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| BIOMIMICRY
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Biomimicry.net | AskNature.org
A Biomimicry Primer
consummate physicists, chemists, and engi- So, given its depth and breadth, how does one
neers, and that ecosystems are economies categorize biomimicry? Is it a design discipline,
beyond compare. You’re on your way to a branch of science, a problem-solving method,
BIOMIMICRY |
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A Biomimicry Primer
sip energy, shave material use, reject toxins,
and work as a system to create conditions
Beauty is a large part of why
conducive to life.
biomimicry resonates. Our search
| BIOMIMICRY
WHAT BETTER MODELS COULD THERE BE? for mentors brings us back into
For designers, architects, engineers, and inno- contact with the living world, a
vators of all stripes, the answer to the question place we were tuned to appreciate.
“What would nature do here?” is a revelation. Having spent 99.9% of our
There’s not one new idea, but millions of ideas planetary tenure woven deep into
evolved in context, tested over eons, and the wild, we humans naturally
proven to be safe for this generation and the
admire the weaverbird’s nest,
next. This trusted source of inspiration arrives
the conch’s shell, the scales of a
just as our species is counting the casualties of
our industrial crash.
shimmering trout. In fact, there
are few things more beautiful to
Yearning for something that works for instead the human soul than good design.
of against life, professional innovators are
heading outside to see how other species
When it is good in all aspects—stirring to the
have managed to survive for 3.85 billion years.
senses, fit for its function, elegant in its material
Their models are organisms that manufacture
choice, and gentle in its manufacture—we can’t
without “heat, beat, and treat,” and ecosystems
help but feel delight and the desire to do at
that run on sunlight and feedback, creating
least as well in our next design. That’s what
opportunities rather than waste. The resulting
biomimics feel each time they see a swift slice
designs are functional, sustainable, and not
blue sky, or a butterfly float to a flower in full
surprisingly, beautiful as well. Beauty is a large
bloom—a desire to be more like the organisms
part of why biomimicry resonates. Our search
we admire.
for mentors brings us back into contact with the
living world, a place we were tuned to appreci-
The twin emotions of admiration and awe are
ate. Having spent 99.9% of our planetary tenure
as useful as they are powerful. Social reference
woven deep into the wild, we humans naturally
theory predicts that the fastest way for us to
admire the weaverbird’s nest, the conch’s shell,
change is to pick a new mentor—to change
the scales of a shimmering trout. In fact, there
whom it is we admire and want to emulate.
are few things more beautiful to the human soul
When the young entrepreneur who has always
than good design.
modeled himself after Donald Trump suddenly
compares himself to the founder of the city
food bank, it’s a potent life-shift. It’s the same
with biomimics. When we compare our human-
made technologies not with those of other
humans but with those of other species, we are
humbled and inspired to move to a new design
ethic. The Gandhian act of being the change
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A Biomimicry Primer
we want to see in the world begins with finding eco-design paradigms devised in the last 30 years,
a mentor who represents that change. For us, including the Natural Step, Natural Capitalism,
that mentor is nature. Cradle to Cradle, Ecological Design, and Living
Building Challenge. Biomimicry is what you do on
BIOMIMICRY |
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A Biomimicry Primer
immune system” pulsing with good ideas. Our The word “emulation” is also carefully chosen,
hope is that it serves and complements these because it is more nuanced than mere copying
kindred movements. or slavish imitation. Biomimics may study a
| BIOMIMICRY
spider to learn about sensing, fiber manufac-
INSIDE THE PHRASE “THE CONSCIOUS EMULATION ture, adhesion, or tensegrity, but we are not
OF LIFE’S GENIUS” actually trying to recreate the spider. What
In 1990, when I had to name the very first file we’re trying to emulate are the design prin-
folder to house a journal article on artificial ciples and living lessons of the spider. How a
photosynthesis, I was at a loss. What was spider meets its needs while helping to enhance
the mega-category that would encompass its habitat is as important to a biomimic as how
all instances of nature-inspired innovation? I it spins its silk.
turned to Webster’s to find bios, which is Greek
for life, and mimesis, which means to imitate. “Life’s genius,” a term rendered more contro-
Biomimicry seemed a more melodious term, so versial in the age of intelligent design, is also
I scrawled it on the tab, and from that moment, carefully chosen. It refers to the fact that these
you might say, the idea acquired me. When I technologies are more than simply clever—they
began to write and speak about the subject, have the spark of true insight because they’ve
another phrase became very important to me, evolved in response to Earth’s mandates. Life’s
because it captures both the letter and the true genius is in how its technologies contrib-
spirit of biomimicry practice. ute to the continuation of not just one life but
all life on Earth. Gleaning that kind of wisdom
Biomimicry is the conscious emulation of life’s takes more than just recording the size and
genius. The word “conscious” refers to intent— spacing of a whale’s tubercles. It means con-
it is not enough to design something without templating the daily life of the marine denizen
nature’s help and then in retrospect say, “This in its habitat, including its physiological, behav-
reminds me of something in the natural world.” ioral, and community strategies, all of which
That’s called convergent evolution, but it’s not make it a net contributor to its habitat. To move
biomimicry. Biomimicry implies conscious fore- from shallow to deeper biomimicry requires us
thought, an active seeking of nature’s advice to engage in an ongoing conversation with the
before something is designed. organism, and to mimic what we learn on at
least three levels.
