Experiment:5

ACTIVE FILTER APPLICATIONS

BPF, BRF (WIDE BAND) & NOTCH FILTERS

AIM: To Study Band Pass Filter, Band Reject Filter and Notch Filter circuits using IC 741 Op-
Amp.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Components:
1. IC 741 Op-Amp,
2. Capacitors --- 0.01 μF, 0.05 μF
3. Resistors --- 10 KΩ------- 6No’s.
Equipment:
1. CRO,
2. Bread board,
3. Power supply.
4. Function generator

PRINCIPLE:
BAND PASS FILTER:
An Op-Amp Band pass filter can be formed by cascading High pass and Low pass filters as shown in
fig 1. The circuit allows the pass band frequency signals freely through it and attenuates all the other signals
above a cut off frequency called Higher cut off frequency( fH) and a lower cut off frequency signals called
Lower cutoff frequency fL. The circuit diagram of a Band pass filter using an OP-AMP IC741 is shown in fig
2.The Model graph is shown in fig3.
The center frequency is given as fC = √fH fL
Where fH = High cutoff frequency for Low pass filter in Hz = 1/2 Π RC

fL = Lower cutoff frequency for High pass filter in Hz = 1/2 Π RC

The quality factor Q = f c / (fH - fL )
The Voltage Gain magnitude of the Band pass filter is

Vo AFT (f /fL)
=
Vi √[1+f /fL]2 [1+f /fH]2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 1.BAND PASS FILTER

FIRST FIRST
ORDER HIGH ORDER LOW
PASS FILTER PASS FILTER

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 Rf
Rf

Ri
Ri
2
2 63
Vo
63 31
Vo1 R
31 741 OP-AMP
C=0.01MicroF
741 OP-AMP

C=0.01Micro F
R

Fig 2.BAND PASS FILTER

MODEL GRAPH:

Output AFT
10
volt

8 3 dB

7.07 V

6
0 400 Hz
5 K Hz 4

Fig 3.
2

PROCEDURE: fc
fL FH
F requency in KHz
BAND PASS FILTER:

1. Insert the Op-Amp IC 741 into the breadboard correctly.

2. Connect the power supply to the pin 7 with a positive voltage of 15 V and ground the
other.
3. Connect the 2nd power supply negative voltage of 15 V to the pin 4 and ground the
positive terminal.
4. The inverting terminal pin 2 is grounded through a resistor Ri.
5. A resistor Rf is connected in feedback path between the pin 2 and 6.
6. A Capacitor C is connected between the input signal source ( Function generator) and the inverting
terminal pin 2 of the Op-Amp1.
7. A Resistor R is connected between pin 2 and other end is grounded

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 8. Take output Vo1 at pin6 of OP-AMP1.
9. Similarly construct a Low pass filter using OP-AMP 2. (Same circuit by inter changing R
and C).
10. The output of OP-AMP 1 is connected as input to the OP-AMP2, i.e., to the resistor.

11. Apply a sine wave of any frequency between 0 to 2 K Hz from function generator.
12. Observe the output waveform of Band pass filter on CRO.
13. Increase the frequency from 100 Hz to 5 K Hz in steps as shown in table and note
down the output waveform amplitude and tabulate these values.
14. From the above tabulated values, draw graph between frequency and output voltage.
15. From the graph observe Higher cut off frequency f H and Lower cutoff frequency fL at 3 dB
band width where the amplitude is 0.707 A .
16. From the graph observe the center f c where the amplitude is maximum AFT in dB.
17. Compare the observed Higher, Lower cutoff frequencies and center frequency from
graph with the theoretical values.
Input Output
Input frequency
S.No. Amplitude Amplitude (Vp-
(KHz)
(Vp-p) p)
1. 100 Hz 10 0.1 V
2. 500 Hz 10 0.9 V
3. 1 KHz 10
4. 1.5 KHz 10
5. 2 KHz 10
6. 2.5 KHz 10
7 3 KHz 10
8 3.5 KHz 10
9 4 KHz 10
10 4.5 KHz 10
11 5 KHz 10
12 10 K Hz 10

BAND REJECT FILTER:

