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Annals of Arid Zone 54(3&4): 95-108, 2015

Strategies of Livestock Feeding and Health Management in Arid Regions


of India

B.K. Mathur*
ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 342 003, India

Abstract: The total bovine population in India which includes cattle, buffalo, mithun
and yak is 299.9 million in 2012 census and shows a decline of 1.57% over previous
census. However, the number of cows and buffaloes in milk has increased from 77.04
million to 80.52 million showing a growth of 4.51% in India. This emphasizes the need of
strategic scientific feeding and health management of livestock. Since the country is
facing shortage of dry roughages, concentrates and green fodder, we have to look for
alternate feed resources like fibrous crop residues, non-conventional feed resources
monsoonal weeds to cope up with the feed requirement in arid zone. High fibre crop
residues and non-conventional feeds may be subjected to various processing methods
such as physical, chemical and biological treatments for their effective utilization.
Supplementation of mineral mixtures and common salt is also essential for proper
utilization of feeds. Arid zone is registering continuous and increased prevalence of many
epidemiologically important diseases of animals which includes prevalent infectious,
non-infectious, parasitic, deficiency and production diseases and also toxicity which are
of economic importance. These diseases need careful and timely management to assure
good health and sustenance of the production. Sustainable integrated farming system
models should be developed for different situations to achieve region-wise balance of
livestock, environment and human needs.

Key words: Livestock, feeding, health management.

Indian hot arid zone which is about 12% of this region of state, the livestock assumes great
total geographical area of the landmass of 0.32 importance as a drought management measure
million km2 has maximum covering in western as agriculture is at the mercy of rainfall pattern
Rajasthan (61% of the hot arid regions) whereas which is very uncertain in amount as well as
other states Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, Andhra distribution coupled with poor soil condition,
Pradesh and Karnataka accounting for 20, 5, higher evapotranspiration and higher wind
4, 7 and 3%. The cold arid area of 7.1 million velocity causing the soil erosion. Rearing some of
ha of the country lies in the state of Jammu & the finest breeds of livestock are known for their
Kashmir covering the Leh and Ladakh region. endurance making much use of the meagre feed
resources which are perennial grasses, herbs,
The total Indian Bovine population (Cattle, shrubs, tree leaves and cultivated feed and
Buffalo, Mithun and Yak) is 299.9 million fodder crops. According to the latest (Census,
numbers in 2012 which shows a decline of 2012) livestock census, Rajasthan harbors 57.77
1.57% over previous census. The number of million heads of domestic animals while it was
animals in milk in cows and buffaloes has 57.89 million in 2007, which showed a little
increased from 77.04 million to 80.52 million decrease of 0.12 million heads. However the
showing a growth of 4.51%. The total Mithun population was 54.35 and 49.1 million in 1997
and Yak in the country has registered a growth (Census, 1997) and 2003 (Census, 2003), thus
rates of 12.98% and -7.64%, respectively over during this period a decrease of 10.08% was
the previous census and the Mithuns and Yaks observed mainly due to drought years. The hot
in the country is 0.29 million and 0.07 million arid zone of Rajasthan has livestock population
in numbers respectively. of 30.18 million which is about 52.27% of the
The hot arid area is characterized by total population of the state (Census, 2012). Of
frequent droughts of 47% of frequency in the the total livestock of state, larger number of
last century of moderate to severe nature. Due sheep (76%) and goats (59%) present in the
to higher occurrence frequency of droughts in arid districts. The large ruminant production
system of cattle and buffalo is dominant in
*E-mail: mathurbasant@yahoo.co.in Indira Gandhi Nahar Project (IGNP) irrigated
96 MATHUR

districts, Hanumangarh and Sriganganagar, The superiority of livestock farming for