The nature of the consultation is also important.
Seeking nature’s blueprints and recipes is only THREE LEVELS OF BIOMIMICRY
part of the process; the intent should be to The first level of biomimicry is the mimicking of
create products, processes, and policies that natural form. For instance, you may mimic the
fit seamlessly within the larger natural system, hooks and barbules of an owl’s feather to create
that embody Life’s Principles. This ensures that a fabric that opens anywhere along its surface.
our designs are not shallow in their mimicry but Or you can imitate the frayed edges that grant
rather as fully life-inspired as they can be. the owl its silent flight. Copying feather design
is just the beginning, because it may or may not
yield something sustainable.
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A Biomimicry Primer
Deeper biomimicry adds a second level, which If we can biomimic at all three levels—natural
is the mimicking of natural process, or how a form, natural process, and natural system—we’ll
thing is made. The owl feather self-assembles begin to do what all well-adapted organisms
BIOMIMICRY |
at body temperature without toxins or high have learned to do, which is to create condi-
pressures, by way of nature’s chemistry. The tions conducive to life. Creating conditions
unfurling field of green chemistry attempts to conducive to life is not optional; it’s a rite of
mimic these benign recipes. passage for any organism that manages to fit
in here over the long haul. If we want to keep
At the third level is the mimicking of natural coming home to this place, we’ll need to learn
ecosystems. The owl feather is gracefully from our predecessors how to filter air, clean
nested—it’s part of an owl that is part of a water, build soil—how to keep the habitat lush
forest that is part of a biome that is part of and livable. It’s what good neighbors do.
a sustaining biosphere. In the same way, our
owl-inspired fabric must be part of a larger
economy that works to restore rather than Creating conditions conducive
deplete the Earth and its people. If you make to life is not optional; it’s
a bio-inspired fabric using green chemistry, but
a rite of passage for any
you have workers weaving it in a sweatshop,
organism that manages to fit
loading it onto pollution-spewing trucks, and
shipping it long distances, you’ve missed the
in here over the long haul.
point.
To mimic a natural system, you must ask Bio-utilization entails harvesting a product
how each product fits in—is it necessary, is it or producer, e.g., cutting wood for floors or
beautiful, is it part of a nourishing food web wildcrafting medicinal plants. It is also distinctly
of industries, and can it be transported, sold, different than bio-assisted technologies, which
and reabsorbed in ways that foster a forest-like involve domesticating an organism to accom-
economy? plish a function, e.g., bacterial purification of
water or cows bred to produce milk. Instead
of harvesting or domesticating, biomimics
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Biomimicry.net | AskNature.org
A Biomimicry Primer
consult organisms; they are inspired by an idea,
be it a physical blueprint, a process step in a
There’s nothing like trying
chemical reaction, or an ecosystem principle
to emulate a leaf to make
| BIOMIMICRY
such as nutrient cycling. Borrowing an idea is
like copying a picture—the original image can you tremble every time you
remain to inspire others. walk through a forest.
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A Biomimicry Primer
We can look at history to find examples of decades before the 1990s, the lion’s share of
times that biomimicry emerged in the culture, the research was in academia and government
usually in the form of a single inventor, like agencies, and the funding was primarily from
BIOMIMICRY |
Leonardo da Vinci, Frank Lloyd Wright, Frei space, defense, and departments of energy.
Otto, or Buckminster Fuller. Unfortunately, Now we see the meme jumping to industry
these were isolated instances but not the start R&D labs and private design, engineering, and
of a succession. There was no body of work, no architecture firms.
scholarship, no cohorts of students trained to
be nature’s protégés. And so biomimicry went As the approach gains recognition, new
dormant again. interdisciplinary centers are forming, includ-
ing the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired
I don’t think that is going to happen this time. Engineering at Harvard, the Biodesign Institute
When you Google biomimicry or its related at Arizona State University, the Center for
terms, such as biomimetic(s), bionic(s), and Biologically Inspired Design at Georgia Tech,
bio-inspired, you get over 28 million hits and the Center for Biologically Inspired Materials
it’s growing daily. The process of borrowing & Material Systems at Duke University, and
nature’s blueprints is enjoying a resurgence the Swedish Center for Biomimetic Fiber
due in part to our search for more sustain- Engineering, which is comprised of collab-
able methods of agriculture, manufacturing, orative groups from the Royal Institute of
chemistry, energy generation, healthcare, and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Center, and
business. Also contributing are the amazing lab the R&D company Innventia. Further signs of
techniques and imaging technologies that allow the maturing of the discipline are an increas-
us to more fully characterize how nature’s mate- ing number of annual conferences (such as our
rials, processes, and ecosystems work. At the own Biomimicry Education Summit), technical
same time, our ability to mimic life’s devices, books, and journals such as Bioinspiration &
especially at the nano and micro level, makes Biomimetics, the Journal of Bionic Engineering,
emulation more possible. and the Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials,
and Tissue Engineering.
