ABSTRACT

In the last few years the pollution problems and the increase of the cost of fossil energy
(oil, gas) have become planetary problems. The car manufacturers started to react to the urban
pollution problems in nineties by commercializing the electric vehicle. But the battery weight
and cost problems were not solved. The batteries must provide energy and peaks power during
the transient states. These conditions are severe for the batteries. To decrease these severe
conditions, the super capacitors and batteries associate with a good power management present
a promising solution. Hybridization using batteries and super capacitors for transport
applications is needed when energy and power management are requested during the transient
sates and steady states. The multi boost and multi full bridge converters will be investigated
because of the high power

This paper presents super capacitors and battery association methodology for ECCE
Hybrid vehicle. ECCE is an experimental Hybrid Vehicle developed at L2ES Laboratory in
collaboration with the Research Center in Electrical Engineering and Electronics in Belfort
(CREEBEL) and other French partners. This test bench has currently lead-acid batteries with
a rated voltage of 540 V, two motors each one coupled with one alternator. The alternators are
feeding a DC-bus by rectifiers. The main objective of this paper is to study the management of
the energy provides by two super capacitor packs. Super capacitors are storage devices which
enable to supply the peaks of power to hybrid vehicle during the transient states. Each super
capacitors module is made of 108 cells with a maximum voltage of 270V. The multi boost and
multi full bridge converter topologies are studied to define the best topology for the embarked
power management. This method achieved a good power management strategy by using the
multi boost and the multi full bridge converter topologies.

I
 INDEX

Topic name: CONTENTS Page no.

ABSTRACT I

LIST OF FIGURES IV

LIST OF TABLES VI

ABREVATIONS VII

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 2 PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGY 4

2.1. The Photovoltaic Array 11

2.2. Mounting Structure 11

2.3. Tilt Angle and Orientation 12

2.4. Sun-Tracking/Concentrator Systems 14

2.5. Shading 14

2.6. The Photovoltaic System 15

2.7. System design 15

2.8. MPPT Control 17

CHAPTER 3 Multi-level Inverter 18

3.1. Advantages and Disadvantages of multi-level

converter 18

3.2. History of Multi-Level Inverters 19

3.2.1 Advantages 24

3.2.2. Disadvantages 25

3.3. Diode-Clamped (DC) Topology 26

II
 3.4. Flying Capacitor (FC) topology 27

3.5. Other multi-level topologies 29

3.6. FACTS 30

3.6.1. Shunt devices 32

3.6.2. Statcom 32

CHAPTER 4 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND

POWER FLOW ANALYSIS 35

4.1. System Configuration 35

4.1.1. Power Flow Analysis 37

4.2. Control System Design 39

4.2.1. CF-DAB DC–DC Converters Control 39

4.2.2. Cascaded Multilevel Inverter Control 39

4.2.3. Active and Reactive Components

Extraction 41

4.2.4. Voltage Distribution and Synthesization 43

CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION RESULTS 44

CONCLUSION 47

FUTURE SCOPE 48

REFERENCES 49

III
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. DESCRIPTION Page No.

2.1. Solar Cell 5

2.2. Electrical connection of the cells 9

2.3. Series connection of cells with resulting current–voltage

characteristic 10

2.4. Parallel connection of cells, with resulting current–voltage

Characteristic 11

2.5. Percentage variation of annual sunlight levels as a function of tilt

Angle and azimuth angle 13

2.6. Percentage variation of annual sunlight levels as a function of tilt

Angle and azimuth angle 16

2.7. Schematic diagram of grid-connected photovoltaic system 16

2.8. Schematic diagram of hybrid system incorporating a photovoltaic

Array and a motor generator (e.g. diesel or wind) 17

3.1. Single-phase structure of a multilevel cascaded H-bridges inverter 22

3.1. Single-phase structure of a multilevel cascaded H-bridges inverter 22

3.3. Three-phase wye-connection structure for electric vehicle motor

Drive and battery Charging 24

3.4. Cascaded multilevel converter with transformers using standard

three-phase bi-level converters 25

3.5. Single-phase 3-level and 5-level DC topology 25

3.5. Single-phase 3-level and 5-level FC topology 25

3.6. Classification of multi-level voltage source converters 30

IV
3.7. Statcom structure and voltage / current characteristic 32

3.8. Six pulses Statcom 33

3.9. Statcom equivalent circuit 34

4.1. Proposed grid-connected PV system with cascaded multilevel

Converters at 3 MW 35

4.2. Vector diagrams showing relation between αβ frame, dq frame,

And dq_ frame. (a) The relationship between the grid current,

grid voltage, and inverter output voltage in phase a. (b) The voltage

distribution of PV inverter in phase a. 36

4.3. Proposed control system of the grid-connected cascaded PV converters

in phase a. (a) CF-DAB dc–dc converters control of one unit in

module 1. (b) Cascaded multilevel inverters control 40

4.4. Proposed voltage distribution and synthesization of the cascaded PV

inverters in phase a 42

4.5. Equivalent switching function model of the cascaded PV system

in phase a. 43

5.1. Simulink model diagram 44

5.2. Instantaneous active and reactive power 45

5.3. Real and Reactive power output 45

5.4. Current and Voltage Waveforms 46

V
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Name Page No.

3.1. Switching table for the 5-level DC topology 27

3.2. Switching table for the 5-level FC topology 29

4.1. System Circuit Parameters In Simulation 37

VI
 ABBREVATIONS
PV Photo Voltaic

MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracker

STATCOM STAtic COMpensator

CF-DAB Current-fed Dual-active-bridge

INC Incremental Conductance

CV Constant Voltage

GTO Gate Turn-off Thyristor

PWM Pulse Width Modulation

EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility

CM Common Mode

SPWM Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

SVM Space Vector Modulation

SHE Selective Harmonic Elimination

THD Total Harmonic Distortion

NPC Neutral Point Clamped

FC Flying-Capacitor

CHB Cascaded H-bridge

CPWM Carrier-based Pulse Width Modulation

SHE Selective Harmonic Elimination

OHSW Optimized Harmonic Stepped Waveform

SDCS Separate DC Source

Vdc DC Voltage

Var Volt ampere reactive

VII
DC Diode-Clamped

NPC Neutral-Point Clamped

HC Hybrid-Clamped

TCC Transistor-Clamped Converter

MMC Modular Multi-level Converter

IGBT Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor

IGCT Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor

PLL Phase-Locked Loop

V Voltage
I Current
P.F. Power factor
R Resistor
L Inductor
R Transmission ratio
N Number of pole pairs
F Frequency of grid
r.p. Rotational power
N Speed
Q Reactive power
Ω Angular frequency
Z Impedence
Y Admittence

VIII