whereas in all other districts of arid zone the development of arid region is further highlighted
small ruminants’ production system accounts by the fact that this region is endowed with
for 65.17% of total livestock. some of the best breeds of livestock and
drought-hardy perennial grasses. The local
Jammu and Kashmir is divided in three
breeds of livestock have acquired certain
major geographical region i.e., Kashmir region,
characters to withstand the arid climate, and
Ladakh region and Jammu region. The cold
the characters have been transmitted through
arid region of Leh and Kargil comes in Ladakh
generations to make the present hardy breeds
region. From 1992 to 2003 Leh region registered
of animals. However, due to lack of proper
enhancement in the share of population of
nutrition, genetic potentiality of these animals
goats and other animals (2.84 to 4.03%) owing
has not been expressed to its maximum level.
to suitability of climate and altitudinal location.
The goats yield highly priced fine wool called The major livestock breeds in the hot arid
pashmina, which encourages more of their region are:
population in the region (6.28 to 10.66). The
Ladakh region constituted around 5% of the Cattle: Tharparkar, Rathi, Nagori and Kankrej
total buffalo population of J&K in 1992, but Sheep: Marwari, Jaisalmeri, Chokla, Nali,
by 2003 this species became almost invisible Magra, Pugal and Sonadi
in this region due to poor performance of this
species in its cold and arid climate. The share Goat: Marwari, Kutchi and Parbatsari
of Ladakh region in sheep population declined Camel: Bikaneri and Jaisalmeri
during 1992 to 2003 but Leh region showed
a marginal increase in sheep population (2.70 The major livestock breeds in the cold arid
to 3.00%). Ladakh region showed marginal region are:
increase in total cattle population (2.09 to 2.49) Cattle: Cross breed, Dzo
(Baba, S.H. et al., 2011).
Sheep: Changthangi, Poonchi, Karnah, Gurez,
Estimated livestock population of the state, Gaddi (also known as Bhadarwah),
as per the latest available integrated sample Kashmir merino
survey (2010-11), was 155.867 lakh comprising
31.185 lakh cattle, 37.788 lakh sheep, 7.704 lakh Goat: Changthangi (pashmina producing),
buffalo, 16.748 lakh goat, 57.195 lakh fowl Bakerwali, Kagani
and 5.247 lakh duck. Livestock population of Yak: No recognized breed (Ladakhi and
Ladakh region includes 0.964 lakh cattle, 2.081 Arunachali)
lakh sheep, 2.900 lakh goats and 0.461 lakh
fowls. The livestock population per hundred Camel: Bactrian (double humped)
persons has increased from 131 to 133 during For arid region of Rajasthan the general
the period from 2009-10 to 2010-11 (J&K climatic conditions, topographical features and
Economic Survey 2012-13). biotic factors do not encourage agricultural
The harsh climatic conditions prevailing operations in the absence of extractive industry
in the hot arid region, e.g., erratic rains and the peasantry has to fall upon animal husbandry
frequent droughts would suggest that, it is as their main occupation. Rearing some of the
not very suitable for crop farming. Livestock finest breed of cattle, camel, sheep and goats
farming has some in built superiority over crop known for their endurance making much use
farming as far as growth; stability and resource of the meagre feed resources which are grasses,
conservation are concerned. On an average, the herbs, shrubs, tree leaves and cultivated feed
region experiences 3 years of drought in every and fodder crops.
10 years. The natural forces constituting the Broadly scientific Animal Husbandry has
soil-climatic complex, which conspire to reduce three major components:
the crop productivity and cause instability in
agricultural production, have much less impact • Breeding
on livestock farming. This is due to differences • Feeding
in the nutritive value of natural vegetation,
which mainly sustains livestock. • Health
LIVESTOCK FEEDING AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT IN ARID REGIONS 97

