rocks i n 15.6
4 12.0 - - Reds i n
18.0
5 16.5 17.4 16.0
6 14.5 17.6
7• 12.5 16.6 14.0
8 8.5 16.0 15.0
9 6.0 15.6 •. 14.0 .
10 7.5 15.6 14.0
11 6.0 15.2 13.0
12 9.5 17.0 13.0
13 7.3 16.7 12.0
14 7.0 Rocks out' 16.2 Leghorns in- 14.0
15 10.0 13.0
16 9.0 13.5
: 17 16.2 14.5
18 13.5 16.0 ' • 14.0
19 14.0 15.8 15.0
20 15.0 16.0 14.6
:
. 21 16.0 15.5
22 16.0 14.2 15,0
23 17.0 15.3 14.0
24 16.0 14.3 —

25 15.0 13.4
26 - 13.0

-
—

27 15.2 _
28 15.5 13.2 10.5
29
30 16.0 13.0 13.0
 TABLE LT

C o r r e l a t i o n s of Albumen Index and Egg Shape

w Sample V a l u e of Ifecessary " r n

f o r E r r o r of
5%

B a r r e d Plymouth Rocks 38:4 .098 .124 KS

S.C. White Leghorns 352 -.10? .105 ,135 .

S.C. Rhode I s l a n d Reds 209 -.159 .138 .181 s

 GRAPH I

MEAN ALBUMEN I N D I C E S , YOLK COLOUR, AND S H E L L THICKNESS

OF EGGS MEASURED I N 1 9 4 0

S I N G L E COMB WHITE LEGHORNS

ALBUMEN
SHELL
INDICES THICKNESS

1200

1100

12

1000 120

115

900 110

105

MARCH JUNE SEPTEMBER

1940 1940 1940

ALBUMEN INDEX
SHELL THICKNESS
YOLK COLOUR
 GRAPH I I

MEAN ALBUMEN I N D I C E S , Y O L K COLOUR, AND S H E L L THICKNESS

OF EGGS MEASURED I N 194 0

BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCKS

ALBUMEN SHELL
INDICES THICKNESS

1200

1100

125

1000 12 0

115

?00 110

105

MARCH JUNE SEPTEMBER

1940 1940 1940

ALBUMEN INDEX
SHELL THICKNESS
YOLK COLOUR
 GRAPH I I I

MEAN ALBUMEN I N D I C E S , Y O L K COLOUR, AND S H E L L THICKNESS

OF EGGS MEASURED I N 1 9 4 0

SINGLE COMB RHODE I S L A N D REDS

ALBUMEN SHELL
INDICES THICKNESS

900

800

700

600

MARCH JUNE SEPTEMBER

1940 1940 1940

ALBUMEN INDEX
SHELL THICKNESS
YOLK COLOUR
 GRAPH IV

SINGLE COMB RHODE ISLAND BED

SINGLE COMB WHITE LEGHORN
BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCK
 BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCKS
(Cram)

September 28th to October 1 0 t h

19 3 9

163 Eggs
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? T • « • . '.• » » s
rtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrtrt
i, rt
2 _, a>
M
_ -=5
rt +=>
CO rt
x r
•p
•SP
CD
rt
•p
irt
Lei
l-p
0
rt
j CD
rt
I CD r& *P »o to to to^to t o t o t o t o t o t o . t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o t o
l-P rt
4*LQ!>rtt0 4 f i Q t o c n r > r t 4 i i f i r o N t o
cs
r-tr-tr-tr-trAr-tr-tC<l rt rt CV2 C\2 CM W W
CO LO
O o» CTJ o>
to
to
to
to
4«
o rt to
to to to
PP •4-4-
 XVI

