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ANALYSIS OF SECTION
§ For continuous beam, the loads also cause the to bend downward
between the support and upward bending over the support.
§ This will produce tensile zone as shown in figure below. As the
concrete cannot resist flexural tension, steel reinforcement would
be introduced as detail in the figure.
x s = λx Fcc
h d
z
Fst
εst fst fyd
(1) (2) (3)
e st e æd -xö
= cc Þ e st = e cc ç ÷
( d - x) x è x ø
d
Therefore ; x =
æe ö
1 + çç st ÷÷
è e cc ø
With Wisdom We Explore
Introduction
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For a singly reinforced beam EC2 limits the depth to the neutral
axis, x to 0.45d (x ≤ 0.45d) for concrete class ≤ C50/60 to ensure
that the design is for the under-reinforced case where failure is
gradual, as noted above. For further understanding, see the graph
shown below .
Analysis of Section
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x s = 0.8x Fcc
Neutral axis
h d
z = d – 0.5s
As
Fst
εst
Notation:
h = Overall depth d = Effective depth
b = Width of section s = Depth of stress block
As = Area of tension reinforcement x = Neutral axis depth
fck = Characteristic strength of concrete z = Lever arm
fyk = Characteristic strength of reinforcement
Therefore;
– M = K.fck.b.d2
– Mbal = Kbal.fck.b.d2
where; Kbal = 0.167
If;
– M ≤ Mbal or K ≤ Kbal : Singly reinforced rectangular beam
(Tension reinforcement only)
– M > Mbal or K > Kbal : Doubly reinforced rectangular beam
(Section requires compression
reinforcement)
Example 3.1
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x 2 - 1125x + 176211.45 = 0
x = 188 mm @ 937 mm
Use x = 188 mm
x 188
Checking; = = 0.42 < 0.45
d 450
Lever arm, z = (d – 0.4x)
= (450 – 0.4(188)) = 374.8 mm
Area of reinforcement, As
M 200 ´106
As = = = 1227mm2
0.87 f yk z 0.87(500)(374.8)
450 mm
2H25
x s = 0.8x Fcc=0.454fckbx
Neutral axis
d = 450
z = d – 0.4x
0.87(500)(982)
x= = 151 mm
0.454(25)(250)
Checking;
x 151
= = 0.34 < 0.45
d 450
Moment resistance of section;
M = Fcc ´ z @ M = Fst ´ z
M = (0.454 f ck bx )(d - 0.4 x )
M = (0.454 ´ 25 ´ 250 ´151)(450 - 0.4(151))
M = 167 kNm
With Wisdom We Explore
§ When the load applied increases gradually and it will reach a state
that the compressive strength of concrete is not adequate to take
additional compressive stress.
§ Compression reinforcement is required to take the additional
compressive stress.
§ This section is named as doubly reinforced section.
b
d’
As’
h d
As
d’ Fsc
As’ εsc
x s = 0.8x Fcc
h d Neutral axis
z1 = d – d’
z = d – 0.4x
As
Fst
εst
Internal force;
Fcc = 0.454 f ck bx
Fst = 0.87 f yk As and Fsc = 0.87 f yk As '
Lever arms;
z = d - 0.4 x z1 = d - d '
For equilibrium of internal force;
Fst = Fcc + Fsc
0.87 f yk As = 0.454 f ck bx + 0.87 f yk As '
As d' æ e sc ö
= 1- ç ÷
x è 0.0035 ø
εst
With Wisdom We Explore
'
d æ 0.002175 ö
= 1- ç ÷ = 0.38
x è 0.0035 ø
Therefore, if d’/x < 0.38 the compression reinforcement can be
assumed reach the design strength of 0.87fyk. If d’/x > 0.38, a reduced
stress should be used.
f sc = Es .e sc
= 2429mm2
Provide 2H25 (As’ Prov. = 982 mm2) – Compression reinforcement
5H25 (As Prov. = 2454 mm2) – Tension reinforcement
With Wisdom We Explore
Example 3.4
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b = 250 mm d’ = 50 mm
3H20
d = 500 mm
5H25
d = 500 mm
Neutral Axis
Z1 Z
5H25
Fst = 0.87fykAs
Reinforcement used 3H20, As’ = 943 mm2 & 5H25, As = 2455 mm2
Neutral axis depth, x
= 0.87(500)(943)(500 - 50)
+ 0.454(30)(250)(193)(500 - 0.4(193)) ´10-6
= 462kNm
Flange Beam
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§ Flanged beams occur when beams are cast integrally with and
support a continuous floor slab.
