ANURAG GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

(Formerly CVSR College of Engineering)

Venkatapur (V), Ghatkesar (M), Medchal Dist.

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

MANUAL
FOR
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS &
SIMULATION LAB
II B.TECH EEE – I SEMESTER

Dept of EEE 1 AGI

 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Verification of KCL & KVL.
2. Verification of Thevenin’s theorems.
3. Verification of Norton’s and Maximum Power Transfer Theorems.
4. Verification of Superposition theorem.
5. Verification of compensation theorem.
6. Verification of Reciprocity and Millman’s theorems.
7. Verification of Z and Y Parameters.
8. Verification of Transmission and Hybrid parameters.
9. Simulation of Mesh Analysis.
10.Simulation of Nodal Analysis.

Dept of EEE 2 AGI

 1. Verification of KCL & KVL

Aim: To verify KCL and KVL circuits.

Apparatus:

S.No Equipment Rating Type Quantity

1. Regulated power supply 0 – 30V / 2A Digital 1 no

2. Resistors R1 R2 R3 3 no
3. Voltmeter 0 – 30 V Digital 3 no
4. Ammeter 0 – 200 mA Digital 3 no
5. Connecting wires As required
6. Bread board 1 no

Circuit Diagrams:-

KCL:-
R1
+ –
A
+
0-200mA

+
0-200mA

0-200mA
A A
– –
V +

– R2 R3

KVL:-
R1 R2

+ V1 – + V2 –
0-30V 0-30V
+
0-30V

V + V3 R3
–
–

Dept of EEE 3 AGI

Procedure:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram for kcl

2) Switch on the power supply
3) Adjust the voltage from RPS
4) Note down the ammeter readings.
5) Bring RPS to zero and switch it off.
6) Switch on the power supply and Adjust the voltage from RPS for kvl
7) Note down the voltmeter readings.
8) Bring RPS to zero and switch it off the power supply.

Theoretical Calculations:-

For KCL:
I1 R1

I2 I3
V +

– R2 R3

I1=I2+I3

R2 * R3
Req = R1 +
R2 + R3
V
I1 =
Req

R3
I 2 = I1 *
R2 + R3

R2
I 3 = I1 *
R2 + R3

Dept of EEE 4 AGI

For KVL:-

V=V1+V2+V3

Req =R1+R2+R3

V
I=
Req
V1= I* R1

V2= I* R2

V3= I* R3
R1 R2

V + R3

Tabular Column for KCL:

I1 (mA) I2 (mA) I3 (mA)

Theoretical
Practical

Tabular Column for KVL:

V1 (v) V 2 (v) V3 (v)

Theoretical
Practical

Result:

Dept of EEE 5 AGI

 2. Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem

Aim: To verify Thevenin’s Theorem for given circuit.

Theory:
Thevenin’s theorem replaced a complicated circuit with a constant voltage supply and
resistance in series with it. The Thevenin’s Theorem states that “Any two terminals linear
bilateral DC network can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source
Vth in series with all equivalent resistance Rth”. (OR)
“The current through a Load Resistor “R” connected across any two points A&B of an active
network, containing Resistors and one or more sources of emf’s is obtained by dividing the
Potential Differences between A&B, with R disconnected by (R+r), where ‘r’ is the
resistance of the network measured between point A&B , with ‘R’ disconnected and source
of emf replaced by their internal Resistances”
Vth → Open circuit voltage between the terminals of network.
Rth →Equivalent resistance measured between terminals.
When all energy sources are replaced by their internal resistances.

Apparatus:

S. No Equipment Range Quantity

1 DC.RPS. Voltage source. 0-30V/2A 1
2 Resistors R1 R2 R3 3
3 Variable Resister 1KΩ 1
4 Ammeter-DC 0-200 mA 1
5 Voltmeter-DC 0-30V 1
6 Connecting wires 1.0.Sq mm As required
7 Bread board 1
8 DRB 1-10KΩ 1

Circuit Diagrams:

Case (i): To find load current

0-200mA
A
R2
+ –
R1

V +
RL
– R3

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Case (ii): To find Thevenin’s voltage (Vth)

R1 R2

+
V + 0-30V V

– R3 –

Case (iii): To find Thevenin’s resistance (Rth)

A
– +
R1 R2
0-200mA

V +

R3 –

Case (iv): To find Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

A
+ –
Rth
0-200mA

Vth RL
–

Dept of EEE 7 AGI

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit diagram for case (i).

