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A. The following are some more examples of expressions for showing certainty,
doubt, repetition and surprises. Read aloud and study the expressions.
Certainty:
1. I’m sure about it.
2. I’m quite sure that he told the truth.
3. I’m absolutely sure about the news.
4. I’m no doubt about it.
5. I’m absolutely certain that he told the truth.
6. I’m sure/certain about …..
7. I’ve no doubt about ……
8. I’m sure/certain about …..
9. I’ve no doubt about ……
Doubt:
1. Sorry, I’m not sure about it.
2. I’m not really sure that he told the truth.
3. I’m not really sure about it.
4. I’m not too sure about the news.
Responses to expressions of doubt which show concern as well:
1. I think you don’t need to be worried about it.
2. Everything will be fine.
3. It’s all going to be okay.
4. Don’t be worried too much. Next time better
Repetition:
I am sorry. What did you say?
I am sorry. Would you repeat what you just said?
I am sorry. Would you mind repeating what you just said?
What?. Could you repeat what you just said?
Are you certain /sure that Bambang will come to the meeting on time?
that there will be no classes
tomorrow?
that she will keep her promise?
about that?
Showing certainty/doubt:
I am (not) that Bambang will come to the
certain/sure meeting on time.
that there will be no classes
tomorrow.
that she will keep her promise.
about that.
Showing surprises:
What a city!
a big city!
a diligent student
How big the city is.
How diligent the student is.
Situation 1
Amir : Tuesday, next week, is the due date for our assignment.
Ani : Sorry. Could you repeat what you just said?
Amir : I said Tuesday, next week, is the due date for our assignment
Ani : Yes, you are right, but, I ‘m sure that I can submit it before that. How
about you?
Amir : I’m not so sure I will be able to make it.
Ani : Yes, you can. I’m sure, you can
Situation 3
Fatimah : Anisa, do you think that it will be possible to go on holiday to the
moon in the next fifty years.
Anisa : Well, I am sure it could happen. Why?
Fatimah : Well, I was just wondering it would be a great achievement.
Situation 4
Wahyu : Do you think that England will win the next European Cup?
Natsir : Yes, of course, they will. Why? Don’t you think so?
Wahyu : Well, I am doubtful about that. They have not made a better team,
yet.
Situation 5
Aning : What do you think of our new classmate, Fatimah?
Adi : She is really a diligent student.
Aning : I think so. She has never been late. She is always 15 minutes earlier
before the class starts.
Adi : Is she? What a diligent student she is!
Exercise 1
Fill in the blank in each of the following dialogues with the correct expression.
After that, answer the questions.
Dialogue 1
Tono : What do you think of Yuni?
Rini : I’ve never met such a clever student before in my life. She got 100 for
almost every subject. What ………………..!
Questions:
a. What type of student is Yuni?
b. Who is surprised?
c. Why is he/she surprised?
Dialogue 3
Adi : Guess what, Aning. Our father just made a surprise on my birthday.
Aning : Really? What happened?
Adi : You’ll never guess. He promised to buy t me a new motorcycle if I get
at least 90 on Math, Science and English.
Aning : A motorcycle? What ……….! Are you sure about it?
Adi : Definitely.
Questions:
1. Who is Aning to Adi?
2. What are Adi and Aning talking about?
3. Who is surprised? List the expressions in the dialogue which show that she/
he is.
Exercise 2
Practice
a. Hi guys. I have good news. We are going to have an English native speaker next
week.
1. What will you say if you are not sure you are going to have an English native
speaker next week?
Your response: ……………………
2. What will you say if you want to check whether your friend is sure about
it?
Your response: …………………………
3. What will you say if you are surprised of the good news?
Your response: ………………………………
4. What will you say if you want the speaker repeat what he has just said?
You response : ………………………….
b. Your classmate says: “You know what? Next Wednesday is Satriyo’s birthday. He
will treat us all.”
1. What will you say if you are doubtful that Satriyo will treat you?
Your response:………………………………
Exercise 3
Complete the following short dialogues with appropriate expressions and then
act them out.
You and your friend are discussing a football match before watching it on television.
