ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - Dr.

4/4/2012
R. Jayakumar

What is a Waterborne Disease?

•Waterborne
transported and supported by
Water – borne diseases water
• Disease
an abnormal or harmful condition
Dr.R.Jayakumar

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Water-borne Diseases In India…

Water related diseases are the most common
cause of deaths.

Diseases caused by ingestion

The paucity of clean water for domestic use
of water contaminated by has led to the increase in the number of deaths in
human or animal both the urban and rural parts of developing
economies.
excrement, which contain
pathogenic And India is no different.

microorganisms Deaths due to water related diseases in India

are in the range of nearly 80 percent.

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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - Dr. 4/4/2012
R. Jayakumar

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Water Borne diseases
Today, 37.7 million Indians are affected by waterborne diseases
annually, 1.5 million children are estimated to die of diarrhoea alone.
Presence of micro-microorganisms: due to the presence of various microorganisms in
water such as bacteria ,viruses and protozoa
Until the 10th Five Year Plan, Neither the State itself, nor in partnership
with private players has made it a priority to deliver safe drinking water Diseases caused by bacteria:
to the country’s 700 million rural population.

Water-borne diseases and water-caused health problems are mostly due Bacterial infections Typhoid
to inadequate and incompetent management of water resources. In the Cholera
Paratyphoid fever
urban areas water gets contaminated in many different ways, some
Bacillary dysentery
of the most common reasons being leaky water pipe joints in areas where Viral infections Infectious Hepatitis (jaundice)
the water pipe and sewage line pass close together. Sometimes the water Poliomyelitis
gets polluted at source due to various reasons and mainly due to inflow of
sewage into the source.

Bacterial infections Typhoid Cholera

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection of the intestinal tract and occasionally
the bloodstream.
Most of the cases are acquired during foreign travel to underdeveloped
countries. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi), a strain of
bacteria that lives only in humans.
Anyone can get typhoid fever but the greatest risk exists to travellers
visiting countries where the disease is common.
• Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that causes a large amount of
watery diarrhea.
• Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The bacteria releases
a toxin that causes increased release of water in the intestines, which
produces severe diarrhea.
• Cholera occurs in places with poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine.
• People get the infection by eating or drinking contaminated food or water.

Typhoid germs are passed in the faeces and, to some extent, the urine of
infected people. The germs are spread by eating or drinking water or foods
contaminated by faeces from the infected individual.

Symptoms may be mild or severe and may include fever, headache,

constipation or diarrhea, rose-colored spots on the trunk and an enlarged
spleen and liver. Relapses are common. Fatalities are less than 1 percent with
antibiotic treatment. 7 8

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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - Dr. 4/4/2012
R. Jayakumar

Symptoms Diarrhoea

• Abdominal cramps • Diarrhoea remains the most prevalent water related

• Dry mucus membranes or mouth disease in India. It mostly affects children under the age
• Dry skin of 5and often leads to death.
• Excessive thirst • Diarrhoeal infection is spread through food and drinking
• Glassy or sunken eyes water that has been contaminated.
• Lack of tears • A diarrhoeal attack can last up to 2 weeks and leave the
• Lethargy person completely dehydrated.
• Low urine output • Symptoms of diarrhoea include, severe dizziness, loss of
• Nausea consciousness, dehydration and pale skin, little or no
• Rapid dehydration urination and in some case bloody stool.
• Rapid pulse (heart rate) • Diarrhoea can spread through multiple viruses that is
• Sunken "soft spots" (fontanelles) in infants found in contaminated water. The poorer sections of
• Unusual sleepiness or tiredness the society come in daily contact with this water and
that is the why the rate of diarrhoea is highest amongst
• Vomiting them.
• Watery diarrhea that starts suddenly and has a "fishy" odor

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Paratyphoid fever Bacillary dysentery