2. Apply the DC voltage from RPS.
3. Note down the Load current (IL) from Ammeter.
4. Now remove Load Resistor (RL) & connect a Voltmeter. As per the circuit diagram shown
in case (ii) and measure the Voltage (i.e. Vth)
5. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in case (iii) and note down the ammeter and
voltmeter readings. Calculate Rth
6. After getting the Vth & Rth ,Now make a circuit as in case (iv) and applying by Vth voltage
and connecting Rth & keeping Load resistance (RL) as it is in the original circuit and
measure load current ((ILth) through (RL) by connecting a ammeter in series with (RL).
8. Compare IL & ILth and observe that the both readings are equal

Tabular Column:

Thevenin’s Case-1 Case-2 Case-3 Case-4

Theorem IL (mA) Vth (volts) Rth (Ω) ILth (mA)
Rth=V/I

Theoretical Values

Practical Values

Conclusion:- Case-1 and Case-4 must be equal

Theoretical Calculations:-

Case-1
REq = [R3 ║( R2+RL)]+ R1
IT =V / REq
I L → IT x R3 ……mA
R3+R2+RL

R1 R2

V +
RL
_ R3

Case-2:
Measuring the Thevenin’s Voltage → ( Vth )
( Vth ) = V * R3 …………..Volts
(R1 + R3)

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 R1 R2

V + Vth
_ R3

Case-3:

Measuring Thevenin’s Equivalent. Resistance → ( Rth )

For given circuit, by removing supply and shorting AB
( Rth ) = (R1 ║R3) + R2

R1 R2

Rth

R3

Case 4:
I LTH = Vth / (Rth+ RL)……mA

A
+ –
Rth
0-200mA

+
Vth RL
–

Precautions:

1 Reading must be taken without parallax error.

2. Measuring instruments must be handled properly.
3. All connections should be free from loose contacts

Result:
Dept of EEE 9 AGI
 3. Verification of Norton’s Theorem.

Aim: To verify Norton’s Theorem for given circuit.

Theory:

It is similar to Thevenin’s Theorem

, while Thevenin’s Theorem based on the idea of equivalent source of emf. Norton’s theorem
is based on the idea of an equivalent current source

Norton’s theorem replaces a complicated circuit with a constant current supply and resistance
in parallel with it.
This theorem states that “Any two terminals linear bilateral DC network can be replaced by
an equivalent ckt, consisting of a current source Isc in parallel with an equivalent resistance
Rth.

Any arrangement of the source of emf ‘s and the resistance can be replaced by an equivalent
current source in parallel with a resistance .The current from the source is the short circuit
current in the original system , and r is the equivalent resistance of the network between it’s
two terminals, when all sources of emf’s are replaced by their internal resistances.

Isc → Short circuit voltage between the terminals of network.

Rth → Equivalent resistance measured between terminals.
When all energy sources are replaced by their internal resistances

Apparatus:

S. No Equipment Range Qty

1 DC.RPS Voltage source. 0-30V/2A 1
2 Resistors R1 R2 R3 3
3 Load Resistor 1K Ω 1
4 Ammeter-DC 0-200 mA 1
5 Connecting wires 1.00 Sq.mm As required
6 Bread board 1
7 DRB 1-10KΩ 1

Dept of EEE 10 AGI

Circuit Diagrams:

Case (i): To find load current (IL)

0-200mA
A
R2
+ –
R1

V +
RL
– R3

Case (ii): To find Norton’s current (IN)

R1 R2

+
V + 0-200mA IN
R3 –
–

Case (iii): To find Norton’s resistance (RN)