Table 1. Trend in livestock population (millions) of arid and non-arid district of Rajasthan
Livestock Area of Rajasthan 1997 % of 2003 % of 2007 % of 2012 % of
Census Raj Census Raj Census Raj Census Raj
Cattle Arid districts 4.96 (40.78) 4.12 (37.97) 5.02 (40.46) 6.18 (46.38)
Non-arid districts 7.20 6.73 7.39 7.14
Total 12.16 10.85 12.41 13.32
Buffaloes Arid districts 3.16 (32.37) 3.20 (30.65) 3.43 (29.77) 3.95 (30.41)
Non-arid districts 6.60 7.24 8.11 9.03
Total 9.76 10.44 11.54 12.98
Sheep Arid districts 10.46 (73.30) 7.35 (73.5) 7.94 (70.37) 6.88 (75.75)
Non-arid districts 3.82 2.65 3.34 2.20
Total 14.31 10.00 11.28 9.08
Goat Arid districts 9.53 (56.25) 8.36 (49.76) 11.77 (53.80) 12.79 (59.03)
Non-arid districts 7.41 8.44 10.11 8.88
Total 16.94 16.80 21.88 21.67
Camel Arid districts 0.53 (70.66) 0.40 (80) 0.35 (82.14) 0.287 (85.19)
Non-arid districts 0.21 0.10 0.43 0.048
Total 0.75 0.5 0.325
Total livestock Arid districts 28.57 (52.56) 27.5 (56.0) 29.08 (50.23) 30.18 (52.27)
(including, horse, Non-arid districts 25.77 21.6 28.81 27.55
pony, etc.)
Total 54.35 49.1 57.89 57.73
(10.12)** (10.94)** (8.87)**
** Percentage of Country Livestock Population.
There could be three major strategies little supplementation, which includes agro
for improving animal productivity in the industrial by products. Thus in India livestock
country that is Supplementary feeding, Health production is entirely different from the feeding
management and Produce-marketing facilities. system in vogue in the western countries.
The ongoing system of livestock production
Breeding is due to the adjustment, which the animal
An unfortunate feature has been the husbandry had to make since the country is
indiscriminate cross-breeding of indigenous short of feeds and fodder. The survey carried
desert –adapted livestock breeds with high – out by National Institute of Animal Nutrition
yielding exotics, without taking into account and Physiology (NIANP), Bangalore indicate
the environmental and edaphic conditions that there is shortage of 45% of dry roughages,
of the home tracts of the exotics. The results 44% of concentrates and 38% of green fodder.
are that the progeny, while they prove to be Similarly in arid region of Rajasthan there is
better yielder, are often unable to cope with deficit of feed and fodder even during normal
the environmental harshness of the desert and year (Venkatateswarlu et al., 1992). Most of the
with the parasites that infest then village ponds cattle and buffaloes in India are owned by small
and nadies. Besides, the high – yielding cross farmers and they suffer due to mal-nutrition.
– breeds need higher inputs of feed and water During dry season (October-May) sheep are
– both of which are scarce commodities in the grazed on agricultural and gauchar (common
desert. Selective breeding of indigenous, high land). In rainy season (June-September) sheep
– yielding livestock would avert many of these are commonly taken to the forest for grazing
problems. (Singh, Chakravarti and Rollefson, 2005).
Many efforts have been made in the past to
Feeding augment the feed resources through physical,
Utilization of fibrous crop residues chemical and biochemical means to enhance
the nutritive value of cellulosic wastes and
In India most of the livestock are fed on crop by products. Additionally to increase the
crop residues, in addition to grazing and then nutritive forage production application of 40 kg
98 MATHUR

Table 2. Commonly used poor quality roughages in India Under global context wheat straw (25.3%) is the
Crop residues and agro industrial by products most abundant crop residue followed by rice
straw (22.8%), corn stover (15.8%), barley straw
1. Wheat straw 12. Sorghum stover
(8.3%), sugarcane tops (8.1%) and sugarcane
2. Rice straw 13. Millet stover by products (6.3%) as reported by Han and
3. Bajra straw 14. Cotton by products Garett (1986). Asia is producing about 46% of
the world supply of crop residues; therefore
4. Masoor straw 15. Cotton straw
Asian Animal Nutritionists have paid more
5. Sugar cane tops 16. Fruit canning waste attention to improve the nutritive value and
6. Corn stover 17. Rice hulls utilization of crop residues as animal feed in
relation to other regions. Ninety two percent of
7. Corn cobs 18. Sugar cane bayasee
rice straw and thirty four percent of the wheat
8. Oat straw 19. Cotton seed hulls straw are produced in Asia.
9. Sunflower stover 20. Coffee beanhull
Feeding system of roughage
10. Cassava wastes 21. Soyabean straw
Roughages fibrous crop residues (FCR) and
11. Cassava leaves 22. Banana pseudo stem fibrous agricultural residues (FAR) are subject
to various processing methods such as physical,
N ha-1 increased green and dry fodder yields chemical and biological treatments especially
by 10-12% over the control. Crude protein (CP) in order to their incorporation into ration
yield of grasses was also increased (61%) with or complete feed with the aim of enhancing
inclusion of cowpea and fertilizer application. palatability, intake and nutrient utilization with
Water-use efficiency of grasses and cowpea was the ultimate objective of improved performance.
increased with nitrogen application (Patidar et
al., 2008). Many methods of treatment have been
exhaustively investigated before accepting
Low quality roughages have been identified urea ammoniation as the most potential
around the world to determine the possibility of method for field scale application in most
improving their nutritive values and utilization; of the Asian countries. Urea treatment can
some of the commonly used roughages in India be done in different ways, depending on the
are mentioned in Table 2. local conditions and preferences but some rules
can be given regarding concentration of urea,
Among the several roughage sources
duration of treatment, amount of water to be
available cereal straws with an annual total
used and way of stacking (Table 3).
availability of about 250 million tonnes (Mudgal
ad Pradhan, 1989) received maximum attention Since the temperature of the heap affects
for improving their palatability and nutritive the rate of hydrolysis of urea to ammonia, the
value because of their huge availability. Inspite duration of treatment can be variable depending
of huge gap existing between availability and as the region or season where treatment is done.
demand for dry matter energy and protein at The type of crop residue used and its initial
national level for feeding different species of nutritional quality affects the effectiveness
livestock, still in states like Punjab and Haryana of treatment. Poor quality roughages should
cereal straws more specifically rice straw is higher effect of treatment, probably because
being burnt in the fields contributing to loss high quality straw contains more cell solubles
of valuable energy source to the national pool. and thus economics of ammoniation reduces.
Table 3. Standard conditions for urea ammoniation
Straw Urea needed/100 kg Quantity of water to be Minimum time required for
straw added (lit) incubation (days)
Wheat straw 3 50 21
Bajra straw 3 40 21
Paddy straw 4 85 10
Maize straw 4 50 14
Jowar straw 4 50 14
LIVESTOCK FEEDING AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT IN ARID REGIONS 99