Your friend : Are you sure that Arsenal will win the game?
You : …………………………………
You and your friend have arranged to meet a guest, but he has not arrived.
Your friend : Do you think he’s forgotten to come?
You : ………………………………………………
Your friend has invited you to go and see a horror film. You only rarely like such
films.
Your mother has been taken to hospital. Your friend rings him for news.
Your friend : Sorry to hear about your mother. Is it serious?
You : ……………………………………………………………
Your friend is asking for your opinion that Indonesian will be an international
language in the future. You are sure about it.
Your friend : Do you think that Indonesian will be an international language
in the near future.
You : …… …………..
Your classmate is informing that he has just informed you happy news; he has just
got a good grade on TOEFL. You did not hear clearly the last word.
Your classmate : It’s a surprise. I got a good grade on my TOEFL.
You : …………….
• First clean the shrimps, remove the heads, and keep the tails.
• Clean the garlic, and slice it thinly and then sprinkle over the shrimps.
• After that, make a mix of the flour and egg, with enough water, salt, and
pepper.
• Heat oil on a pan.
• Then, one by one, put the shrimps into the pan by first dipping it in the
mix
• above. Fry the shrimps until golden.
• Finally put the shrimps on a plate and pour tomato sauce over them..
• To make the tomato sauce, heat the tomato sauce, and add the sugar and
lime
• juice in it.
• Sweet and sour shrimps are ready to serve.
Exercise 4
The following is a dialogue about how to make a banana milkshake. Fill in the
blanks with the appropriate expressions.
A : Mmm, this is a wonderful dessert. What is it?
B : _______________________
A : Really? Is it easy to make?
B : _______________________.
A : Oh, good. What do you need?
Exercise 5
CHAPTER 2
Gerunds
1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the
verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement,
or the object of a sentence.
Examples:
Reading helps you learn English. subject of sentence
Her favorite hobby is reading. complement of sentence
I enjoy reading. object of sentence
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Please make 5 sentences of gerund!
Positive sentences :
Negative sentences :
Interogative sentences :
Examples:
Exercise 1
Exercise
Listen to the dialogue from the tape carefully. Then, arrange the expressions in
italics into the correct order.
Loki : Hi, Tari. What’re you doing?
Tari : Hi, Loki. I’m reading the story Si Pungguk from West Sumatra. ssgue
thwa, this is the second time I’m reading it.
Loki : Well, what’s so special? Tell me more.
Tari : This story is about powerful love. Pungguk was a poor good-looking
young man. He fell in love with Princess Purnama Bulan, although they
were in love with each other, Purnama Bulan already had a ance. One
day, Purnama Bulan gave Pungguk a veil. When Pungguk walked, Purnama
Bulan’s ance noticed the veil, and thought that Pungguk stole it. With
his sword, he killed Pungguk. elvebile ti ro ton, from Pungguk’s dead body
grew some mushrooms, it changed into living creatures, birds. Those birds
were called Pungguk, they used to sit on the highest branch of a tree
looking at a full moon. rsrpisiupngyl, they called“Pungguk! Pungguk!”.
Loki : What an interesting story! Well, unfortunately, it ended sadly.
Positive sentences :
Negative sentences :
Interogative sentences :
Examples:
Exercise!
1. You look really great! (you, work) ………….out at the fitness center recently?
2. A: What (you, do) ………………….when the accident occurred?
B: I (try) ………………… to change a light bulb that had burnt out.
3. I (have) …………………… the same car for more than ten years. I'm thinking
about buying a new one.
4. A: What do you call people who work in libraries?
B: They (call) ………………………..librarians.
5. I came to England six months ago. I started my economics course three
months ago. When I return to Australia,
6. I (study) …………………………for nine months and I (be) ……………………..in England
for exactly one year.
7. Sam (arrive) ………………………..in San Diego a week ago.
8. Samantha (live) …………………………. in Berlin for more than two years.
9. she (live) ……………….there when the Berlin wall came down.
10. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the
Yucatan; however, their culture (disappear, virtually) …………………..by the
time Europeans first (arrive) ………………………….in the New World.