A
– +
R1 R2
0-200mA

V +

R3
–

Dept of EEE 11 AGI

Case (iv): To find Norton’s Equivalent Circuit

0-200mA
RN
A
+ –

+

V
RN RL
–

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Apply the DC voltage from RPS.
3. Note down the Load current (IL) from Ammeter.
4. Now remove Load Resistor (RL) & connect the circuit as shown in case (ii) & apply proper
voltage, and measure the current (ie IN)
5. Connect the circuit as shown in case (iii) and apply proper voltage & note down the
voltmeter and ammeter readings. Calculate the Norton resistance.
6. After getting the IN & RN ,Now connect circuit as shown in case (iv) & applying IN
Current source and connecting RN & keeping Load resistance (RL) as it is in the original
circuit and measure load current ((ILN) through (RL) by connecting a ammeter in series with
(RL).
7. Compare IL, & ILN and observe that the both readings are equal
8. In case of Current source not available, give equivalent DC Supply voltage (ie, IN * RN)

Tabular Column:

Norton’s Case-1 Case-2 Case-3 Case-4

Theorem IL (mA) IN (mA) RN (Ω) ILN (mA)
RN=V/I

Theoretical Values

Practical Values

Conclusion: Case-1 & Case-4 must be equal

Dept of EEE 12 AGI

Theoretical Calculations:-

Case.1 (same as Thevenin’s)

REq = [R3 ║ ( R2+RL)]+ R1]
IT =V / REq
R3
IL→ I LN = IT * …….…mA
R2 + R3 + RL

R1 R2

V +
RL
_ R3

Case-2
Measuring the Norton’s current → ( IN )
R Eq →( [R2 ║ R3] + R1)…….Ω
→ It = V/ R Eq ………. mA
IN → It * R3 …………….… mA
R2+R3

R1 R2

V + In
R3
_

Case-3
Measuring Norton’s Equivalent Resistance → ( RN )
For given circuit, by removing supply and shorting AB
( RN ) → (R1 ║ R3) + R2

R1 R2

Rn

R3

Dept of EEE 13 AGI

Case.4 (same as Thevenin’s)

I L → IN x RN ………… mA
RN+RL

Precautions:

1 Reading must be taken without parallax error.

2. Measuring instruments must be handled properly.
3. All connections should be free from loose contacts

Result:

Dept of EEE 14 AGI

 3. Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Aim: To Verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem for a given circuit

Theory:

Max power will be delivered by network to the load, if the impedance of network is complex
conjugate of load impedance and vice versa
(or)
The maximum power transfer states that “ A load will received maximum power from a
linear bilateral network when its load resistance is exactly equal to the Thevenin’s resistance
of network, measured looking back into the terminals of network.

Apparatus:

S. No Equipment Range Quantity

1 DC.RPS. Voltage source. 0-30V/2A 1
2 Resistors RS 1
3 Variable Res 1-10K Ω 1
ister
4 Ammeter-DC 0-200 mA 1
5 Connecting wires 1.0.Sq mm As required
6 Bread board 1

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the above figure.

2. Apply the proper voltage from RPS.
3. Now vary the load resistance (RL) in steps and note down the corresponding Ammeter
Reading ( IL) milli amps 4. Tabulate the readings and find the power using formula.→
Power = I2 RL
5 Draw the graph between Power and Load Resistance.

Dept of EEE 15 AGI

6. After plotting the graph , the Power will be Maximum , when the Load Resistance will be
equal to source Resistance .
Tabular Column:

RL(Ω) IL(mA) PL(mW)

S.NO
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
1
2
3
4
5
6

Model Graph:

Theoretical Calculations:-

R = (RS + RL) =.………………..Ω

I = V / R =…………..…….mA
Power = (I2) RL =…..…..mW

Safety Precautions:
1. Reading must be taken without parallax error
2. Measuring instruments must be connected properly & should be free from errors
3. All connections should be free from loose contacts

Result:

Dept of EEE 16 AGI

 4. Verification of Superposition Theorem.

Aim: To verify the superposition theorem for a given circuit.

Theory:

This theorem states that “The current through, or voltage across any element in a linear
bilateral network is equal to the algebraic sum of the currents of voltages produced
independently by each sources ( i.e. by getting other sources to 0).

