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Abstract-
This article presents a summary of current state of smart wheelchairs. An assistive technology known as wheelchair
is used to deal with loss of mobility for the patients who are not able to walk normally due to some injury or some
other age related walking disabilities (permanent or under treatment). There is a vast development in the field of
wheelchairs. Researchers are going on to develop reliable, low cost and easy to use devices. Out of all the
methodologies, HCI (Human Computer Interface) and HMI (Human Machine Interface) are the latest and most
effective techniques [5]. In user interface systems both bio-signals and non bio-signals are used as a medium of
control. Bio-signal based devices mainly use bio-signals like EEG, EOG or EMG as control signals. The advantage
of using bio-signal approach is that when patients become completely paralyzed, the only resource available to them
then is bio-signals. Non bio-signal based devices provide 100% accuracy and require less training for patients but
the usage of these devices is limited to patients with partial or complete flexibility in their body parts.
KEYWORDS- HCI (Human Computer Interface), HMI (Human Machine Interface), Wheelchair
I.INTRODUCTION
A handicapped person with locomotive disabilities needs a wheelchair to perform functions that require him or her to move
around. He can do so manually by pushing the wheelchair with his hands. However, many individuals have weak upper limbs
or find the manual mode of operating too tiring. Hence, it is desirable to provide them with a motorized smart wheelchair that
can be controlled by bio-signal & non bio-signal approach. Since the motorized wheelchair can move at a fair speed with
minimum efforts. There are different types of wheelchairs available now days which are discussed below.
A. Manual Wheelchairs
These are the type of devices that help a person to move him without any assistance of battery. There are three types of manual
wheelchairs namely self-propelled, attendant propelled, and wheelbase. A single-arm drive enables the user to turn either left
or right while the two-armed drive enables user to move forward or backward on a straight line. Another type of wheelchair
commonly used is a lever-drive wheelchair. This type of chair enables the user to move forward by pumping the lever back and
forth [1].
B. Electric Wheelchairs
A power chair can be used by someone who hasn’t got the dexterity or mobility, perhaps, to drive a mobility scooter due to
arm, hand, shoulder or more general disabling conditions, and do not have the leg strength to propel a manual chair with their
feet. Powered wheelchair can offer various powered functions such as tilt, recline, leg elevation, seat elevation, and others
useful or necessary to health function [1].
C. Standing Wheelchairs
‘Redman power chair’, it is the world’s highest quality standing wheelchair. People with spinal cord injury can reap the health
benefits of standing wheelchair. Physical benefits of standing wheelchairs are
Decrease urinary tract infection problem
Improver blood circulation around the body
Standing exercise greatly improve bowl function
Wheelchair helps distribute your weight and improve healing bed sores
Decrease the amount of muscle stiffness
Increase bone density
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Increase cognition, well being and independence [2]
D. Pediatric Wheelchair
These types of wheelchair provide a key-enabling technology to young children who would be unable to navigate independently
in their environment. Standard powered wheelchairs are still heavily dependent on the cognitive capabilities of users.
Unfortunately, this excludes disabled users who lack the required problem-solving and spatial skills, particularly young
children. For these children to be denied powered mobility is a crucial set-back; exploration is important for their cognitive,
emotional and psychosocial development [3].
A.EEG based
The Electroencephalography (EEG) records electrical brain signals from the scalp, where the brain signal originates from post-
synaptic potentials, aggregates at the cortex, and transfers through the skull to the scalp. BCI is a device that extracts EEG data
from brain and converts it into device control commands using signal processing techniques. EEG techniques are non-invasive
and low cost. However, it brings great challenges to signal processing and pattern recognition, since it has relatively poor
signal-to-noise ratio and limited topographical resolution and frequency range [6, 7, and 8].
B. EMG based
EMG measures electrical currents that are generated in muscles during its contraction. A muscle fiber contracts when it receives
an action potential. The EMG observed is the sum of all the action potentials that occur around the electrode site. In almost all
cases, muscle contraction causes an increase in the overall amplitude of the EMG. EMG signals can be used for a variety of
applications including clinical applications, HCI and interactive computer gaming. They are easy to acquire and of relatively
high magnitude than other bio-signals. On the other hand, EMG signals are easily susceptible to noise. EMG signals contain
complicated types of noise that are caused by inherent equipment noise, electromagnetic radiation, motion artifacts, and the
interaction of different tissues. Hence preprocessing is necessary to filter unwanted noise in EMG. The EMG signals also have
different signatures depending on age, muscle development, motor unit paths, skin fat layer, and gesture styles. The external
appearances of two individuals’ gestures might look identical, but the characteristic EMG signals are different [9].
C. EOG based
EOG based technique are very useful for persons who born with any congenital brain disorder or for those who are suffer from
severe brain trauma. EOG signals records the potential difference between the retina and cornea of the eye. When the eyes are
rolled upward or downward, positive or negative pulses are generated. As the rolling angle increases, amplitude of pulse also
increases and the width of the pulse is in directly proportional to the eyeball rolling process [10, 11].
D. Sip-n-Puff Technology
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In this method using air presser to generates control signals by sipping (inhaling) or puffing (exhaling) in a tube. This
technology generates four control signals for motorized wheelchair which are initial hard puffs, hard sip, initial hard sip, and
hard puff. It is mostly used for quadriplegics having injury in their spinal cord or people with ALS. But this is not good for
individual with week breathing.
H. Tongue Controlled
This technology is based on Faraday’s law. Permanent magnet is used here and is attached to tongue. As the tongue move in
air core induction coil, the inductance is changed. A Hall Effect sensor is placed in the stud of tongue. Hall Effect sensor is a
transducer that varies its output in response to change in magnetic field. The movement of tongue is traced by of Hall Effect
sensor. Thereafter, the Output signals are collected that provide continuous real time analog output [18].
K. Accelerometer Based
In accelerometer based wheelchair, we have an acceleration sensor that is also known as tilt sensor. When we tilt the object,
the values registered by sensor are changed and these values are given to microcontroller. Depending on the direction of the
tilt, microcontroller controls the wheelchair directions as LEFT, RIGHT, FRONT and BACK [21].
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N. Voice actuated
In this technique user speak in microphone and the voice recognition system compares the voice command with pre-stored
memory and generates a control signal to control the movements of wheels [24, 25 and 26].
V. CONCLUSION
This paper presents a summary of current state-of-the-art smart wheelchairs. Various techniques are available to operate and
control the wheel mechanism of wheelchair. Some of operating techniques of wheelchairs have been explained here. This
information is gathered to promote awareness of status of existing types of smart powered wheelchair so that the improvement
can be incorporated into it.
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