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22.1 INTRODUCTION
Although it is known that vector insects and rodents can transmit various
pathogenic agents (amoebic and bacillary dysentery, typhoid fever, salmonellosis,
various parasites, cholera, yellow fever, plague and others), it is often difficult to
trace the effects of such transmission to a specific population.
During the last decade of the 19th century as well as during the 5 initial
years of 20th century, millions of people died due to Bubonic Plague in India,
which had linkages to poor management of Solid Waste. More recently a study by
the US Public Health Service has demonstrated the relationship of 22 human
diseases to improper solid waste management 6.
Municipal
Solid Waste
Exposure
External Exposure
Absorbed Dose
Health Effects
Subclinical Effects
Morbidity
Mortality
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
Combustible gases will be generated from waste tips for more than 20 years
and these travel under roads and through ducts to create a hazard in buildings and
land fill sites.
AESTHETICS ASPECTS
Domestic rats, birds and other scavenging animals act as reservoirs for
many organisms transmissible to people, including plague, forms of typhus,
leptospirosis, trichinosis, psittacosis, salmonella infection and bovine
tuberculosis.
1. Pre-project;
2. Implementation/Construction;
3. Early Operation;
4. Late Operation (after 10 years)
5. Closing and final treatment of the site.
Although health must be viewed in its totality, for the purposes of impact
assessment, it is necessary to consider specific hazards and their components. The
process of assessment consists of ranking these as likely to increase or decrease in
magnitude as a result of improper or proper management of municipal solid waste.
The economic cost of the change in health hazard may be viewed as the additional
cost of restoring to their previous state of health all the concerned individuals who
succumb to the additional hazard, plus the loss of production and productivity.
After the project officer has expressed a concern about environmental and
health impacts, an initial environment impact statement and initial health
examination, or rapid appraisal, is required to classify the health impacts
according to Table 22.3.
Table 22-3: Health Impact Classification
Classification Interpretation
A Significant environmental and health impacts,
mitigation difficult or requires special budget
• Rank the change in health risks attributable to the project for a range of
health hazards;
• Consider possible mitigation measures;
• Rank the possible mitigation measures by cost, practicality and
acceptability.
CHECKLIST
Hot, humid and moist environment is congenial for most of the disease
causing organisms. Various components like air, water, land, noise and socio-
economic are considered during environmental and health impact studies.
1. Temperature;
2. Rainfall;
3. Humidity;
4. Wind (speed and direction);
5. Air quality;
6. Water quality;
7. Physical and chemical properties of soil; (particularly for minimising
leaching from landfill sites, soil-microbe activities for composting)
8. Land use
9. Noise
10. Aesthetics
CHECKLIST
CHECKLIST
At this stage project can be classed into the categories listed in Table
22.5.1 keeping in view proportional contribution of field parameters and matrix
list in Table 22.2.1.
The project officer must decide whether a full environment and health
impact assessment (EHIA) requiring the service of a specialist consultant, is
necessary. The decision will depend on the available experience and expertise
within the responsible agency.
Each mitigation measure on the list should be roughly classified in terms of:
22.6.2 Scope
1. Initial Screening
2. Scope
3. Collection Baseline Data
4. Identification of Impact
5. Prediction of Impact
6. Evaluation of Impact
a) Primary
b) Secondary
Introduction
This states the purpose of the terms of reference, the type of project to be
assessed, and the implementing arrangements for the environmental and health
impact assessment.
Background Information
This provides a brief project description with the objectives, the status and
timetable, and the project proponent. Related projects within the region must be
identified.
Objectives
This states the general as well as specific objectives of the environmental
and health impact assessment in relation to the project preparatory activities such
as feasibility studies (planning, design and execution, operation and maintenance).
Environmental Requirements
This section identifies regulations and guidelines that will govern the
assessment such as operational directives, municipal, state, national laws or
regulations, and specific regulations of other funding organizations involved in the
project. The requirement for health impact studies should be included in the EIA
regulations.
Study Area
This specifies the boundaries of the study area for the assessment. It should
include the human communities downstream and downwind of the project. The
EHIA boundaries could go beyond the EIA boundaries, which are usually the
watershed or airshed.