A given response in a network regulating from a number of independent

sources(including initial condition source) may be computed by summing the response to
each individual source with all other sources made in operative( reduced to zero voltage or
zero current).

This statement describes the property homogeneity in linear networks. So it is the

combined properties off additivity and homogeneity off linear network. It is a result of the
linear relation between current and volt in circuits having linear impedances.

Apparatus:

S.No Equipment Range Quantity

1 DC.RPS-Voltage Source 0-30 Volts/2A 1
2 Resistors R1R2R3 3
3 Ammeter-DC 0-200 milliamps 1
4 Bread board 1
5 Connecting wires 1.00 sq.mm As required

Circuit Diagrams:

Case (i): when both voltage sources are acting

Dept of EEE 17 AGI

Case (ii): when one voltage source is acting and V2 is short circuited (V2=0)

Case (iii): when one voltage source is acting and V1 is short circuited (V1=0)

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in case (i)
2. Adjust the voltage V1 & V2 from RPS
3. Measure the current through R3 resistor using Ammeter ie, I total.
4. Now keep the V1 voltage same & remove V2 voltage and short circuited, then
measure the current through R3 resistor , ie, I’
5. Now keep the V2 voltage & remove V1 voltage and short circuited, then measure the
current through R3 resistor , ie, I ”
6. Verify that the I total. = I’ + I ”
7. Tabulate the readings in the tabular column
8. Repeat the procedure for deferent voltage values of V1 , & V2
9. Compare the values Practical to Theoretical.

Theoretical Calculations:

Case 1: (For measuring Itotal) When the V1 & V2

source are applied (Original circuit)
V − V1 V V − V2
+ + =0
R1 R3 R2

ITotal = V/R3

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Case 2: (For measuring I’) When the V1
source is applied (V2 is zero)

Req = (R2 ║ R3) +R1

Ieq = V1 / Req
R2
I ' = I eq *
R2 + R3

Case 3: (For measuring I”) When the

V2 source is applied (V1 is zero)
REq = (R1║ R3) + R2
IEq = V2 / REq

R1
I '' = I eq *
R2 + R3

Tabular Column:

Super Position Theorem Case-1 Case-2 Case-3

I1 (mA) III (mA) ITotal (mA)
Theoretical Values
Practical Values

Safety Precautions:
1. Reading must be taken without parallax error
2. Measuring instruments must be connected properly & should be free from errors
3. All connections should be free from loose contacts

Result:

Dept of EEE 19 AGI

 5. Verification of Compensation Theorem

Aim: To verify the Compensation Theorem.

Apparatus:

S. No Equipment Range Quantity

1 DC.RPS .Voltage source. 0-30V/2A 1
2 Resistors R1R2R3 2
3 Ammeter-DC 0-200 mA 1
4 Connecting wires 1.00.Sq.mm As required
5 Bread board 1

Circuit Diagrams:

Case 1:

Case 2:

Case 3:

A
–
R2 0-200mA+
R1

R3 Vc=I2*R

Dept of EEE 20 AGI

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per case (i).

2. Switch ON the DC supply (RPS) and apply proper voltage from RPS
3. Note down the Ammeter reading , say it is I1
4. Now connect the circuit as per diagram .No.2 (supply to be given same as Case (i))
5. Note down the Ammeter reading , say it is I2
6. Now connect the circuit as per diagram .No.3 (this circuit is same as Case (ii), only
supply will be changed ie, V=I2x ∆R)
7. Note down the Ammeter reading , say it is I3

Now Prove that , ∆I = I1 - I2 , I2 - I1

I1 →Branch current in the original circuit.
I2 →Branch current after Branch Resistance Changed in the original circuit.
I3 →Same Branch current after compensating Voltage source the circuit.
Tabular column:
Compensation theorem I1(mA) I2(mA) ∆I=I1-I2(mA)
Theoretical Values
Practical Values

Result:

Dept of EEE 21 AGI

 6. Verification of Reciprocity Theorem

Aim: To verify Reciprocity theorem for a given circuit.