Normally, fibrous agricultural residues the technology, their socio-economic situation


(FAR) have more than 60% dry mater in the and need for the technology.
form of either cellulose of hemi cellulose.
Utilization of un-conventional feed resources
The nutritional characteristics of fibrons
agricultural residues is therefore: Non-conventional feed (NCF) or non-
conventional feed resources (NCFR) or
• Low in energy and protein level unconventional feed (UCF) is a relative term
and may differ from country to country and
• Poor digestibility of DM and low bio
region to region and time to time in the
availability of energy
same country. Non-conventional feeds may
• Low in calcium, phosphorus and several trace be grouped according to availability from
elements agro industrial by products and classified
as (a) vegetable protein source (b) animal
• Poor status of carotene level protein sources (c) energy sources and (d)
• Low voluntary feed intake other miscellaneous unconventional feeds. For
this purpose, various non-conventional feeds
• High silica content need to be screened for their possible use as
Mathur et al. 2000(a) observed that Tharparkar regular livestock feed to enhance the nutritional
heifers during summer fed with 2.5% urea output per unit area. Additional, utilization
treated wheat straw increases palatability, of agro-industrial by-products also mitigate
with increase in water intake and maintained the problem of disposal of industrial wastes.
normal blood parameters and sound health. Inclusion of non-conventional feeds reduces the
Additionally, there exists a series of reasons quantum of concentrate in the diet for optimum
which explain the under utilization of fibrous animal performance.
agricultural residues mentioned below, which In the by-products mentioned above the
needs to be considered for exploiting poor following characteristics are most important:
quality roughages: protein concentration and its biological value
• Availability, annually and seasonally quantitative and qualitative composition of
amino acids, digestibility, level of energy, fats
• Geographical distribution of production and and carbohydrates, vitamin and mineral content
use and the amount of fibre and substances that
might be hazardous or toxic to the organism.
• Transport needs
The quantity of by products used as feed
• Storage needs depends on the country’s resources and the
technical equipments used for its preparation
• Alternative uses preservation and improvement.
• Price of other feeds shifts Un-conventional feed resource of desert region
• Availability of other feed stuffs as feed

• Need and cost of processing Tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) seed cake - A


cheaper feed resource for livestock feeding in
• Physio chemical characteristics of FAR arid region: Tumba plant, an annual creeper,
grows naturally in abidance in hot arid areas
• Managerial capacity of farmer
of the country with minimum possible water
Extension activities in India focuses in the availability. It grows and multiply very
provisions of services e.g., inputs like seed, fast during monsoon season and its fruits;
fertilizer, agricultural equipment, feeding Tumba-are available in the month of October-
material etc. to record vocal appreciation November. Mature fruits are golden yellow in
rather than adaptation. Mostly, provision of colour, ball like, 10-12 cm in diameter. The taste
knowledge appears to receive insufficient of the fruit is very bitter. Tumba seed are rich in
attention/contribution. The ultimate decision fat, having upto 16% oil. The Tumba (Citrullus
to adopt a particular technology depends to a colocynthis) seed cake (TSC) a byproduct of the
great extent on the farmer’s perceptions about oil extraction industry is nutritionally rich as
100 MATHUR

