Reviewer (Catalytic Cracking) Answer

a conversion process applied to a variety of feedstocks (gas

1 Catalytic Cracking
oil to heavy oil)

2 same as thermal cracking but only that it uses catalyst Catalytic Cracking

3 started in early 20th century; formally introduced in 1936 Catalytic Cracking

Batch reactor
4 Invented in 1915
catalytic cracking
Batch reactor
5 Used to produce distilllates
catalytic cracking
6 Catalyst used in Batch Reactor C.C. AlCl3
7 Process used to o produce Carbocation Alkane-electron
Ionic Chain
8 Type of reaction to crack long chains in Batch Reactors
Reaction
9 Invented in 1936 Houdry Process
10 Continuous feedstock flow with multiple fixed-bed catalysts Houdry Process
Clays, Natural
11 Catalyst used in Houdry Process alumina/silica
particles
Thermoform
catalytic cracking
12 Invented in 1942
and Fluid Catalytic
Cracking
Thermoform
13 Continuous feedstock flow with moving-bed catalysts
catalytic cracking
Synthetic
14 Catalyst used in Thermoform catalytic cracking Alumina/silica
particles
Thermoform
15 Has a higher thermal efficiency
catalytic cracking
Synthetic
Alumina/silica
16 Invented in 1965
particles and
zeolites
catalyst in the form of small lumps or pellets was made up
Fixed Bed Catalytic
17 in layers or beds in several catalyst-containing drums called
Cracking Process
converters.
Feedstock vaporized at about 450oC and less than 7 to 15
Fixed Bed Catalytic
18 psi pressure, and passed through one of the converters
Cracking Process
where the cracking reactions took place
This process have now generally been replaced by moving- Fixed Bed Catalytic
19
bed or fluid-bed processes Cracking Process
 This process is a widely used process and is characterized
by the use of a finely powdered catalyst that is moved Fluid Bed Catalytic
20
through the reactor and flow patterns may vary depending Cracking Process
upon the configuration of the reactor
The catalyst particles are of such a size that when aerated
Fluid Bed Catalytic
21 with air or hydrocarbon vapor, the catalyst behaves like a
Cracking Process
liquid and can be moved through pipes
In Fluid Bed Catalytic Cracking, the cracked vapors pass
through _____located in the top of the reaction chamber,
22 cyclones
and the catalyst powder is thrown out of the vapors by
centrifugal force.

cracked light and

heavy gas oils,
23 Produced in Fluid Bed Catalytic Cracking
cracked gasoline,
and cracked gases

1) Model IV FBCC,
2) Orthoflow FBCC,
24 4 Types of Fluid Bed Catalytic Cracking 3) Shell Two-Stage
FBCC, 4)Universal
Oils Products FBCC

This unit involves a procedure in which the catalyst is

Model IV Fluid Bed
transferred between the reactor and regenerator by means of
25 Catalytic Cracking
U bends and the catalyst flow rate can be carried in relation
Unit
to the amount of air injected into the spent-catalyst U bend.
Regeneration air, other than that used to control circulation, Model IV Fluid Bed
26 enters the regenerator through a grid, and the reactor and Catalytic Cracking
regenerator are mounted side by side Unit
This process uses the unitary vessel design, which provides Orthoflow Fluid-
27 a straight-line flow of catalyst and thereby minimizes the Bed Catalytic
erosion encountered in pipe bends. Cracking
28 Thre types od Commercial Orthoflow Designs Model A, B, and C
A commercial orthoflow design with the regenerator
29 Model A and C
beneath the reactor.
A commercial orthoflow design with the regenerator above
30 Model B
the reactor.
All designs of commercial orthoflow employ the ________ heat-balanced
31
incorporating fresh feed-recycle feed cracking. principle
Shell Two-Stage
This process was devised to permit greater flexibility in
32 Fluid Bed Catalytic
shifting product distribution when dictated by demand.
Cracking
 Feedstock is first contacted with cracking catalyst in a riser
Shell Two-Stage
reactor, that is, a pipe in which fluidized catalyst and
33 Fluid Bed Catalytic
vaporized feedstock flow concurrently upward, and the total
Cracking
contact time in this first stage is of the order of seconds.
High temperatures 470oC to 565oC, are employed to reduce Shell Two-Stage
34 undesirable coke deposits on catalyst without destruction of Fluid Bed Catalytic
gasoline by secondary cracking. Cracking
Other operating conditions in the first stage are a pressure of
Shell Two-Stage
16 psi and a catalyst-to-feedstock ration of 3:1 to 50L1, and
35 Fluid Bed Catalytic
volume conversion ranges between 20% and 70% have been
Cracking
recorded

