Mobile WiMAX

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Up to 500 Mbps
• Access 9.6 Kbps - 384 Kbps
• Synchronization • Internet Access
• 10 Meters • Low / high quality video
IEEE 802.16 • Voice, SMS, Email
IEEE 802.11a,b,g • Web browsing
WLAN WMAN
WPAN WWAN
Wireless Networking Landscape
Wi-Fi Hotspot
Bluetooth, UWB
IEEE 802.15
GPS
LAN

WiMAX SoHo GSM / CDMA

~100 Mbps
• Data & VoIP Access
• ‘hot spots’ / Muni Wi-Fi
• LAN equivalent
Backhaul
< 100 Mbps
• Data & VoIP Access
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• Connects ‘hot spots’ / Muni-Wi-Fi
• MAN equivalent

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 Broadband wireless alternative for fiber, cable modems,
DSL lines and for mobile subscribers..

Broadband Wireless market opportunity

2003 2006 2010 2012+

Motivation for WiMAX

Portable mobile
Coverage / Mobility

2G 3G WiMAX 4G

802.11 a/g/n -
WiFi
Fixed

0.1 1 10 100
Data rate (Mbps) per subscriber
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Benefits of Standardization
Pre standard Post standard:

Property vertical solutions.
Equipment interoperability.

No volume manufacturing.
Economies of scale.

Service Providers
Superior price/performance.

Equipment Mfrs focus

System Integration Service Providers

Network Software System Integrator

Equipment Mfrs focus

System design & Network management

Architecture Software supplier
Custom MAC System design &
Architecture
Custom, 802.11 or
DOCSIS PHY Volume integrated
MAC/PHY silicon solutions
Custom radio
Volume radio solutions
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 IEEE 802.16 WiMAX Forum

• Develops voluntary • Support IEEE 802.16

consensus standards standard by developing
for Wireless an end-to-end
The Roles
Metropolitan of IEEE 802.16
Area and WiMAX
architecture
Networks with global
applicability Forum • Propose and promote
access profiles for the
• Mostly PHY and MAC IEEE 802.16 standard
issues
• Certify interoperability
• Open process and not levels both in network
restricted to selected and the cell
companies
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• Achieve global
• Established precedence acceptance

IEEE 802 Standards

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WiMAX Forum Structure

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802.16 Evolution

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IEEE 802.16 Evolution

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Evolution of WiMAX

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WiMAX certification is for
system, i.e., CPEs and BTS,
S/W stack
not for components User Application
not certified

BB Chips SNMP etc

RF Chips
not Drivers
not certified
certified
WiMAX CertificationUpper MAC Function

MAC + PHY
MAP Processing

TCS
IF Encryption
Manager CRC
FEC
Mod/Demod
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WiMAX Bands
US-WCS/korea 3300 - 3400
Low/mid Upper
2305-2320 UNII band UNII
2345-2360 2700 - 2900 band
(802.11a)
MMDS 5150-5350 5725-
ISM 11 b/g 2500-2690 3.5 GHz band 5850
2400-2480 3400 - 3600
WRC (new)
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 Mobile WiMAX Salient Features
Support for operation in different frequency bands and
Scalability Channelizations. Flexible frequency planning; Macro, Micro,
Pico cell support
OFDM to support higher PHY rates, Larger MAC frames with
High Data
low overhead, Advanced FEC, Adaptive modulation,
Rates H-ARQ, MIMO and Beamforming support

Traffic types, QoS with Service Flows, Advanced Scheduling

QoS
Framework, Adaptive Modulation & Coding, ARQ, H-ARQ

Secure Optimized Hard Handover,

Mobility Fast BS Switching Handover,
Power Management with Sleep and Idle modes
EAP authentication, Encryption with AES-CCM,
Security CMAC Authentication mode, X.509 Certificates, Key Binding,
Device and User authentication capability

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Mobile WiMAX Network Flat & Very-Flat

Architectures
Flat
Architecture

ASN
CSN
BS R6 ASN GW
R3
R8
Policy
MIP HLR Server
R1 R6 HA AAA HSS DHCP
BS
3

R5 (Roaming)
R

R4
R1

MS ASN Another Operator’s CSN

Policy
MIP HLR Server
DHCP
Very Flat HA AAA HSS
Architecture

NAP (Network Access Provider) NSP (Network Service Provider)

Mobile WiMAX networks offer co-existence &

interoperability of Flat and Very-Flat solutions
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WiMAX End-to-End Connectivity

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Radio Technologies in WiMAX

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 Challenges in the radio layer

BTS

vel
o city
,v

Multiple reflections
in the environment between Environment conditions
the transmitter and the receiver change with time
– Multipath channel

Signal strength Coverage holes Reliability of

varies with position; and drop in Communication
presence of ISI data rates is very low
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Managing Multiple Users

Jack wants to transmit

video to his colleague
at office

BTS
Larry is already on a voice
call and now wants to
start browsing
Jane wants to join
the network as she
has to browse

● Efficient use of limited spectrum

● Ability to handle users with different requirement
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 Managing Multi Cellular Deployment

3 cell reuse pattern

Need to support low Should be conceptually
System critical control
frequency reuse factors possible to deploy single
information should not be
for high spectrum frequency networks, i.e.,
prone to interference
efficiencies unit frequency reuse

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 OFDM transmission
technique

A great fit for Can be combined Can be combined Ability to load

achieving with various With MIMO frequency
high data rates in multiple access transmissions
frequency selective OFDM Review
techniques
domain parts of
a channel
fading/ISI channels.