it contains 16 to 22% CP. Presently, TSC is Vilayati babool (Prosopis juliflora) pods
available in abundance in arid regions and is powder
being used as a fuel for furnaces in factories,
and its thus wasted. Goats: Feeding of concentrate mixture
meeting nutrient requirement of goats increases
Feeding trials were conducted in ICAR- production and twinning percentage (Mathur
Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur et al., 1999), keeping in this view cheaper
since 1986 on cattle to identify and evaluate concentrate mixture were formulated for goat
TSC as a source of livestock feed (Mathur et feeding utilizing unconventional feed resources.
al., 2000b, 2011b). The studies clearly indicates Ten (10) goats in late lactation were divided
that in cattle the conventional concentrates into two group of 5 each i.e. group I control
can safely be replaced by TSC to the extent of and group II treatment. Animals of each group
25%, as a regular ingredient, which constituted were offered weighed quantity of roughage
guar (Cymoposis tetragonaloba) korma and oil and concentrate on as such basis (consisting of
cakes (mostly til (Sesamum indicum) and cotton 35% grinded bajara, 40% tumba seed cake and
(Gossipuim spps.) seed cake) and also pelleted 25% groundnut cake). However, in treatment
cattle feeds. group 35% bajra in concentrate was replaced
by Prosopis juliflora pod powder (PJPP) making
It is observed that the TSC replacement did
ration near about isocaloric. Study showed that
not affect the palatability and intake of feeds
PJPP can be used up to 35% in the concentrate
and fodder. There was no significant (1>0.5)
of goats. No significant effect was observed on
difference in milk yield pattern of control and
blood parameters and milk yield of goats in
treatment groups, in terms of quantity and
late lactation, during extremes of summer in
quality. TSC feeding to heifers up to calving
arid zone (Mathur et al., 2003).
and onwards did not show any ill effect on
different reproductive parameters. Sheep: A feeding trial was conducted to
evaluate the acceptability and palatability of
It can, therefore, be inferred that a simple ration comprised of Prosopis juliflora pod husk
practice of inclusion of tumba seed cake (TSC) (PJPH) in Marwari sheep. The results of the
in animal feed will definitely lower the cost study indicated that P. juliflora pod husk can
of animal feeding by 18% to 20% without be used up to 50% level in the concentrate
having any adverse effect on the production, along with tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) seed
general health and reproductive performance. cake as low cost ration of the sheep without
In addition, it would result in the utilization any adverse effect on animal health (Mathur
of locally available non-conventional cheaper et al., 2002).
protein source, abridging the gap between
demand and supply of the scarce protein, thus, Cattle: A cheaper and balanced concentrate
benefiting the marginal farmers appreciably feed mixture for arid region was tried by
(Mathur et al., 1989; Mathur, 1996). simply mixing the locally available ground feed

Fig. 1. Villayati Babool (Prosopis juliflora) a cheaper source of concentrate


mixture for lactating cattle.
LIVESTOCK FEEDING AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT IN ARID REGIONS 101

ingredients including Prosopis juliflora pods, and urea showed non-significant differences,
Tumba (Citrullus colocynthis) seed cake, mineral however MSC fed group showed higher values
mixture etc. To reduce cost of cattle production for globulin and cholesterol. Study revealed
initiated feeding trial on lactating Tharparkar higher acceptability, palatability and milk yield
cattle of this cheaper concentrate mixture for of cows in which concentrate was replaced on
one year on Tharparkar cattle, at Research weight basis by til seed cake in comparison
cum Demonstration Unit of Tharparkar cattle, to mustard seed cake fed group, however non
KVK, CAZRI, Jodhpur. Farmer accepts this significant difference on reproductive health
process technology very easily and is possible parameters was observed (Mathur et al., 2004).
at livestock owner’s doorstep. Since in India
Colophospermum mopane leaves
livestock keepers are feeding concentrate to
their productive animals without engaging It was observed that the palatability of dry
labour towards its preparation, which otherwise Colophospermum mopane leaves was even low in
is practiced in developed countries having goats and decreases with progress of feeding
organized dairy farms. Since, with each process from 15 to 5% from 1st to 5th week and the
step of feed preparation cost/energy is involved traditional local P. cineraria leaves were better
and ultimately feed become highly costly and source of supplementation even in the dry form
livestock owner in India do not follow it due supporting the milk yield of goats (Mathur et
to unaffordable labour cost involved and cost al., 2006).
benefit ratio(B:C). During the present scenario
when all the food and feed ingredients are at The lower digestibility of CP may also
very high price, the cost of cheaper concentrate be due to higher tannin content in fresh C.
formulated is less by Rs. 200/- (Rupees two mopane leaves which is found to be mostly in
hundred only)/100 kg concentrate. a condensed from and also the polyphenolic
compounds which limit the intake and
The acceptability and palatability of ultimately the animal performance by reducing
formulated concentrate mixture having Prosopis degradation of fibre and protein by rumen
juliflora pods was high with no ill effect on micro-organisms (Macala et al., 1992). Sole
health, increases milk and the cost of cattle feeding of C. mopane to growing kids resulted
production reduces significantly. (Mathur et in negative N-balance and body inferred that
al., 2009; Mathur, 2013). C. mopane due to lower digestibility and tannin
contents can be used only as a sub-maintenance
Mustard (Brasssica juncea) seed cake
type fodder during dry periods in the arid
Mustard (Brasssica juncea) crop is grown for region. It can be possibly included as a part
oil in Western Rajasthan, however mustard seed of supplemental feed to browsing goats having
cake is not incorporated in ration of cattle in other conventional ingredients and efforts can
arid zone. A comparative study was conducted be made to improve the browse material by
to understand the effect of feeding mustard mixing other feed ingredients to reduce the
seed cake in lactating Tharparkar cattle. tannin effect (Patil et al., 2011).
Experiment was conducted using eight (8) Lani (Salsola baryosma)
Tharparkar cows divided into two equal groups
of four each, forming control (T1) replacing 25% Salty shrub Lani (Salsola baryosma) of arid
concentrate by water soaked. Til seed cake region available at vegetative stage can be
(41.4% CP), and treatment (T2) water soaked a good source of fodder to animals. Shoots
mustard seed cake (32.90% CP). The cake and consists of mainly fleshy stem, since leaves
water optimum ratio worked out was 1:3 and are very minute, consisting not more than 5-
1:2 for Til and mustard seed cake respectively. 7% of the total biomass. The acceptability and
Til seed cake mixed ration was well acceptable palatability of fresh cut shoots showed that
and palatable to cattle from very first day Lani is palatable (Mathur et al., 2007).
where as mustard seed cake containing ration
Lana (Haloxylon salicornicum) seeds
for the first fortnight, was less acceptable (25
to 30% left) their after cattle developed taste Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge ex
and accepted it. The hemoglobin and blood Boiss, locally called as Lana is an important
biochemistry viz glucose, total portion, albumin arid shrub of western Rajasthan. It remains
102 MATHUR