Universal Oils
This process is adaptable to the needs of both large and Products (UOP)
36
small refineries. Fluid-Bed Catalytic
Cracking

(1) elimination of
the air riser with its
attendant large
expansion joints,
(2) elimination of
considerable
37 The 3 major distinguishing features of UOP FBCC. structural steel
supports,
(3) reduction of
regenerator and in
air-line size through
use of 15 to 18 psi
pressure operation.

cracking process in which the catalyst is continuously Moving Bed

38
cycled between the reactor and regenerator Catalytic Cracking
39 a reactor for catalyst reactivation Regenerator
an apparatus in which materials can be made to undergo a
40 Reactor
controlled reaction
41 something that is removed Purge
Sweet and Sour
42 Refers to the quality of natural gas upon its extraction.
Natural Gas
43 In its natural state be used with little purifying Sweet Natural Gas
contains enough sulfur in its natural state to make it
44 Sour Natural Gas
impractical to use without purifying.
 1) Airlift Thermofor
Catalytic Cracking
2) Houdresid
Catalytic Cracking
45 4 Types od Moving Bed Catalytic Cracking
3) Houdriflow
Catalytic Cracking
4) Suspensoid
Catalytic Cracking

Airlift Thermofor
46 A reactor-over-generator continuous process.
Catalytic Cracking
Used for conversion of heavy oils into lighter high-quality Airlift Thermofor
47
gasoline and middle distillate fuel oils. Catalytic Cracking
Airlift Thermofor
48 Flashing in a separator to obtain vapor feed
Catalytic Cracking
A process that uses a variation of the continuously moving Houdresid Catalytic
49
catalyst bed Cracking
Designed to obtain high yields of high-octane gasoline and Houdresid Catalytic
50
light distillate from reduced crude charge Cracking

residua, ranging
from atmospheric
residue to vacuum
51 Feedstock of Houdresid
residua including
residua high in
sulfur or nitrogen

Equipment employed is similar in many respects to that Houdresid Catalytic

52
used in Houdriflow units. Cracking
Novel process features modify or eliminate the adverse
Houdresid Catalytic
53 effects, and catalyst and product selectivity usually results
Cracking
when metals (nickel, copper) are present in the fuel.
Catalytic reactor and catalyst-regenerating kiln are
contained in a single vessel. Fresh feed plus recycled gas are Houdresid Catalytic
54
charged to the top of the unit in a partially vaporized state Cracking
and mixed with steam.
Employs an integrated single vessel for the reactor and Houdriflow
55
regeneration kiln. Catalytic Cracking

Sweet and sour

feedstock; can be
any fraction of the
56 Feedstock of Houdriflow
crude boiling
between naptha and
atmospheric residua

Was developed from the thermal cracking process carried Suspensoid

57
out in tube and tank units. Catalytic Cracing
 spent clay obtained
from the contact
58 Catalyst used in Suspensoid C.C.
filtration of
lubricating oils.
59 Cracking Temperature of Suspensoid C.C. 550 C to 610 C
60 Cracking Pressure of Suspensoid C.C. 200 psi to 500 psi
The process is actually a compromise between catalytic and Suspensoid
61
thermal cracking. Catalytic Cracing
The main effect of catalyst is to allow a higher cracking
Suspensoid
62 temperature and to assist mechanically in keeping coke from
Catalytic Cracing
accumulating on the walls off the tubes.
endothermic, heat is absorbed by the reaction, source of heat
63 Catalytic Cracking
is required.
important though undesirable products of cracking as it
64 Coke
forms on the surface and in the pores of the catalyst
regeneration of
65 coke is burned during _____.
catalyst

Conversion = 100 -
(LCO+HCO+CO)
where LCO – light
66 Conversion in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units. cycle oil
HCO- heavy cycle
oil
CO- clarified oil