0. WHITE LEGHORN'S

YOLK INDICES

Jane - 1940
 rt M tt
H O "
a> •rt
la xt
CO a
N
© CM O N O r l N i o t O H L O r - l CN CO "sH C N CM CO O r - l CO CR> I O rt'Q~"
Q H H O
r - l OS CD CO CO CO CM CO CM
I-l 41 < t 41 4! 4' 4< tjt to 41 CO 4> 4> 4' to 41 41 4I 41 41 41
«# tO to to CO to 41 41 41
X! frvlrt JS * 5 ri 9 •c5? 0
° * 0 0
«~» " I CM CN r-1 4 1
t o ' c n CO CT» CO CO C N CO CN 4! t O t o C N I O
-P
tsfl t o rt lo <o t o tr ol rt ol t o t o t o 10 t o C N t o ' i o t o t o i o < o « o . i o i o l n i h i n « a ' S t o - S lb 4
r l H10 H r l H H rt r l H r l r l r t r l r l r l r l r l H r l H r l H H r l r l
rt
©
rt-
riri,^^l2^riS;^^ ^^^^^^ <^t^ ro Nn
•cf to to L o t O L O L O L O L O t o t o t o t o t o m t o to. to to to tn to in to to C N 3 to L O L O LO L O
_J" ® • * • . • • • « • • « « • 0 6 * . • 0 » 9 « 9 „ „ 9 9 O 9 99
riHrtHriHriH r t H H H r l r l r l i - l r l r l r l r l r-l r l r t r l H r l r l r l r l r l r l
tA S S S S £jj ri ^ r * ' r l r l CO O V t O t O C \ J 4 t L O C 0 E N C M 4 t L O r ! E N OV t o O r t O l
io <o to to N t O to to t o t o <o i o to io to to <o to to to to to to to io t . to S 5 S S
O « « 4 9 . • 9 » 9 9 » • ••• 9 9 0 6- « 9 9 0 0 9-9 »' 9 9 9- 0 9 9 e
L _ M
£ £•§
rt -p
5*t»:
•rt
If
^ A O ^ t O ^ ^ . l O ^ t O ^ t O ^ t O ^ t O ^ ^ t O . t o ^to^to^to to tO^tO^tO tOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtO
•rt
C N C n C M 4 t l O C N C O r t C M C N O * C M C O c n C M to tn IN "to co c n ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ " ^ " c o * o ^ " t n
H |4 r-t r l r l r-t H W N H r l r l r l W W N N rt rt rt W N N rA r-4 r-l
to CO o
IO Tf O CM CM in
rt to to LO in
IO 'H cn OS cn
few M M W
 J.CO i »>> >o C \ i CO O \D IN. «=H rs, JN. r\t rs_, IT*, .^t r i i _ W to cn tji <o to H cr> w to M
t o t o t j j t o S S ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ i ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
e « * • e e o « e e a © © o «.
Let
!+=
If M , 4 ri , 4 .4 H 4 ? r 4 AAA A A A A A 4 , 4 , 4 41 A A A A A A A , 4
I P 1+*
^^^r-^^^^^AAAAAA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
a) -o
«JP t o o to t o - t o t o to to t o \ o to to to to to to <o to"
W W w w rt t-lrArHt-ArAMC^C^C&KlM rt rt CM CM CM rt
o CO OS o to
to in to to
LO i n in o
in to
cn OS OS OS cn
M M
 XVII

S. C. RHODE ISLAND REDS

YOLK INDICES
( a f t e r Sharp & P o w e l l )

June - 1940
 1 — T
rl M W
iH O W
X l X!
r/s EH
M Hc>c\!H(nowroiOHCOOcitntfnwfflHnjw3Srt
CD
? ^ ? J , W ( n W l O I !
- < J > I B I f
> M O W H r i l O CO # rTTTTO" H c 5 K <sF"tTS
^co!s^y)lo^otolo^D^«o^o^D<o^^oStDlD^ CD CO C S CO CO E N CD
9 9 ft 0 9 9
r-1 r - i
if H H H r i H H r l r l r t r l H H r l H r l H r i r l r—1 r-1 r l r-1 r-1 r-4
CD
IX!-
lOcococoininirjioti'cococococDioinirji^
M • * * « « » 0-9 0 9 9 « 9 • 9 9 9 0 0. O 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0
HriHrirlHrirlHHHHHrlrlHHHrlHrirlrlr-IHri-IH
r^C ^! ^ « ^2 ^ j"""! cn L O co to CM r i l o c o t s c o c o c s c n c n o E s r i C O I O
^0(O^to^p^O^O<D^^0^O(O<O(O^l0«0<O^O«)^0^O(Or^«)c-^D£>
0 9 9 « 9 9 0 0 « 0 « 9 4 0 0 0 0 0 » » 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
ri CD<
8 r
u
C O C O C O C O C D C O C O C O C O C O C O C O C O C O C O C O C O C D C O C D J O C D C O C D
r l r l r l J M W W OI Cv) rl rl r<>CfM\>CrM\> CC?
CM M r l r l CM
-OT- -to-
LO
CO
LO
SS
to