§ Part of the slab adjacent to the beam is counted as acting in
compression to form T- and L-beams as shown in figure below.
Flange Beam
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A
200 x 500
200 x 500
200 x 500
2500
FS1 (150 thk.)
200 x 500 200 x 500
B
200 x 500
200 x 500
4000
FS2 (150 thk.) FS3 (150 thk.)
Solution
D of Example 3.5
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3000 mm 4500 mm
beff = Sbeff ,i + bw £ b
bw = 200 mm
2500 4000
Span 1-2
beff1 = 0.2(1250) + 0.1(2550) = 505 mm < 0.2lo = 510 mm < b1 = 1250 mm
bw = 200 mm
2500 4000
Span 2-3
beff1 = 0.2(1250) + 0.1(3825) = 632.5 mm < 0.2lo = 765 mm < b1 = 1250 mm
hf = 150 mm hf = 150 mm
bw = 200 mm bw = 200 mm
Flange Beam
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0.567fck
beff
x 0.8x
Fcc
hf
d
Z = d – 0.4x
As
Fst
bw
Flange Beam
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M = M f = (0.567 f ck bh f )(d - h f / 2)
§ Where, Mf = Ultimate moment resistance of flange.
§ Therefore, if M ≤ Mf the neutral axis lies in flange and the design
can be treated as rectangular singly reinforced beam.
M or M
As = As =
0.87 f yk z 0.87 f yk (d - 0.4 x)
With Wisdom We Explore
Example 3.6
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hf = 100 mm
d = 320 mm
As
bw = 250 mm
Checking
x 41.74
= = 0.13 < 0.45
d 320
Lever arm,z
z = d - 0.4 x = 320 - 0.45(41.74) = 303.3mm
Area of tension reinforcement, As
M 250 ´106
As = =
0.87 f yk z 0.87(500)(303.3)
= 1895mm2
Provide 4H25 (Asprov = 1964 mm2)
Flange Beam
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0.567fck
beff
2 2 hf Fcc2
1 x 0.8x Fcc1
d
z2 z1
As
Fst
bw
z1 = d - 0.4 x z2 = d - 0.5h f
Moment resistance, M
M = Fcc1 .z1 + Fcc 2 .z2
= (0.454 f ck bw x )(d - 0.4 x ) + (0.567 f ck )(beff - bw )h f (d - 0.5h f )
With Wisdom We Explore
Flange Beam
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If applied moment M < Mbal, then compression reinforcement are not required.
Area of tension reinforcement can be calculate as follows by taking moment at
Fcc2.
M = Fst .z2 - Fcc1.( z2 - z1 )
= 0.87 f yk As (d - 0.5h f ) - 0.454 f ck bw x[(d - 0.5h f ) - (d - 0.4 x)]
M + 0.454 f c k bw x[0.4 x - 0.5h f ]
As =
0.87 f yk (d - 0.5h f )
Using; x = 0.45d
M + 0.1 f c k bw d [0.36d - h f ]
As =
0.87 f yk (d - 0.5h f )
Example 3.7
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hf = 100 mm
d = 320 mm
bw = 250 mm
2 As’ 2 hf Fsc
Fcc2
x 0.8x Fcc1
1
d
z3 z2 z1
As
Fst
bw
With Wisdom We Explore
Flange Beam
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M - M bal
As ' =
0.87 f yk (d - d ' )
Flange Beam
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Design Formula
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Design Formula
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Design Formula
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