Electrical Sciences

EEE F111

Dr. A. Amalin Prince

BITS - Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Lecture – 24,25,26,27
Diode circuits and applications: Ideal and non-ideal diode models,
Zener diode, rectifiers and clippers

2
Part 2. Analysis of diode circuits and
applications of diodes

3
The Application of Diode Circuits

 Wave shaping circuits

 Rectifier circuits
o Half-wave rectifier
o Full-wave rectifier
o The peak rectifier
 Voltage regulator
 Limiter or Clipper
 Clamper
The Diode Models

Mathematic Model：
v
i  I s (e nVT
 1)
 v
 I s e nVT Forward biased


 I s Reverse biased
 The circuit models are derived by approximating
the curve into piecewise-line.
The Diode Models

Circuit Model
a) Ideal diode model
b) Nonideal diode model
c) Zener Diode Model
Ideal Diode Model

 Forward bias  short circuit

 Reverse bias  open circuit
Ideal diode operation

on off on off

8
Half-Wave Rectifier

(a) Half-wave rectifier.

(b) Equivalent circuit of the half-
wave rectifier with the diode
replaced by its battery-plus-
resistance model.

9
Full-Wave Rectifier

(a) circuit
(b) transfer characteristic assuming a
constant-voltage-drop model for
the diodes

10
The Bridge Rectifier

11
Ideal diode operation: Applications to
Clippers

A circuit used to change the shape of an input wave by

clipping or removing a portion of it is called a clipper.

12
Ideal diode operation: Applications to
Clippers

13
Ideal diode operation: Applications to
Logic Circuits

14
Ideal diode operation

diode on

diode off

15
Ideal diode operation

Vin = 24 sinwt
24

12
Vout

on off on off

30

Diode conducts when 24 sinwt = 12

sinwt = 12/24
wt = 30 16
Clippers - Negative
Clippers - Positive
Clippers
Clipper-Biased

20
Modeling with nonideal Diodes
Modeling with Nonideal Diodes

Piecewise-linear model of the diode forward

characteristic and its equivalent circuit
representation.
Constant-Voltage-Drop Model

The constant-voltage-drop model of the diode forward characteristics

and its equivalent-circuit representation.
Method of Analysis

 Graphical Analysis
 Load line
 Diode characteristic
 Q operating point
 Visualization
Load line

i
VDD/R
i

RL Slope= -1/RL
v

VDD
v
Non Ideal: Simplified Diode Model
Small-Signal Model

Development of the diode small-signal

model. Note that the numerical values
shown are for a diode with η = 2.

rd
Small-Signal Model
Incremental resistance:

rd 
VT
, (  1, 2)
I DQ
*The signal amplitude sufficiently small such that the
excursion at Q along the i-v curve is limited to a short,
almost linear segment.
Zener Diode Model
Zener Diode Clipper

30
Zener Diode Example Problem

Text book solved and unsolved problems

31
Effects of Capacitance
External and Internal

32
Peak Rectifier

 The pulsating nature of the output voltage produced by the

rectifier circuits discussed above makes it unsuitable as a dc
supply for electronic circuits.
 A simple way to reduce the variation of the output voltage
is to place a capacitor across the load resistor.

33
Peak Rectifier

 The filter capacitor serves to reduce substantially the

variations in the rectifier output

CR  T
34
Peak Rectifier

Voltage and current

waveforms in the peak
rectifier circuit with CR . T
The diode is assumed ideal.

35
Peak Rectifier

 Waveforms in the full-wave peak rectifier.

36
Envelope Detector

37
Envelope Detector

38
Clamper Circuit

 The clamping network ‘clamp’ a signal to different dc level

without altering the wave-shape.
 The network will have a capacitor, a diode and a resistive
element.
 The magnitude of R and C must be chosen such that the
time constant t = RC is large enough to ensure that the
voltage across the capacitor does not discharge significantly
during the interval the diode is non-conducting
 Used in TV receivers as a DC restorer
Diode :- Clamper

 Positive Clamper
The circuit for a positive clamper is
shown in the figure. During the negative
half cycle of the input signal, the diode
conducts and acts like a short circuit. The
output voltage Vo  0 volts . The
capacitor is charged to the peak value of
input voltage Vm. and it behaves like a
battery. During the positive half of the
input signal, the diode does not conduct
and acts as an open circuit. Hence the
output voltage Vo Vm+ Vm This gives a
positively clamped voltage.

Vo Vm+ Vm = 2 Vm
Diode :- Clamper
Positive Clamper

41
Diode :- Clamper
Negative Clamper
During the positive half cycle the
diode conducts and acts like a short
circuit. The capacitor charges to peak
value of input voltage Vm. During this
interval the output Vo which is taken
across the short circuit will be zero
During the negative half cycle, the
diode is open. The output voltage can
be found by applying KVL.

42
Diode :- Clamper
Negative Clamper

43
Diode :- Clamper
Biased Clamper

Self study
44
Diode :- Clamper

The circuit of a positively biased clamper is shown in

the figure. During the negative half cycle of the input
signal the diode is forward biased and acts like a
short circuit. The capacitor charges to Vi + Vs .
Applying the KVL to the input side

During the positive half cycle of the input signal, the diode is reverse
biased and it acts as an open circuit. Hence Vs has no effect on Vo.
Applying KVL around the outside loop.

45
Clampers
Voltage Doublers/Peak to Peak Detector

47
Diode Capacitance

 Diffusion Capacitance

 Diode Switching Times

49