Fig. 2. Lana (Haloxylon salicornicum) seed arid feed resource for camel.

green even during the lean period and resists (9.62%), protein (7.71%) and solid not fat (SNF)
consumption by animals when most of the (1.2%) contents over control. Thus, seed along
other vegetation dries up. Lana (Haloxylon with perianth of Lana is potential feed and can
salicornicum) salty weed available in the arid be utilized as non-conventional feed for cattle
region produces seeds having CP 18.60% found and goats particularly during feed scarcity
to be good source of protein in the concentrate. and drought (Mathur et al., 2011a). Similarly
The seeds of H. salicornicum with perianth in camel, replacing concentrate mixture showed
are rich source of nutrients. Feeding trials in good palatability and digestibility (Mathur et
Marwari goats were conducted by replacing al., 2009).
50% of conventional concentrate with Lana
Hardwickia binata as a supplement in goats
seed showed increasing trend in growth and
milk yield. Its feeding to goat does not affect H. binata is available in plenty in the arid
pregnancy and kidding. Further, its feeding region having rainfall above 300 mm. A study
to lactating cattle by replacing 25% seed cake was conducted to assess the effect of feeding of
of til (Sesamum indicum) of the conventional Ardu (Alianthus excelsa) and neem (Azadirachta
concentrate in the ration results into increase in indica) leaves on acceptability, palatability, dry
milk production, with higher percentage of fat matter intake and the health of desert male

Fig. 3. Cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) thornless feed a mineral rich resource for cattle feeding.
LIVESTOCK FEEDING AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT IN ARID REGIONS 103