67 Low conversion operation for maximum production of LCO 40% to 60%

High conversion operation for maximum production of
68 70% to 85%
gasoline production
conversion beyond this point reduces gasoline yield and
69 Overcracking Point
increases the yield of LPG
1) Reactor 2)
70 The 3 main components of a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit Stripper 3)
Regenerator
 1) Residuum
Fluidized Catalytic
Cracking
2)Asphalt Residual
Treating (ART)
Process
3) Residue Fluid
Catalytic Cracking
(RFCC) Process
71 Process Options for Heavy Feedstocks 4) Heavy Oil
Treating (HOT)
Process
5) R2R Process
6) Reduced Crude
Oil (RCC) Process
7) Shell FCC
Process
8) S&W Fluid
Catalytic Cracking

Whole crude,
residua from
72 Feed for Residuum Fluidized Catalytic Cracking distillation like
heavy gas oil or
asphaltic residue

silica-alumina based
catalysts with
73 Catalyst used in Residuum Fluidized Catalytic Cracking
support metals like
Mo, Co, Ni, and W.

high-octane gasoline
blending
74 Products of Residuum Fluidized Catalytic Cracking
components, gas,
light and heavy oils

it does not remove

sulfur and other
75 Disadvantage of Residuum Fluidized Catalytic Cracking
contaminants in the
product
Solution to the disadvantage of Residuum Fluidized
76 Hydrotreating
Catalytic Cracking
Is a process for increasing the production of transportation Asphalt Residual
77 fuel and reduces heavy fuel oil production, without Treating (ART)
hydrocracking. Process
 whole crude,
atmospheric
78 Feedstock for ART Process residuum, vacuum
residuum, or tar
sand bitumen
79 Catalyst for ART Process ArtCat
Adapted from FCC process for the conversion of residua Residue Fluid
80 that contain high amounts of metal and asphaltene Catalytic Cracking
constituents. Process

Desulfurized and
nonvolatile fraction
81 Feed of RFCC Process from the
hydrodesulfurization
unit

1. Good quality: <

5% by wt. carbon
residue, < 10ppm
metals
2. Medium quality:
> 5% but < 10% by
wt. carbon residue,
> 10ppm but <
Ratings of the feedstock based on carbon residue and metal 30ppm metals
82
content. 3. Poor quality: >
10% but < 20% by
wt. carbon residue,
> 30ppm but <
150ppm metals
4. Bad quality: >
20% by wt. carbon
residue, > 150ppm
metals

Process for upgrading heavy feedstocks such as topped

Heavy Oil Treating
83 crude oils, vacuum residua, and solvent deasphalted bottoms
(HOT) Process
using a fluidized
84 FCC process for conversion of heavy feedstock. R2R Process
Reduced Crude Oil
85 Feedtock is Residua + vacuum gas oil Conversion (RCC)
Process
S&W Fluid
Like the Shell FCC, This process is also designed to
86 Catalytic Cracking
maximize the production of distillates from residua.
Process
 Reviewer (Deasphalting) Answer

1) Deep Solvent
Deasphalting
Process
2) DEMEX
Process 3)
MDS Process
1 6 Deasphalting Process 4) Residuum Oil
Supercritical
Extraction (ROSE)
Process
5) Solvahl Process
6) Lube
Deasphalting

A chemical process that separates asphalt and other

2 Deasphalting
compounds from petroleum products.
Solvent
3 The most common deasphalting tactic.
Deasphalting
Atmospheric
Distillation
4 Feedstock for Solvent Deasphalting
residue, Vacuum
Distillation residue
Deasphalted Oil,
5 Product of Solvent Deasphalting Asphalt, Other
contaminants
Operating Temperature of Solvent Deasphalting if Propane is
6 82 C
used as solvent
Liquid Propane
7 Solvent used in Solvent Deasphalting
(C3H8)
is an acceptable feedstock for both fluid catalytic cracking
8 and, in some cases, hydrocracking to produce high quality Deasphalted Oil
low-boiling products (i.e Gasoline).
_____ can be further processed to produce high quality
9 DAO
lubricating oil.
10 Used for road construction. Asphalt
since it is the most
selective among
11 Why is Propane used as solvent? the light
hydrocarbons used
for deasphalting.
Temperature where , most hydrocarbons are soluble in
12 38 C to 65 C
propane, while asphaltic and resinous compounds are not.
 A technical improvement of the solvent Deasphalting process,
13 MDS Process
particularly effective of upgrading heavy crude oils.
Combined with hydrodesulfurization, the process is fully
14 applicable to the feed preparation for fluid catalytic cracking MDS Process
and hydrocracking.
capable of using a variety of feed stocks including
atmospheric and vacuum residua derived from various crude
15 MDS Process
oils , tar send bitumen and nonvolatile products from a
visbreaker.