Polite expressions
• May I help you .... • Shall I ....
• All right, Sir/Ma’am. • That will be fine ....
• Would you mind .... • Would you please ....
• Could you please .... • Thank you very much for ....
May
"May" is most commonly used to express possibility. It can also be used to
give or request permission, although this usage is becoming less common.
Examples:
Cheryl may be at home, or perhaps at work. possibility
Johnny, you may leave the table when you have finished your dinner.
give permission
May I use your bathroom? request permission
1. You may leave the 1. You may not leave the table.
table now that you're You're not finished with your
may
finished with your dinner yet.
give can
dinner. 2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED
permission
2. SHIFT TO "BE TO"
ALLOWED TO" You were not allowed to leave
Might
1. NO PRESENT FORM
1. NO PRESENT FORM
2. PAST FORM
2. You might have tried the
might UNCOMMON
cheese cake. could
suggestion 3. You might not want to
3. You might try the
eat the cheese cake. It's
cheesecake.
very calorific.
Can
"Can" is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It can be
used to express ability or opportunity, to request or offer permission, and
to show possibility or impossibility.
Examples:
I can ride a horse. ability
We can stay with my brother when we are in Paris. opportunity
She cannot stay out after 10 PM. permission
Can you hand me the stapler? request
Any child can grow up to be president. possibility
1. I can speak
Chinese. 1. I can't speak
2. SHIFT TO Swahili.
"COULD" 2. SHIFT TO
I could speak Chinese "COULD"
can when I was a kid. I couldn't speak
be able to
general ability 3. SHIFT TO "BE Swahili.
ABLE TO" 3. SHIFT TO "BE
I will be able to ABLE TO"
speak Chinese by the I won't be able to
time I finish my speak Swahili.
course.
Could
"Could" is used to express possibility or past ability as well as to make
suggestions and requests. "Could" is also commonly used in conditional
sentences as the conditional form of "can."
1. NO PRESENT FORM
2. You could have spent your
could
vacation in Hawaii. NO NEGATIVE FORMS
suggestion
3. You could spend your
vacation in Hawaii.
could I could run ten miles in my I couldn't run more than a be able
past twenties. mile in my twenties. to
Exercise
1. Please make five sentences from may form!
2. Please make five sentences from can form!
3. Please make five sentences from could form!
4. Please make five sentences from migt form!
Definition
Some words are satisfied spending an evening at home, alone, eating ice-
cream right out of the box, watching Seinfeld re-runs on TV, or reading a good
book. Others aren't happy unless they're out on the town, mixing it up with other
words; they're joiners and they just can't help themselves. A conjunction is a
joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence .
Study the following explanation about coordinators and connectors.
The sentence connectors are used to link the ideas between sentences.
Coordinating Sentence Connectors Meaning
Conjunctions
and furthermore, besides, additional idea
but, yet in addition contrast idea
for (untuk) more over, also reason
or however, nevertheless choice of two
possibilities
so still in contrast result
nor otherwise negative choice
consequently, therefore, thus,
accordingly
1. AND
Tashonda sent in her applications and waited by the phone for a
response."
Willie heard the weather report and promptly boarded up his house.
Juanita is brilliant and Shalimar has a pleasant personality.
Hartford is a rich city and suffers from many symptoms of urban
blight.
Use your credit cards frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep
in debt."
2. BUT
Joey lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to
live quite comfortably.
The club never invested foolishly, but used the services of a sage
investment counselor.
Everybody but Goldenbreath is trying out for the team."
4. NOR
He is neither sane nor brilliant.
That is neither what I said nor what I meant.
5. YET
John plays basketball well, yet his favorite sport is badminton.
The visitors complained loudly about the heat, yet they continued
to play golf every day.
6. SO
So, the sheriff peremptorily removed the child from the custody
of his parents.
Exercise
1. Please make 5 sentences for conjunction and!
2. Please make 5 sentences for conjunction but!
3. Please make 5 sentences for conjunction or!
4. Please make 5 sentences for conjunction nor!
5. Please make 5 sentences for conjunction yet!
6. Please make 5 sentences for conjunction so!