goats. Feeding of top feeds; ardu and neem magnesium was significantly low in livestock
leaves to goat showed high acceptability and of villages in arid zone of western Rajasthan.
palatability, however, dry matter intake and Pica in cattle, buffaloes, camels and goats in
average daily gain (ADG) was more in animals this area is another problem related to mineral
fed on ardu leaves compared to neem leaves. deficiencies (Mathur et al., 2005; Mathur et al.,
The study showed that the fresh leaves are 2009). Milk fever in this area occurs mainly
palatable to goats and sole feeding supports the due to calcium deficiency only within one
body weight growth of growing kids (Mathur week post-parturient having sufficient level of
et al., 2013 b). magnesium. The infertile cattle bears a history
of under fed with malnutrition, and per rectum
Thornless cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) examination of genitalia revealed hypoplastic
A new fodder source Opuntia ficus indica- and/or smooth ovaries and persistent corpus
a thornless cactus introduced in Indian arid luteum was very common, and they responds
region was found to have the fodder value as to mineral mixture-vitamin supplementation.
maintenance feed and was observed to reduce There is need of area specific mineral mixture
the water requirement if fed along with the dry supplementation.
roughages in goats, sheep and growing cattle. Feeding Management of Livestock
In addition its high mineral content may reduce during Drought
the mineral requirement, as arid animals are
suffering from mineral imbalances (Mathur et During droughts, severe shortage of animal
al., 2009). feed, especially of roughages is encountered.
The major feed and fodder resources for
Utilization of monsoonal weeds of arid zone livestock are natural vegetation on common
The monsoonal weeds available in the rocky grazing lands, rangelands, forest area, industrial
and sandy habitat of arid region have a distinct by products and crop residues. Decrease in
relative preference index for grazing sheep and biomass production in drought years and
goats and it was studied to be in the order of shifting of priorities result in scarcity of feed
1. Kanti (Tribulus terristris), 2. Kagio (Tetrapogon and fodder (Narain et al., 2000).
tenellus), 3. Santo (Trianthema protulacastrum), 4. • Preparation of ration with urea-molasses for
Lolaru (Digeria muricata), 5. Bekario (Indigofera immediate feeding
cordifolia), and 6. Gangan (Grewia tanax) for
varieties tested in the region. (Patil et al., 2005). • Urea treatment of straw

Coping Strategies for Minimizing • Cheaper and balanced concentrate for


Impact of Extreme Climatic Conditions lactating animals

In Jaisalmer region, sheep provided with • Use of urea molasses mineral blocks
supplementary concentrate feed and health • Providing vitamin “A” doses
management, even on pasture having double
grazing pressure results into increase in live • Addition of leguminous crop by products
body weights (7.93%) and wool yield (19.76%). • Chopping of straw
It is inferred that only grazing on pastures will
not result in realization of actual livestock • Mineral mixture and common salt
productivity in extreme hot climatic condition, • Deworming
it could be mitigated by supplementing grazing
with balanced concentrates and adopting health Health
management practices (Mathur et al., 2013). Arid zone is registering continuous and
Feeding of Mineral Mixtures and increased prevalence of many epidemiologically
Common Salt important diseases of animals which are
of economic importance as regards loss of
Feeding managers of animals should have production and the life of animals. These are of
mineral bricks and common salt, so that infectious or noninfectious nature which need
deficiency of minerals and common salt may careful and timely management to assure the
not occur. Calcium, phosphorus, copper and sustenance of production.
104 MATHUR

Broadly common diseases are divided in to a host of parasitic diseases has been identified,
four groups it’s control and prophylaxis is difficult because
of traditional rearing practices and large
Prevalent infectious diseases: Epidemiological population problem and their management
studies and data indicate occurrence and must be done as part of routine husbandry
prevalence of such diseases, regular use of practice like At least biannual deworming with
vaccines against them is not in practice in a broadspectrum anthelmintic like albendazole,
this area leading to economic losses to the fenbendazole, tetramisole, levamisole, closantel,
farmers. Diseases like FMD, rabies, ephemeral
ivermectins etc. for all species of animals for
fever, sheep and goat pox, tuberculosis,
roundworms, in Oestrus ovis infestation in
Johne’s disease, botulism, enterotoxaemia
sheep, goats ivermectins provide some degree
mycoplasmal infections, blood protozoa,
of success hydatidosis, a common problem
coccidiosis, brucellosis, HS, BQ, anthrax,
in sheep, goats, camels, buffaloes and gid
rickettsial and chlamydial diseases, nematode
(cerebral coeneurosis) in goats need surgical
infestations, mange, pica (Kishore, 1998), high
corrective measure, mange in all species,
incidence rate of subclinical mastitis has also
particularly camels), cattle, buffaloes, sheep,
been reported from this area (Singh et al.,
goats need local miticidal application using
1999). Conventional vaccination programme
herbal/pyrethrins/pesticides as dust/spray
is in vogue in this zone by various service
+ ivermectins parentally (Singh and Gahlot,
departments of the state-Current program is
1999). Apart from prophylaxis with vaccines,
plagued with two main: problems. Firstly, it
drugs effective in prevention of certain diseases
does not cover whole of the population of the
are also available. Such chemoprophylactics
species covered’ due to less doses available/
should be used as a routine health prophylaxis
produced by the BP laboratories of the states.
management and preventive measure against
Secondly, some of the important species of
the diseases like coccidiosis in kids, calves
arid zone like goat and camel are not usually
and lambs, Trypanosomiasis in camels, cattle
covered under this programme. Therefore, this
and buffaloes, mange in camels, diseases like
programme needs to be extended in whole of
shipping fever and helminthiasis in all animals,
the susceptible population. There is need to
properly following the schedule of FMD at least pica in all ruminants and ticks in cattle with
twice in a year, yearly pre-monsoon for BQ for use of the drugs already available using it
cattle and buffaloes. HS vaccination need to be periodically as per the occurrence.
extended to camels beside cattle and buffaloes, Non-infectious diseases
Anthrax vaccination also need be provided to
sheep, buffalo and camel beside cattle and The diseases in this category are important
Enterotoxaemia and sheep pox vaccination from economic point of view as its progress is
need be extended to goats in addition to sheep dependent on the management practices
with routine schedule. Furthermore, certain Deficiency diseases: Several nutritional
new vaccines available in India for a long
deficiencies have been identified in the animals
time are required to be included in the regular
of arid zone (Dongre, 2000) because of evidence
schedule. And for certain areas the vaccination
of existence of deficiency, deficiency as the
programme need to cover the diseases like
cause of the disease and cure or prevention
Theileriosis, Rabies and Tetanus etc.
by correction of the deficiency. Deficiency of
Parasitic diseases: Arid climate is not very vit. A and D (Fakhruddin, 1987), B1 (Tanwar
conducive for some of the parasitic infestations et al., 1983; 1994) etc., deficiencies of calcium,
like flukes and cestodes. With increased phosphorus, zinc, iron etc. are not only
availability of water for irrigation and the prevailing unabated but also are registering
prevalent animal husbandry practice being an upward trend, with increasing reproductive
either migratory or of intensive type, it leads disorders, particularly anoestrus in arid region
to hitherto unreported type of parasitism in (Mathur et al., 2001). Energy and protein
animals. Preventive measures are usually the deficiency results in to pica. Copper, cobalt,
only practicable approach in such cases as selenium, zinc (Singh et al., 1994), iron and
many of the clinical conditions might be either iodine are some of the trace minerals resulting
uneconomical or rather difficult to treat. Though into general conditions like anemia, retarded
LIVESTOCK FEEDING AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT IN ARID REGIONS 105