• Bacillary dysentery is an infectious disease
• A condition which is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Paratyphi. of the intestinal tract caused by bacteria of
• Milder symptoms than typhoid fever Fever ,Abdominal pain ,Headache the genus Shigella, Campylobacter, E. coli,
,Flu-like symptoms Malaise, Loss of appetite. and Salmonella species .
• Non-productive cough in early stages Slowed heart rate, Enlarged liver,
Enlarged spleen, Constipation ,Diarrhea ,Chills, Sweating, Weakness ,Sore • Intestinal amoebiasis is caused by a
throat ,Dizziness, Muscle pain, Confusion – rare, Seizures - rare . protozoan parasite, Entamoeba histolytica.
The amoeba can exist for long periods of
• Causes: time in the large bowel (colon). In the vast
majority of cases, amoebiasis causes no
• of eating food from an animal infected with an infectious agent, or from symptoms - only 10% of infected individuals
food that is contaminated from the food handler (who is infected with
Paratyphoid fever), or from contaminated soil or water, or from toxins become ill. It is uncommon except in the
produced by an infectious organism. world's tropical zones, where it is very
• of transmission of an infectious agent by another person by one or more prevalent.
of the following: saliva, air, cough, fecal-oral route, surfaces, blood,
needles, blood transfusions, sexual contact, mother to fetus, etc.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING -
R. Jayakumar
Symptoms
• The main symptom of dysentery is frequent near-liquid diarrhea flecked
with blood, mucus, or pus. Other symptoms include:
• sudden onset of high fever and chills
• abdominal pain
• cramps and bloating
• flatulence (passing gas)
• urgency to pass stool
• feeling of incomplete emptying
• loss of appetite
• weight loss
• headache
• fatigue
• vomiting
• dehydration
Viral infections Infectious Hepatitis
(jaundice)
• Hepatitis B is the name of one of the viruses that
cause hepatitis. When the liver is infected, it
becomes inflamed and tender. It may also become
swollen. Patches of liver tissue may be destroyed
by the inflammation. Hepatitis B is a serious,
sometimes severe and even fatal type of hepatitis.
Some people who have hepatitis B develop the
chronic form of the disease. This means they
continue to be infected with the virus for a long
time and develop the complications of prolonged
liver inflammation. The disease can eventually
cause liver failure and death.
Dr. 4/4/2012
• Bacillary dysentery symptoms begin within 2 to 10 days of infection.
In children, the illness starts with fever, nausea, vomiting,
abdominal cramps, and diarrhea.
• Episodes of diarrhea may increase to as much as once an hour with
blood, mucus, and pus in the child's stool.
• Vomiting may result in rapid and severe dehydration, which may
lead to shock and death if not treated.
• Signs of dehydration include an extremely dry mouth, sunken eyes,
and poor skin tone.
• Children and infants will be thirsty, restless, irritable, and possibly
lethargic.
• Children may also have sunken eyes and may not be able to
produce tears or urine, the latter appearing very dark and
concentrated.
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Transmission
•
Hepatitis B is extremely infectious. This type of hepatitis is
commonly spread through sexual secretions (such as
semen) and blood. It is also spread by the use of
contaminated syringes and needles.
• If instruments such as the ones used in tattoo and piercing
parlors are not completely sterilized between uses, they
can spread hepatitis.
• The disease can be spread by people who do not know they
carry the virus. In the U.S. there are between half a million
and a million people who carry the virus but are not sick.
Mothers who are infected with hepatitis B or who are
carriers can spread the disease to their babies
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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - Dr. 4/4/2012
R. Jayakumar

Symptoms Includes….
• Symptoms of hepatitis B may appear as long as 4 weeks to 6 months after a person
is infected with the virus. • Hepatitis can cause permanent liver damage.
• • loss of appetite
• fever
Some of the symptoms of serious liver damage
• general achiness
• fatigue.
are:
• itching hives
• pain in certain joints
• • pain on the left side of the upper abdomen
• in smokers, a loss of taste for cigarettes. from an enlarged spleen
• • nausea and vomiting
• foul breath and bitter taste in the mouth • swelling of the stomach and legs
• dark brown urine
• yellowish skin and eyes (jaundice) • reddening of the palms
• pain just below the ribs on the right side, especially when pressure is applied
• pale-colored bowel movements that may be looser than normal. • spiderlike blood vessels under the skin, or easy
bruising
• bleeding from the esophagus or stomach

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Symptoms
Poliomyelitis
• There are three basic patterns of polio infection:
• Poliomyelitis is a viral disease that can subclinical infections, nonparalytic, and paralytic.
affect nerves and can lead to partial or About 95% of infections are subclinical infections,
full paralysis. which may not have symptoms.
• Poliomyelitis is a disease caused by • SUBCLINICAL INFECTION SYMPTOMS
infection with the poliovirus. The virus • General discomfort or uneasiness
spreads by: • Headache
• Direct person-to-person contact • Red throat
• Contact with infected mucus or phlegm • Slight fever
from the nose or mouth • Sore throat
• Contact with infected feces. • Vomiting

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