Definition Sample

 A sample is a subset of population from whom the data

collected for analysis and they are the representative of
the population.
Why we do sampling
 Resources (time, money) and workload

 Gives results with known accuracy that can be

calculated mathematically.

 Not possible to collect the data from the whole

population.
 What is population of interest for study ? To whom do
you want to generalize your results?
 All doctors
 School children
 Women aged 15-45 years
Types of sampling
 Probability Sampling
 Non-Probability Sampling
Probability Sampling

 Is one in which every unit in the population has a

equal chance of being selected in the sample
Probability Sampling

 Simple random sample

 Systematic random sample
 Stratified random sample
 Multistage sample
 Cluster sample
Non-Probability Sampling
 Any sampling method where some elements of
population have no chance of selection or where the
probability of selection can't be accurately determined
or not equally chance of being part of the study.
Non-Probability Sampling

• Convenience sample
• Purposive sample
• Quota sample
• Snowball sample or chain referral
sampling
SCREENING
• What is screening?

• What is sensitivity?

• What is specificity?

• Positive predictive value

• Negative predictive value

• Type of secondary prevention.

• Way of improving patient outcomes by detecting

a disease at an earlier, more treatable stage, or by
avoiding recurrence of disease.
 DEFINITION

• The aim of screening is to identify asymptomatic

disease, or risk factors for disease, by testing a
population that has not yet developed clinical
symptoms.
• It is a method used for the detection of a disease
at appoint in its natural history when it is not yet
symptomatic.
• A screening program can either include the whole
population (mass screening) or selected groups
who are anticipated to have an increased
prevalence of the condition for which screening
has been instituted (targeted screening).
• For effective curative and preventive health care, it is
necessary to distinguish between individuals who have a
disease and those who do not.

• For this purpose, there are tests such as physical

examination; biochemical assay of blood, urine and other
body fluids; radiography; ultrasonography; cytology; and
histopathology.
Epidemiology Matters – Chapter 13

SCREENING TEST EVALUATION

1. Sensitivity
2. Specificity
3. Positive predictive value
4. Negative predictive value
 EXAMPLES OF SCREENING

• Women receive regular screening tests beginning in young

adulthood for cervical cancer (Pap smear)
• Physicians assess blood pressure and cholesterol as screening tools
for the development of cardiovascular disease
• Oral cancer screening
• Dental caries by examination of the teeth with metal explorer and
radiograph
• Periodontal disease by radiography.
The SENSITIVITY of the test is defined as the
ability of the test to identify correctly those who
have the disease

Sensitivity: Is the test detecting true cases of disease?

(Ideal is 100%: 100% of cases are detected)

-
• The SPECIFICITY of the test is defined as
the ability of the test to identify correctly
those who do not have the disease
• Specificity: Is the test excluding those without
disease? (Ideal is 100%: 100% of non-cases are
negative)
POSITIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE

• What proportion of patients who test positive

actually have the disease?
NEGATIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE

• What is the probability that this patient does not

have the disease?