growth, reproductive disorders, pica (Kishore, with pedigreed males can ensure tremendous
1998) and certain specific conditions suggestive increase in livestock productivity.
of deficiency. Apart from these, deficiencies of
vitamins A, D3, E, B1 (Tanwar et al., 1983, 1994) • Establishment of perennial components in
and C have also been identified. pasture lands and planning of fodder trees
should be encouraged.
Production diseases: Milk fever and ketosis
in cattle, buffaloes and goats, post-parturient • Sustainable integrated farming system models
haemoglobinuria in buffaloes, downer’s should be developed for different situations
cow syndrome and mastitis are important to balance livestock, environment and human
production diseases of this area. Milk fever needs.
in this area occurs mainly due to calcium • Land use should be according to its capacity,
deficiency without concurrent deficiency of with priority to agro forestry, pasture
magnesium. Therefore, the treatment of milk development and agro- horticulture.
fever should constitute calcium boroguconate
only. Most likely period of occurrence is within • Greater emphasis is to be given on livestock
one week post-parturient. However, subacute farming rather than crop farming in arid
calcium deficiency affecting production region.
can occur during early lactation and late
pregnancy. Ketosis occurs between 3-7 weeks • Low-producing males should be castrated
post-parturient period. Diabetic ketoacidosis and selection of genetically superior animals
has also been recorded in cattle, buffalo and within local breeds may be ensured for future
goat. Zinc insulin is to be administered with breeding programs.
constant monitoring, of blood and urine • Conservation of local biodiversity is necessary
sugar levels. Pica in cattle, buffaloes, camels through need based policies and programmes.
and goats in this area is another problem
(Mathur et al., 2005; Mathur, 2014). Botulism • In rainfed areas receiving upto 150mm
because of pica in cattle has been recorded precipitation annually, farmers should be
from this area (Kishore, 1998). Protein-energy, encouraged, educated and financed to grow
salt, phosphorus-calcium, vitamin A, D and endemic, nutritive and highly productive
E deficiencies, helminthiasis (mainly round grasses.
worms) had been identified as the major causes
• Use locally available suitable alternate feed
of pica. Successful management of pica is being
resources, e.g., agroindustrial feeds and value
practiced on these lines (Gahlot, 2005).
addition, to bridge the gap between demand
Toxicity: Cyanide, sodium chloride, nitrate and supply of feed, and avoid competition
and nitrite poisoning have been reported to between livestock and human beings.
occur in this zone since long (Sharma and
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