Separation in Separation in Separation using

time Frequency and Time codes

802.11a/g: 802.16d: OFDMA

OFDM - CSMA/CA MC-CDMA
802.16e: SOFDMA
(contention mode), Proposed for 4G
802.16m, LTE, LTE-
OFDM - TDMA advanced: OFDMA being
(contention free mode) considered
802.16d: OFDM - TDMA FLASH OFDM: FH - OFDMA

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OFDMA
Allocation of Used in 802.16d, 802.16e
subcarriers need not and FLASH OFDM and is a
be contiguous candidate for 802.20

Power

cy
uen
Freq
Ti
m
e

User 1
In ym

Al al; du
te bo

User 2
lo 2 ra
s
rv l
ca O tio
tio FD n

Concept of User 3
n M

subchannel
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 OFDMA Features

Flexibility in allocation

Number of subcarriers given Position of subcarriers

to an user in an allocation allocated to an user can
interval is a variable. be varied.

Key advantage is the Can be used to tap the

granularity of resource frequency diversity of the
allocation for supporting channel and manage
various service classes. interference in multicellular
deployments.

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39.0625 KHz
SOFDMA
Power
Number of
subcarriers = 128

39.0625 KHz
Frequency
5 MHz
Power
Number of
subcarriers = 256

Frequency
10 MHz

Same subcarrier spacing is maintained

for different channel Bandwidth
OFDM symbol duration and
cyclic prefix is the same
Implies same sensitivity to resulting in same effects due
frequency offset, phase noise to multipath
and Doppler shift
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 Effect of Subchannelization

In each cell a
Subcarriers of a different permutation
subchannel of subcarriers is Each user can be
are scattered across assigned to a assigned 1 or more
the spectrum subchannel subchannels

High Bandwidth
Frequency Diversity Interference Diversity
Granularity

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• System Channel Bandwidths (MHz) 1.25 5

10 20
• Sampling Frequency (Fs in MHz) 1.4 5.6
11.2 22.4
Typical SOFDMA parameters in WiMAX
• FFT Size (N) 128 512
1024 2048
• Number of Sub-Channels 2 8
16 32
• Sub-Carrier Frequency Spacing
10.94 kHz
• Useful Symbol Time (Toscenter
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microseconds

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 Typical WiMAX TDD Frame

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Features of MAC in WIMAX

Adaptive Burst Convergence sub layer &

Profile Management, Higher layer mapping
FDD,TDD support

Medium Access Support for mobility,

Support for security Control Sleep, and idle
(MAC) Mode

resource allocation and Point-to-multipoint operation using

Support for achieving QoS SOFDMA
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 Adds error detection
bits and FEC
Hybrid ARQ information before
transmission

Type I Type II
Hybrid ARQ
Every retransmission Change coding rate and
contains same puncturing pattern for
information. each retransmissions
Chase combining Incremental redundancy

Receivers do not drop error frames.

Error frame combined with retransmitted
frame for more robust detection
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802.16 System Profile

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 WiMAX Technology Evolution

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Peak Data Rate Spectru

Technology
Downlink Uplink m
8 Mbps (per 1 Mbps (per
ADSL N/A
user) user)
38 Mbps
DOCSIS 1.0 9 Mbps (shared) N/A
(shared)
1X-EVDO Rev A 2.5 3.1 Mbps 1.8 Mbps
Transparency: Data Rate Comparison of
MHz (shared) (shared)
licensed
14 Mbps
Wireline & Wireless Technologies
HSPA 10 MHz
(shared)
6 Mbps (shared) licensed
WiFi (802.11a/b/g) 20
54 Mbps combined (shared) unlicensed
MHz
Mobile WiMAX (2x2
72 Mbps combined (shared) licensed
MIMO) 10 MHZ

Interesting rule of thumb: the actual capacity (Mbps per channel per sector) in a
multi-cell environment for most wireless technologies is about 20% to 30% of the
peak theoretical data rate.
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• A high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining
the flexibility to support a wide range of services and applications in a cost
efficient manner

• Compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks

• Capability of interworking with other radio access systems

IMT-Advanced (4G?) Requirements
• High quality mobile services

• User equipment suitable for worldwide use

• User-friendly applications, services and equipment

• Worldwide roaming capability

• Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications

(100 Mbit/s for high and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility were established as
targets for research).
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802.16m Features

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Coexistence of 802.16e and 802.16m

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802.16m Frame Structure

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Comparison of 802.16m and ITU-Advanced
Requirements

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802.16e vs. 802.16m

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Key Cooperative Technologies for 4G

NETWORK LAYER
Interference co-ordination
Intelligent Relays
Channel-aware routing
Network coding

PHYSICAL LAYER MAC LAYER

Interference cancellation Fast link adaptation
Multi-user MIMO Traffic-aware scheduling
Superposition coding Multi-cell scheduling

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Wireless Landscape - Summary

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