Theory:

Ohm’s law and Kirchoff’s laws are the fundamental tools for network analysis, while
network theorems are very powerful tools for solving complicated network problems.
It is applicable only a simple sources network. The theorem states that “In any linear bilateral
network the ratio of voltage source E volts in one branch to the current I in another branch is
the same as the ratio obtained if the positions of E and I are interchanged, other emf’s being
removed.”. (or)

“If in any network , a porential V introduced in to any branch’A’ causes a current ‘I’ to flow
in any other branch ‘B’; then the same potential ‘V’ introduced into branch ‘B’ will cause the
same value of current to flow in branch ‘A’.
In ther words , this law simply means that “V&I” are mutually interchangeable. The ratio V/I
is called the transfer resistance or Impedance.

Apparatus :

S.No Equipment Range Quantity

1 DC.RPS-Voltage Source 0-30 Volts/2A 1
2 Resistors R1R2R3 3
3 Ammeter-DC 0-200 mA 1
4 Connecting wires 1.0 Sq.mm(single lead) As required
5 Bread board 1

Circuit Diagram:-

Case (i):

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Case (ii):

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in case (i)
2. Apply DC voltage from RPS as shown in case (i)
3. Measure the current by using Ammeter.
4. Now interchange the supply & Ammeter and measure the current.
5. Verify that the both current are equal
6. Tabulate the readings in the tabular column
7. Compare the Practical values with Theoretical values.

Theoretical Calculations:

Case1: (For measuring IXY)When the Voltage at AB side applied (ie,VAB)

REq = (R2 ║ R3)+R1

IEq = V1 / REq
I XY = IEq X R3
R2+R3

R1 R2

V + IXY

_ R3

Dept of EEE 23 AGI

 Case 2: (For measuring IAB)When the Voltage at XY side applied (ie,VXY)

REq = (R1║ R3) +R2

IEq = V2 / REq
IAB = IEq X R3
R1+R3

R1 R2

V +
IAB

R3 _

Tabular Column:

Reciprocity Theorem Case-1 Case-2

IXY (mA) IAB (mA)
Theoretical Values
Practical Values

Safety Precautions:
1. Reading must be taken without parallax error
2. Measuring instruments must be connected properly & should be free from errors
3. All connections should be free from loose contacts

Result:

Dept of EEE 24 AGI

 6. Verification of Millman’s Theorem

Aim: To verify Millman’s Theorem for a given circuit.

Theory:
This theorem is useful, when a number of voltage sources in a network need to be
replaced by a single voltage source.
Consider a network having V1, V2, V3 are independent voltage sources, all joined in parallel.
R1, R2, R3 are impedances in series with these voltage sources.
It is possible to replace all these source by a single voltage source Vm in series with an
impedance Rm . Such that the voltage at the terminals and the total current delivered remain
same (unchanged), even after the replacement.

Appartus:
S. No Equipment Range Qty
1 DC.RPS .Voltage source. 0-30V 1
2 Resistors R1R2R3 1
3 Variable Resister 1K Ω 1
4 Ammeter-DC 0-200 mA 1
5 Voltmeter-DC 0-30V 1
6 Connecting wires 1.0.Sq.mm As required
7 Bread board 1

Circuit Diagrams:

Case 1: To find load current

0-200mA
A
+ -
_

R1 R2 R3 RL

V1 + V2 + V3 +
_ _
_

Case 2: To find Millman’s voltage (Vm)

+
0-30V

R1 R2 R3 V

_
V1 V2 + V3 +
+
_ _ _

Dept of EEE 25 AGI

Case 3: To find Millman’s resistance (Rm)

0-200mA
A
_ +

+
R1 R2 R3 V
_

Millman’s Equivalent Circuit

Theoretical Calculations:

Case 1:

R1 R2 R3 RL

V1 + V2 + V3 +

_ _ _

V − V1 V − V 2 V − V 3 V
+ + + =0
R1 R2 R3 RL
V
IL=
RL

Dept of EEE 26 AGI

Case 2:

0-30V
R1 R2 R3 V

_
V1 + V2 + V3 +

_ _ _

V − V1 V − V2 V − V3
+ + =0
R1 R2 R3

V=Vm

Case 3:

R1 R2 R3
Rm

1 1 1
+ + = Rm
R1 R2 R3

Case 4:

Vm
IL =
Rm + RL

Dept of EEE 27 AGI

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit diagram for case (i).
2. Switch ON the supply and ensure that the supply should flow from the three sources.
3. Note the Ammeter reading at Load.
4. Switch OFF the supply.
5. Connect the circuit as per the case 2 and apply proper voltage to the three sources,
note down the volt meter reading (Vm).
6. Connect the circuit as per the case 3 and note down the voltmeter and ammeter
readings. Now calculate the resistance Rm.
7. Now remove all the supplies & Resistors and connect only one supply ie, Vm Volts. &
Equivalent Resistance ie, Rm which is calculated practically.
8. Note the Ammeter reading at Load
9. The Ammeter reading, when connected 3 sources = and when connected one sources
should be equal.

Tabular Column :

Millman’s theorem Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4

IL(mA) Vm (Volts) Rm=V/I (Ω) IL(mA)

Theoretical Values
Practical Values

Result:

Dept of EEE 28 AGI

 7. Verification of Z and Y Parameters

Aim: To study and measure the Z, Y parameters for a given Two Port Passive Network.

Theory:

A port is defined as any pair of terminals into which energy is supplied, or from which energy
is withdrawn or where the network variables may be measured.

A two port network is a simple network, having inside a rectangular box and the
network has only two pairs of accessible terminals usually one pair represents the input, and
the another represents output.

In the above fig having 4 terminals have been paired into ports 1-1’ and 2-2’
Two ports containing no sources in their branch are called passive port.
Two ports containing sources in their branches are called active port.

The voltage and current assigned to each of the two ports.

V1, I1 → input terminals
V2, I2 → output terminals

V1, V2, I1, I2 → are variables (2 of these are dependent variables & 2 independent variables)
The Number of possible combinations generated by the four variables taken 2 at a time, is 6.
Then, there are 6 possible sets of equations describing a 2 port network.
For the 6 combinations, the names of the parameters are chosen to indicate dimensions
(Impedance, admittance) law of consistent dimensions (Hybrid), or the principal application
of the parameter (Transmission).

Function
Name Equation
Express In terms of
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2
Open circuit Impedance V1,V2 I1, I2
V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2
I1 = Y11 V1 + Y12 V2
Short circuit admittance I1, I2 V1,V2
I2 = Y21 V1 + Y22 V2
V1 = AV2 - BI2
Transmission (ABCD) V1,I1 V2,I2
I1 = CV2 - DI2
V1 = H11 I1 + H12 V2
Hybrid V1,I2 I1,V2
I2 = H21 I1 + H22 V2

Dept of EEE 29 AGI

Z Parameters (Open circuit Parameters):

Z11, Z12, Z21, Z22 are called Z-parameters of 2 port network.

1) Z11 → Input Impedance where output is open circuited
Z11=V1/I1 where I2=0
2) Z12 → Reverse Transfer Impedance (mutual), when input is open circuited.
Z12 = V1/I2 where I1=0
3) Z21 → Forward Transfer Impedance, when output is open circuited.
Z21 = V2/I1 when I2=0
4) Z22 → Output Impedance, when input is open circuited.
Z22 = V2/I2 when I1=0

Y Parameters (Short circuit Parameters → Y11, Y12, Y21, Y22)

1) Y11 → Input Admittance where output is short circuited

Y11=I1/V1 where V2=0
2) Y22 → Output Admittance, when input is short circuited.
Y22 = I2/V2 where V1=0
3) Y12 → Reverse Transfer Admittance, when output is short circuited.
Y12 = I1/V2 when V1=0
4) Y21 → Forward Transfer Admittance, when input is short circuited.
Y21 = I2/V2 when V2=0
Apparatus:

S.No Equipment Range Quantity

1 DC.RPS-Voltage Source 0-30 Volts/2A 1
2 Resistors R1R2R3 3
3 Ammeter-DC 0-200 mA 2
4 Voltmeter-DC 0-30 V 1
5 Bread board 1
6 Connecting wires As required

Circuit Digrams:

Z parameters:

Case 1:

A
+ – R2
0-200mA R1

+
V + 0-30V V
R3
– –

Dept of EEE 30 AGI

 Case 2:
A
– +
R1 R2 0-200mA

+
V +
0-30V V

–
R3 –

Procedure for Z parameters:

1) Connect the circuit as per case1

2) Keep the port 2 terminals open, i.e. (I2=0).
3) Set desired voltage on V1 from the RPS.
4) Measure V2 and I1, and then tabulate V1, V2, I1.
5) Calculate the parameters. Z11,Z21
6) Now open the Port1 Connect desired voltage to port 2 (I1=0) as shown in case 2 then
measure V2, V1, I2.
7) Calculate parameters Z12, Z22

Y parameters:

Case 1:

A
+ –
0-200mA R1 R2

+
V +
0-200mA A

– R3 –

Dept of EEE 31 AGI

Case 2:
A
– +
R1 R2 0-200mA

+
V +
A 0-200mA
R3 –
–

Procedure for Y parameters

1) Connect the circuit as per case1, connect desired voltage at port1. Then short port2.
Note the values of I1, I2, V1.
2) Calculate the parameters Y11,Y21
3) Connect any desired voltage at port2 and short port1 as shown in case 2
4) Then note the values of V2, I1, I2.
5) Calculate the parameters Y12,Y22

Tabular Column for ‘Z’ parameters: Tabular Column for ‘Y’parameters:

(When I2 = 0 , Port.2 Open) (When I/P, Port1, short circuited, V1 = 0)

Z11 = V1/ I1 : Z21 = V2/ I1 Y12 = I1/ V2 : Y22 = I2/ V2
V1 V2 I1 Z11 Z21 V2 I1 I2 Y12 Y22
5V 5V
10V 8V
12V 10V

(When I1 = 0 , Port.1 Open) (When O/P, Port2 ,short circuited, V2 = 0)

Z22 = V2/ I2 : Z12 = V1/ I2 Y11 = I1/ V1 : Y21 = I2/ V1
V2 V1 I2 Z22 Z12 V1 I1 I2 Y11 Y21
5V
5V
10V
8V
12V
10V
Precautions:
1. Avoid loose connections.
2. Readings should be taken carefully.
3. Get your connected circuit checked by staff member.

Result:

Dept of EEE 32 AGI

 8. Verification of Transmission and Hybrid parameters

Aim: To study and measure the Transmission & H parameters for a given two Port Passive
Network.

Apparatus required:

S.No Equipment Range Quantity

1 DC.RPS-Voltage Source 0-30 Volts/2A 1
2 Resistors R1R2R3 3
3 Ammeter-DC 0-200 mA 2
4 Voltmeter-DC 0-30 V 1
5 Connecting wires 1.00 sq.mm As required
6 Bread board 1

Theory:

Transmission or ABCD Parameters:

ABCD are Transmission parameters. These parameters are also known as by other name,
chain parameters. In this system of parameters volt and current at port 1 are expressed in
terms of volt and current at port 2.

1) A = Ratio of input volt to the output voltage when output is open circuited.
A = V1/V2 when I2=0
2) B = Ratio of Input volt to output current when output is short circuited.
B= -V1/I2 when V2=0.
3) C = Ratio of Input current to output voltage when output is open circuited.
C = I1/V2 when I2=0.
4) D = Ratio of Input current to the output current when output is short circuited.
D = -I1/I2 when V2=0.

Hybrid Parameters:

1) H11= Input Impedance with output port short circuited.

H11= V1/ I1 when V2=0

2) H21 = Output admittance with input port open circuited

H21 = I2/ I1 when V2=0

3) H12 = reverse voltage transfer ratio with input port open circuited.

H12 = V1/ V2 when I1=0

4) H22 = Forward current gain with output port short circuited.

H22 = I2/ V2 when I1=0

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ABCD parameters:

Case 1:
A
+ –
R2
0-200mA R1

+
V +
0-30V V

– R3 –

Case 2:
A
+ –
0-200mA R1 R2

+
V +
0-200mA A

– R3 –

Procedure for ABCD (Transmission)Parameters:

1. Connect the circuit as per the case 1 and apply desired voltage
2. Note down the values of V1 ,V2 ,I1 and calculate the A,C parameters
3. Connect the circuit as per the case 2 and apply desired voltage
4. Note down the values of V1 ,I1,I2 and calculate the B,D parameters
5. Compare the practical values with theoretical values.