Residuum Oil
a solvent deasphalting process with minimum energy
Supercritical
16 consumption using a super-critical solvent system and the
Extraction (ROSE)
process of value in obtaining oils for further processing.
Process
The process uses supercritical solvents and is a natural Residuum Oil
progression from propane deasphalting and allows the Supercritical
17
seperation of the residua into their base components for Extraction (ROSE)
recombination to optimum properties Process
asphaltene ,resin
18 Base components of residua and oil
constituents
19 is the substance which is obtained by vacuum distillation Vacuum Residue
20 – the output from deasphalter unit Deasphalted Oil
distillation residue of some bitumens that have asphalt-like
21 Asphaltenes
properties.
Solvent deasphalting process for application to vacuum
22 SOLVAHL Process
residua
Developed to give maximum yields of deasphalted oil while
23 SOLVAHL Process
eliminating asphaltenes and reducing metals content
24 Process vacuum residium into lube oil base stocks Lube Deasphalting

is most commonly used to remove asphaltene constituents Propane

25
and resins which contribute to the lube base stocks. Deasphalting

Uses baffle towers or rotating disks contactors to mix

26 Lube Deasphalting
propane with the feed.
used as deasphalting solvent and a mixture of phenol and
27 Propane
cresylic acids as extraction solvent
oil is treated under pressure with hydrogen in the presence of
28 Hydrogenation
a catalyst.
A separation process that represents a further step in the Solvent
29
minimization of residual byproduct fuel. Deasphalting
The process takes advantage of fact that maltenes are more
Solvent
30 soluble in light paraffinic solvents than asphaltene
Deasphalting
constituents.
 The process is best suited for the more paraffinic vacuum
residua with somewhat lower efficiency, when applied to high Solvent
31
asphaltene residua that contain high metals and coke forming Deasphalting
constituents.
Performs no
32 Advantages of Solvent Deasphalting
conversion
1) Produces a very
high viscosity by
product
deasphalter
33 Disadvanteges of Solvent Deasphalting
2) The process is
limited in the
quality of
feedstock.

1) Condensed
aromatic
hydrocarbons with
side chains up to
C30
2) Hetero-aromatic
compounds with
sulfur present in
benzothiophene
rings and nitrogen
Asphaltenes are complex hydrocarbons having the following in pyrrole and
34
components pyridine rings
3) Bi- or
polyfunctional
molecules with
nitrogen as amines,
amides, and
oxygen in groups
such as: ketones,
armides, phenols,
and carboxylic
acids

4) Metals nickel
and vanadium
complexed with
pyrrole nitrogen
atoms in porphyrin
ring structures
 constitute the fraction of asphalt which is soluble in n-alkane
35 Maltenes
solvent such as pentane and heptane
1) Contain smaller
molecular weight
versions of
asphaltenes called
"resins"
2) Contain
aromatic
hydrocarbons with
or without O, N
and S (also called
"first acidaffins")
3) Contain straight
36 Chemical characteristics of Maltenes chained or cyclic
unsaturated
hydrocarbons
called oleifins
(also called
"second
acidaffins")
4) Contain cyclic
saturated
hydrocarbons
known as
naphthenes (also
called "saturates")

5) Contain straight
or branch chain
saturated
hydrocarbons (also
37 "saturates"
6) Their molecules
are also known as
"naphthene-
aromatics"

A process for effecting a deep cut in a heavy hydrocarbon

Deep solvent
material without a decrease in the quality of the extracted oil
38 deasphalting
caused by the presence of undesirable entrained resinous
Process
bodies