According to a study by Richard Bonser, the
number of global patents containing the term What will finally naturalize biomimicry in our
“biomimetic” or “bio-inspired” in their title culture? My hunch is that the tipping point
increased by a factor of 93 from 1985 to 2005, will come only as people try biomimicry and
compared to a factor 2.7 increase for non- realize that it actually works—when they consult
biomimetic patents. Industry is accelerating nature and get a new insight, a new model,
this trend by seeking the consulting services of a new way out of the box canyon of their
biologists like those in Biomimicry 3.8. Industrial thinking. What I see again and again among
networks such as BIONIS (UK) and BIOKON biomimetic inventors is “once a biomimic
Bionics Competence Network (Germany) are always a biomimic”—once successful, every
also catalyzing commercial interest in Europe. one of their innovations is bio-inspired. Asking
The big change that I’ve seen in the last 20 nature becomes second nature. Our efforts at
years is in who is funding biomimicry. In the Biomimicry 3.8 are guided by this belief, and
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A Biomimicry Primer
our non-profit and our for-profit arms work biomimicry degrees to design, architecture,
together as an ecosystem to provide training, biology, engineering, and business students.
tools, and ethical leadership for biomimics We’re also committed to educating the next
| BIOMIMICRY
worldwide. generation of biologists to sit at the design
table, filling a demand that is growing by leaps
Job one is to teach, connect, and nurture and bounds.
a community of biomimics who will amplify
this work throughout the world. Working as a Though our surface area is growing, we still
social enterprise, Biomimicry3.8 runs a work- feel we can only touch so many people per-
shop bureau, a speaker’s bureau, a consulting sonally. We decided it was time to blow on
bureau, and training and certification programs, the dandelion wisher and parachute nature’s
both online and in-person. Biomimicry profes- ideas to the world. In 2008, Biomimicry 3.8
sionals have a variety of ways to move up the Institute (formerly known as The Biomimicry
certification ladder, via eLearning courses, Institute) launched AskNature.org, a free, online
practical experience, and even eight-month and database of nature’s most elegant designs. It
two-year professional programs. Our network of is unique in organizing nature’s strategies by
regional biomimicry hubs allows alumni to work biological function. It provides inspiration to
locally, learning from the genius of their own help us meet our own challenges, such as cap-
places. turing energy, protecting from fracture, filtering
liquids, or cooperating. AskNature goes beyond
At Biomimicry 3.8, we have a for-profit con- biological stories by providing application ideas
sulting and training arm. Our Biologists at the for using the strategy in sustainable design, and
Design Table help innovators consult nature, it has a database of products that do just that.
helping to green not just products but whole And all of this is free and open-source, fostering
companies in nature’s image. Our reports, a sharing of ideas and knowledge.
excursions, inspiration installations, and work-
shops are bringing nature’s wisdom to all Perhaps most exciting is the beginning of
parts of our economy, such as city planning, a movement to tie biomimetic design back
architecture, commercial interiors, wastewater into conservation. At Biomimicry 3.8 Institute,
treatment, health care, transportation, apparel, we’ve launched a program called Innovation for
food, and consumer products. Conservation that asks companies to donate
a percentage of their proceeds to conserve
At the Biomimicry 3.8 Institute, our non- the habitat of the organism that inspired the
profit arm, we work with the next generation product or process.
of biomimics, starting with K-12 curricula, a
children’s CD (complete with a howlingly good In the end, biomimicry has the potential to
kid’s choir), and informal education ranging change our world-view as well as our designs.
from films to zoo programs. At the university The process of quieting human cleverness,
level, we have a growing list of faculty fellows listening, and then echoing what we hear is
integrating biomimicry tools and concepts into only the first part of the biomimicry process.
their courses, biomimetic design studios, as well The loop is not complete until we learn to say
as affiliate schools working towards offering thank you in a meaningful way. The real legacy
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A Biomimicry Primer
of biomimicry will be more than products and In fact, biomimicry works precisely because
processes that help us fit in here. It will be grati- there is no difference between what we do
tude, and from this, an ardent desire to protect and what other organisms do—the boundary
BIOMIMICRY |
the genius that surrounds us. between us and the rest of the natural world
is a false one that dissolves when you consider
what is really important, what makes life worth
The real legacy of biomimicry living. We are in a long line of organisms that
will be more than products and have sprung from this earth, each trying to
processes that help us fit in here. figure out how to stay here, how to take care of
the place that will that care of our offspring. We
It will be gratitude, and from
may be a toddler, 200,000 years old compared
this, an ardent desire to protect
to 3.85 billion years, but we are part and parcel
the genius that surrounds us. of this blue-green planet. It’s our home and
it’s where we belong. Now it’s time, with the
help of our extraordinary planet-mates, to start
IS THERE A PLACE FOR US? putting down roots.
Finally, indulge me while I add a postscript.
Something that has always been a rhetorical
quagmire for me is the fact that when I talk
about learning from nature, I sound as if we
humans are outside, something other, some-
thing alien. I don’t believe that for a moment.
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