Dept of EEE 34 AGI

Hybrid Parameters:

Case 1:

A
+ –
0-200mA R1 R2

+
V +
0-200mA A

– R3 –

Case 2:

A
– +
R1 R2 0-200mA

+
V +
0-30V V

– R3 –

Procedure for Hybrid Parameters:

1. Connect the circuit as per the case 1 and apply desired voltage
2. Note down the values of V1 ,I1, I2 and calculate the H11,H21 parameters
3. Connect the circuit as per the case 2 and apply desired voltage
4. Note down the values of V2 ,V1,I2 and calculate the H12,H22 parameters
5. Compare the practical values with theoretical values.

Dept of EEE 35 AGI

Tabular Column for ‘ABCD’ parameters:

(When I2 = 0 , Port.2 Open) A = V1/ V2 : C = I1/ V2

V1 V2 I1 A C
Theoretical
Practical

(When V2 = 0 , Port.1 Short Circuited) B = V1/ I2 : D = I1/ I2

V1 I1 I2 B D
Theoretical
Practical

Tabular Column for ‘H’parameters:

(When Port2 is short circuited, V2= 0) H11 = V1/ I1 : H21 = I2/ I1

V1 I1 I2 H11 H21
Theoretical
Practical

(When Port1 is Open circuited, I1 = 0) H12 = V1/ V2 : H22 = I2/ V2

V2 V1 I2 H12 H22
Theoretical
Practical

Result:

Dept of EEE 36 AGI

 9. MESH ANALYSIS IN THE RECIPROCITY CIRCUIT

Aim: To verify the Reciprocity Theorem with DC Input and finding the Current using
PSPICE software.

Apparatus required:

1. Personal Computer with PSPICE software installation.

Circuit Diagram:

P-Spice circuit:

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Procedure:

1. Start the personal Computer and Open the Text Editor which is on the desktop.
2. For the above given circuit decide the node points for each component and also put a
dummy voltage source for measuring the current at nodes if necessary.
3. Write the program for the above ckt as given below
4. Save the file as .cir and close the file
5. Open the PSPICE AD , open the same file which is saved by a name earlier in the
Text editor.
6. You observe a dialog “Simulation completed successfully”
7. Open the file menu and Click the Examine out put.
8. You observe the following output results what ever the requirements needed.

PSPICE Program:
*RECIPROCITY THEOREM
VS 1 0 DC 10V
VX 1 2 DC 0V
R1 2 3 1.1K
R2 3 4 2.2K
R3 3 0 3.3K
VY 4 0 DC 0V
.OP
.END

Output:

Dept of EEE 38 AGI

 10. NODAL ANALYSIS IN THE SUPER POSITION THEOREM CIRCUIT

Aim: To verify the Superposition Theorem with DC Input and finding the Current
using PSPICE software.

Apparatus required:

1. Personal Computer with PSPICE software installation.

Circuit Diagram :

P-Spice circuit:

Dept of EEE 39 AGI

Procedure:

1. Start the personal Computer and Open the Text Editor which is on the desktop.
2. For the above given circuit decide the node points for each component and also put a
dummy voltage source for the sake of measuring the current at nodes if necessary.
3. Write the program for the above ckt as given below
4. Save the file as .cir and close the file
5. Open the PSPICE AD , which is on the desk top and open the same file which is
saved by a name earlier in the Text editor.
6. You observe a dialog “Simulation completed successfully”
7. Open the file menu and Click the Examine out put.
8. You can observe the output.

PSPICE Program:
*SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
V1 1 0 DC 10V
VX 1 2 DC 0V
R1 2 3 1.1K
R2 3 5 2.2K
R3 3 4 3.3K
VY 4 0 DC 0V
VZ 5 6 DC 0V
V2 6 0 DC 15V
.OP
.END

Output :

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