Why star delta starter is preferred with induction motor?

Star delta starter is preferred with induction motor due to following reasons:
• Starting current is reduced 3-4 times of the direct current due to which voltage drops and hence it causes less
losses.
• Star delta starter circuit comes in circuit first during starting of motor, which reduces voltage 3 times, that is why
current also reduces up to 3 times and hence less motor burning is caused.
• In addition, starting torque is increased and it prevents the damage of motor winding.

State the difference between generator and alternator

Generator and alternator are two devices, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Both have the
same principle of electromagnetic induction, the only difference is that their construction. Generator persists
stationary magnetic field and rotating conductor which rolls on the armature with slip rings and brushes riding against
each other, hence it converts the induced emf into dc current for external load whereas an alternator has a stationary
armature and rotating magnetic field for high voltages but for low voltage output rotating armature and stationary
magnetic field is used.

Name the types of motors used in vacuum cleaners, phonographic

appliances, vending machines, refrigerators, rolling mills, lathes, power
factor improvement and cranes.
Following motors are used: -
• Vacuum cleaners- Universal motor.
• Phonographic appliances – Hysteresis motor.
• Vending machines – Shaded pole motor.
• Refrigerators – Capacitor split phase motors.
• Rolling mills – Cumulative motors.
• Lathes – DC shunt motors.
• Power factor improvement – Synchronous motors.

Why we can’t store AC in Batteries instead of DC.or Can we store AC in

batteries instead of DC?

We cannot store AC in batteries because AC changes their polarity upto 50 (When frequency =
50 Hz) or 60 (When frequency = 60 Hz) times in a second. Therefore the battery terminals keep
changing Positive (+ve) becomes Negative (-Ve) and vice versa, but the battery cannot change
their terminals with the same speed so that’s why we can’t store AC| in Batteries.
Also when we connect a battery with AC Supply, then It will charge during positive half cycle
and discharge during negative half cycle because the Positive (+ve) half cycle cancel the
negative (-Ve) half cycle, so the average voltage or current in a complete cycle is Zero. So there
is no chance to store AC in the Batteries.
Also note that Average Voltage x Average Current ≠ Average Power.

At what condition a synchronous motor acts as a synchronous

condenser?
Synchronous motor running at no load is called synchronous condenser.A synchronous
motor can be referred as a synchronous condenser when is connected in the power
system unloaded simply means allowed to rotate freely to correct the system PF.

Why Motor rated in kW instead of kVA?

We know that Transformer rating may be expressed in kVA as well
as Generator and Alternator rated in kVA Designer doesn’t know
the actual consumer power factor while manufacturing
transformers and generators i.e. the P.F (Power factor) of
Transformer and Generator/Alternator depends on the nature of
connected load such as resistive load, capacitive load, and
inductive load as Motors, etc. But Motor has fixed Power factor,
i.e. motor has defined power factor and the rating has been
mentioned in KW on Motor nameplate data table. That’s why we are
rated Motor in kW or HP (kilowatts/ Horsepower) instead of kVA.
In addition, Motor is a device which converts Electrical power
into Mechanical power. In this case, the load is not electrical,
but mechanical (Motor’s Output) and we take into the account
only active power which has to be converted into mechanical
load. Moreover, the motor power factor does not depend on the
load and it works on any P.F because of its design.

Power factor
In electrical engineering, the power factor of an AC electrical power system is
defined as the ratio of the real power flowing to the load, to the apparent power in
the circuit and is a dimensionless number between -1 and 1. Real power is the
capacity of the circuit for performing work in a particular time. Apparent power is
the product of the current and voltage of the circuit. Due to energy stored in the
load and returned to the source, or due to a non-linear load that distorts the wave
shape of the current drawn from the source, the apparent power will be greater
than the real power. A negative power factor occurs when the device which is
normally the load generates power which then flows back towards the device
which is normally considered the generator.
In an electric power system, a load with a low power factor draws more current
than a load with a high power factor for the same amount of useful power
transferred. The higher currents increase the energy lost in the distribution system,
and require larger wires and other equipment. Because of the costs of larger
equipment and wasted energy, electrical utilities will usually charge a higher cost
to industrial or commercial customers where there is a low power factor.

Linear loads with low power factor (such as induction motors) can be corrected
with a passive network of capacitors or inductors. Non-linear loads, such as
rectifiers, distort the current drawn from the system. In such cases, active or
passive power factor correction may be used to counteract the distortion and raise
the power factor. The devices for correction of the power factor may be at a
central substation, spread out over a distribution system, or built into power-
consuming equipment.

Why is a choke required in a tube light and not in a CFL?

Both conventional fluorescent lamps (usually 4 feet long) and compact fluorescent lamps —
CFLs ( much smaller both in length and diameter of the tube) used in lighting applications are
low pressure mercury vapour discharge lamps.

These lamps generate light by the process of fluorescence (accomplishing conversion of invisible
ultra-violet, UV to visible light) by electrical discharge-passage of electricity through gaseous-
vapour medium along the column of the tube.

When electrical discharge could strike the column of the tube, lot of invisible UV radiation
having wavelength dominantly at 254 nm is generated. This UV radiation when strikes the white
coating inside the tube made of fluorescent material- phosphors gets converted to visible light
with wavelengths in the region of 400-700 nm through the process of fluorescence.

The electrical resistance of the discharge column of the tube increases with dimensions and
decreases with miniaturization of lamp dimensions.

For a conventional fluorescent lamp, the ballast used is a choke which essentially a leak
transformer (made of bulk coil windings) which momentarily produces an inductive kick in the
form of high voltage (approximately 1000 volts) so that the electrical discharge could be struck
along the column of the tube. So in a conventional fluorescent lamp the role of the choke is to
initiate the electrical discharge process.

Once the discharge is struck it can be sustained through the drop in electrical resistance of the
column. But CFLs, being smaller in dimensions offering much lower electrical resistance do not
require such bulky chokes. Instead the discharge in CFLs is initiated by much compact electronic
circuits integrated into the CFL holder. Usually these electronic ballasts are small oscillator
circuits producing high frequencies (approximately 10 kilo Hertz) facilitating flicker free quick
start of lamp as electrical discharge strikes faster at such high frequencies.

Tube light or fluorescent tube is a low pressure mercury vapour lamp. Light is produced when
current or more specifically electrons travel from one end of the tube to the other end through
the mercury vapour inside the tube. This can happen only when the mercury vapour is ionised
and this is done by momentary applying a high voltage between the two ends of the tube.

This momentary application of high voltage is done by the choke coil along with the starter.
When a tube light is switched on, current flows through the choke coil and starter and after a few
seconds the starter switches off the current through the choke. The magnetic energy stored in the
choke coil due to flow of current gets converted into electrostatic energy in the form of a high
voltage which is applied across the tube light.
 Choke Circuits
 Choke circuits are formed from a single inductor or a combination of an inductor and one or
more capacitors. Choke circuits are low-pass filters since they weed out high frequencies and
pass lower ones through.