It is a process in which we use low energy deasphalting

process that is used to extract high-quality lubricating oil Deep solvent
39 bright stock or prepare catalytic feeds, hydrocracking feeds, deasphalting
hydrodesulfurization unit feeds, and asphalt from vacuum Process
residue.
 Low energy deasphalting operations are usually carried out in Rotating Disc
40
_____. Contactor
provides more extraction stages than a mixer settler or baffle Rotating Disc
41
type column. Contactor
provides higher quality deasphalted oil at the same yield or Rotating Disc
42
higher at the same quality. Contactor
Low energy
solvent
43 extracts more paraffinic components from vacuum residua
deasphalting
process
a solvent extraction, demetallizing process that separates high
44 metal vacuum residuum into demetallized oil relatively low DEMEX Process
metal content and asphaltene of high metal content
is desirable for fixed-bed hydrodesulfurization and, in cases
where the metals content and carbon residue are sufficiently
45 Demetallized Oil
low, is a desirable feedstock for fluid catalytic cracking and
hydrocracking.

an extension of the propane deasphalting process and employ

less selective solvent to recover not only high quality oils but
46 DEMEX Process
also higher molecular weight constituents present in the
feedstock.
produced from crude oil consists primarily of long chain,
47 saturated hydrocarbons with carbon chain lengths of C18 to Paraffin Wax
C75+.
48 Carbon Chain Lengths of Paraffin Wax C18 to C75+
49 Individual Melting Point of paraffin wax 40 to 70°C
Macrocrystalline
50 Other term for Paraffin wax
wax
51 Carbon Chain Lengths of naphthenic hydrocarbons C18 to C36
Microcrystalline
52 Other term for napthenic Hydrocarbon
wax
lead to paraffin problems in production and transport Macrocrystalline
53
operations wax
microcrystalline waxes contribute the most to tank-bottom Microcrystalline
54
sludges wax
designed to remove wax from lubricating oils to give the
Solvent Dewaxing
55 product good fluidity characteristics at low temperatures
Process
(e.g., loW pour points) rather than from the whole crude oil.
 1) contain
microcrystalline or
paraffin waxes

2) Low fluidity at
56 Paraffinic Crude Oil Properties
low temperatures.
3) wax content was
so high that the
oils were solid at
room temperature.

1) contain a large
percentage of
cycloparaffins in
the heavy
components.
57 Napthenic Crude Oil Properties
2) high fluidity at
low temperatures.
Pour point of
3) 40degC to
78degC

light paraffin distillate oils are chilled to crystallize the Dewaxing by filter
58
paraffin wax and is separated by a filter press. press

naphtha, propane,
sulfur dioxide ,
acetone– benzene,
trichloroethylene,
ethylene
dichloride–
59 Solvents used ni Dewaxing benzene (Barisol),
methyl ethyl
ketone–benzene
( benzol ), methyl-
n-butyl ketone, and
methyl-n-propyl
ketone

waxy oil was mixed with naphtha and filter aid (Fuller’s Solvent Dewaxing
60
earth or diatomaceous earth) Process of 1924
The mixture was chilled and filtered, and the filter aid Solvent Dewaxing
61
assisted in building a wax cake on the filter cloth. Process of 1924
62 General Steps for Solvent Dewaxing (

63 Other types of Dewaxing 1

same as that used for solvent dewaxing with the omission of

the chilling stage and the insertion of a contactor, where the
64 U
feedstock and the urea (with a solvent) are thoroughly mixed
before filtration
65 The solvents are recovered from the dewaxed oil by ____. E
a grease-like material that is known in a refined form as
66 P
petroleum jelly.
67 Urea Dewaxing produces ___. Petrolatum

In this process, the reduced crude is dissolved in naphtha and Centrifuge

68
chilled to 18degC or lower, which causes the wax to separate. Dewaxing

Centrifuge
69 This process also separates petrolatum from reduced crude
Dewaxing
Is a hydrocracking process operated at 280 to 400degc and Catalytic
70
pressures 300 to 1500 psi Dewaxing
Mordenite Type
71 Catalyst employed to Catalytic Dewaxing
catalyst
has the correct pore structure to be selective for n-paraffin Mordenite Type
72
cracking catalyst
yields various grades of lube oils and fuel components Catalytic
73
suitable for extreme winter conditions. Dewaxing
the dewaxing results from isomerizing the linear paraffins to
74 branched paraffins by using a molecular sieve catalyst Isodewaxing
containing platinum
 waxy feedstock from a hydrocracker or hydrotreater, together
75 with the hydrogen-containing gas, is heated and fed to the Isodewaxing
isodewaxing reactor.
The conditions in the reactor cause isomerization of n-
paraffins to iso-paraffins, and other paraffins are cracked to
76 Isodewaxing
highly saturated low boiling products such as jet fuel and
diesel fuel.