Scope of Work
The health hazards and communities that require particular attention are
obtained from the Summary Table 22.4. The consultant could be asked to refine
the scope of work for contracting agency review and approval. Other agencies
may be invited to comment and public meetings be held.
The consultant will assess the health risk associated with each
environmental & health hazard at each activity. The assessment will include the
following considerations:
Community Vulnerability
Environmental Factors
Consultant Requirements
This will specify the total period of the study, staff-months of experts, dates
for consultation, periodic reports and other target dates.
Other Information
The output from an EHIA will be EHIA Statement. This should be modeled
on the Initial Health Examination. It should include a Summary Table similar to
Table 22.4. This table should be supported by an explanation of each item.
• It is preferable that the container and bins used for collection of waste
should be of closed type so that the waste is not exposed and thus the
possibility of spreading of disease through files and mosquitoes is
minimised
• Collection system should be properly supervised so that quick and regular
removal of waste from the dustbin is practised
• The workers directly involved in collection and disposal activities should
be provided with goggles, gum boots, hand gloves, mask, etc.
• Soil cover should be applied over the compacted waste at the disposal site.
The cover will prevent breeding of disease vectors and escape of gases of
decomposition; minimise leaching, suppress foul odour, and provide better
aesthetics
• Regular monitoring of carbon monoxide, methane and hydrogen sulphide
should be carried out to check the emissions of such pollutants
• Open burning of waste should be discouraged
• Arrangement should be made for biogas recovery at the landfill site. The
gases can be flared or utilised
• Piped water supply should be provided at the site for sprinkling of water to
keep down the dust and for fire-fighting
• Continuous monitoring of ground water quality adjoining the landfill site
should be carried out
• The surface water run-off should be collected and safely treated and
disposed off. This will prevent accumulation of water and avoid breeding of
flies, mosquitoes
• Liners should be provided at the landfill site
• Leachate collection and treatment system should be provided at the landfill
site
• Tree plantation on the completed section of the landfill site as well as
around the landfill site should be carried out to reduce the dust emission
and minimise adverse aesthetic impact. It will also help in minimising noise
level in the surrounding
• Necessary first aid facilities should be provided to the working staff
Table 22-6 indicates some of the actions and concerns that should be
addressed during each project stage. The objective is to alert the development
planner to issues that should be addressed at each project stage.
Project Stage Surveillance and monitoring Health service provision Safety provision and Obtaining advice
preventive measures from the health
sector about:
Location Site specific health hazards, general Access to health services Settlement siting Disease foci, vector
health status of local communities, biology
most common causes of morbidity and
mortality, location and functioning of
health services
Planning and Improve routine health service Health centre, trained personnel, OHS planning, traffic Communicable disease
design surveillance by retraining health drug supply, equipment routing, environmental control, environmental
information system, laboratory maintenance , housing for health management management for vector
services workers, casualty/ emergency unit control, environmental
as appropriate manipulation,
environmental health
Construction OHS monitoring, environmental STD clinic, distribution of Safety measures consistent Communicable disease
health, water supply, sanitary system, condoms, health training casualty/ with local economy, OHS control, environmental
drug supply, vector monitoring emergency unit, vector and other training, traffic routing health
communicable disease control
Operation Routine medical examination, action Health education, immunization, Safety measures consistent Communicable disease
oriented disease trend analysis, child obstetrics, training traditional with local economy, OHS control, environmental
growth monitoring, OHS monitoring, health workers, food supplement implementation management for vector
infant mortality monitoring, vector programme, casualty/ emergency environmental management control, environmental
monitoring, casualty rates unit, access to health service manipulation,
outside working hours, vector and environmental health,
other communicable disease human behaviour
control modification
Opportunities for Health information system, diagnostic/ Healthy workforce is more Safer working methods, Intersectoral
project laboratory services productive and vice versa training, injury collaboration
enhancement compensation
22.8.3 Risk to Human Life and Property
22.9.1 The public should be made aware on the following aspects for
environment and health surveillance:
Generally there has been a tendency to set up curative services to deal with
problems created by a development project instead of setting in place appropriate
preventive strategies as an integral part of the original development as has been
amply demonstrated in the major development projects like irrigation and
industrial projects which have propensity for creating malariogenic conditions. It
is, therefore, recommended that generally about 1% of the project investment on
MSWM may be considered for environmental and health impact assessment of
municipal solid management.