An Op-Amp Band Reject filter can be constructed by using a first order high pass filter, a
first order low pass filter and a summing amplifier as shown in fig 4. The circuit diagram is shown in
fig 5. It is also known as Band stop or Band Elimination filter. The circuit attenuates a certain band
of frequency signals below a cut off frequency called Lower cut off frequency (f L) and above a higher
cut off frequency signals fH all other frequency signals are allowed to pass freely through the filter .
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The stop band is between fL and fH as shown in fig 6. The input signal is common to both the filters.
The figure of merit or Quality factor Q < 10 for wide band reject filter. The Model graph is shown in
fig6.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FIRST ORDER
HIGH PASS
FILTER SUMMING
AMPLIFIER

FIRST ORDER
LOW PASS
FILTER

Fig 4. BAND REJECT / ELIMINATION /STOP

FILTER Rf

Ri

Vo1 R3
2
63
31
C=0.01 Micro F R1
741 OP-AMP
Vo
2
R 63
31
R2
741 OP-AMP

Rf R4

Vi Ri

2
63
Vo2
31
R
741 OP-AMP

C=0.01 Micro F

Figure5. BAND REJECT FILTER

MODEL GRAPH:

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 Figure 6
PROCEDURE:
1. Apply a sine wave of any frequency (100 Hz ) from function generator.
2. Observe the output waveform of band Reject filter on CRO.
3. Put the potentio- meter P1 in minimum position.
4. Increase the input frequency from 100 Hz in steps of 1 KHz and note down the output peak
to peak amplitudes and tabulate these values.
5. Draw the graph and note the values of center frequency and cutoff frequencies.
6. Compare the observed values from graph with the theoretical values.

Input Input Output

S.No. frequency Amplitude Amplitude
(KHz) (Vp-p) (Vp-p)
1. 100 Hz 5 5V
2. 500 Hz 5 2.8 V
3. 1 KHz 5
4. 2 KHz 5
5. 3 KHz 5
6. 4 KHz 5
7 5 KHz 5
8 6 KHz 5
9 7 KHz 5
10 8 KHz 5
11 9 KHz 5

NOTCH FILTER:

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 A Narrow Band Reject filter is known as a Notch filter.This is used for rejecting a single
frequency signal such as power supply hum at 50 Hz. The Notch filter consists a Twin T- network as shown in
fig 7. It ha slow figure of merit or High quality factor Q>10. The frequency response of Notch filter is shown in
fig 8.

FIG 7. NOTCH FILTER

Fig.8 NOTCH FILTER FREQUENCY RESPONSE

PROCEDURE:

1. Apply a sine wave of any frequency (100 Hz) from function generator.
2. Observe the output waveform of band Reject filter on CRO.
3. Increase the input frequency from 100 Hz in steps of 1 KHz and note down the output peak
to peak amplitudes and tabulate these values.
4. Draw the graph and note the values of center frequency and cutoff frequencies.

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 5. Compare the observed values from graph with the theoretical values.
Input Output
Input frequency
S.No. Amplitude Amplitude (Vp-
(KHz)
(Vp-p) )
p

1. 100 Hz 5 5V
2. 500 Hz 5 2.8 V
3. 1 KHz 5
4. 2 KHz 5
5. 3 KHz 5
6. 4 KHz 5
7 5 KHz 5
8 6 KHz 5
9 7 KHz 5
10 8 KHz 5
11 9 KHz 5
12 10 KHz 5
13 11 KHz 5
14 12 KHz 5

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Switch on the power supply only when the circuit is correctly connected.
2. Ensure power supply voltage before applying it to the main device.
3. Don’t exceed the limits of the ratings of the devices Always use a straight lead probe to insert
into the breadboard.
4. Apply proper grounding for IC’s.
5. Check the starting pin number for each IC indicated with a dot as starting pin.
6. Use IC remover to remove IC from breadboard to avoid damage of pins of IC.
7. Don’t touch the pins of IC’s while power on.
8. Don’t bend the pins of IC’s.
9. Insert the components into the breadboard firmly.
10. Loose contact may result in error at output.

RESULT:

Successfully constructed the Band Pass Filter, Band Reject Filter and Notch Filter circuits
using IC 741 Op- Amp and observed the frequency response in each case.

Copyright © 2010 B.Tech Study Circle. All Rights Reserved Submitted by Deepak 14