CENTRE OF DIPLOMA STUDIES

ELECTRICAL INTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT

INDIVIDUAL PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE PROJECT

DAE 21402

1)MUHAMMAD FIKRI BIN ABDULLAH ( SECTION 4)

NAME
2)MUHAMMAD FITRI BIN ZULKIFLI ( SECTION 3)
1)AA171078
MATRIC NO.
2)AA170155

TOPIC LIGHT SENSOR CIRCUIT

LECTURER’S NAME MDM FAUZIAH BINTI ABDULLAH

SUBMISSION DATE 8 AUGUST 2018

SIGNATURE:

……………………………………………
INTRODUCTION

This report was developed to provide instruction on simulating and producing the light sensor
circuit using software of Multisim. The report should be used as a general guideline, but it
should also be recognized that different situations will require modifications to these
guidelines. This report provided project planning and log report for 5 weeks.
The report would also explain on how we use many software to solving circuit problem such
as Multisim. Multisim help us to create and solving circuit based on the reference circuit that
been provided by lecturer. So, we can successfully finished this report before the submission
date. This report also provided project planning and log report for 5 weeks.
1. Components List

No. Components / Item Value Quantity

1 Resistor, R1 10 K 1
2 Resistor, R2, R3 1.2 K 2
3 Resistor, R4 100 Ω 1
4 Ceramic Capacitor, C1 0.1 μF (104) @ 100 nF 1
5 Electrolytic Capacitor, C2 1 μF 1
6 Potentiometer, VR1 22 K 1
7 LDR (non-polarity) - 1
8 IC 555 Timer (8 pin) 1
9 NPN Transistor, Q1 9013 (NPN) 1
10 LED 1, LED 2, LED 3 Super Bright) 3
11 Strip board - 1
12 Single core wires: red, black, blue 1 meter each
13 Multi core wires: red, black 1 meter each
14 Solder lead (timah) 1 meter
15 Electronics Soldering iron 15 W – 30 W
16 Battery, PPC 9V 1 unit
LIGHT SENSOR CIRCUIT / SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
TABLE of RESULTS:

Table1: Electric quantity to be measured

Test DC DC
DC DC Ohm
point to Ammet Ohmmet Ammet
N Voltmet Voltmet meter Not
be er er er % error
o er er Readi e
measur Readin Reading Readin
Reading Reading ng
ed g g
Simulation
Actual (Theoretical /
(Measured/Practical)
Reference) Values
Value
V at pin
1 200 mV X X 709.1m X X -71.7%
2 IC1
V
V at pin
2 8.5V X X 8.9328V X X -5.09%
3 IC1
V at pin
3 9V X X 9V X X 0%
4 IC1
V at pin
4 6V X X 6V X X 0%
5 IC1
V at pin
5 8V X X 9V X X -12.5%
6 IC1
V
6 across 30 mV X X 83.33m X X -177%
R2 V
V
7 across 8V X X X X -11.6%
8.9328V
R3
V
8 across 0.7 V X X X X 93.8%
0.0434V
R4
VBC of
9 0.7 V X X 822.17m X X -14.3%
Q1
V
1 VBE of
0.7 V X X 865.6m X X -23.6%
0 Q1
V
1
VLED1 2V X X 2.18V X X -9%
1
V
across
anode
1
LED 3 7V X X 6.72V X X 4%
2
and
cathode
LED 1
 I flow
through
1 R2 302.9µ
X 400 µA X X X 24.28%
3 when A
all LED
off
I flow
through
1 R2
X 1 0 µA X X 9.66µA X 3.4%
4 when
all LED
on
I flow
through
-
1 R3
X 0A X X 68.25n X 0%
5 when
A
all LED
off
I flow
through
1 R3 6.723m -
X 6 mA X X X
6 when A 12.05%
all LED
on
I flow
through
-
1 R4
X 0A X X 69.66n X 0%
7 when
A
all LED
off
I flow
through
-
1 R4
X 1 0 mA X X 21.44m X 314%
8 when
A
all LED
on
R of
LDR
1 34.89
when X X 50 K X X 30.2%
9 K
fully
dark
R of
LDR
20 when X X 2K X X 1.3K 35%
fully
bright
QUESTION (5%)
1. Give three reasons why an error exists during measurement activities. (5 marks)

 Firstly is measurement location errors. Means that the instrument making the
measurement was not placed in an optimal location.
 The second reason is when the calibration error. Means that the value that indicate by
an instrument and those are actual are different.
 The third reason is operator error. Means the reading a dial or display is wrong and
sometimes can be more complicated.

2. Give two reasons why there are differences between theoretical and practical
values.(5m)

 Theoretical values are ideal (mathematical, philosophical).

 Then practical values are often observables (or based on such) and depend on certain
compromises or limitations (for example experimental) in the practical world that will
influence the result in certain ways. This applies for moral as well as math. There a
difference between the calculated value and the measured values.

3. Do three comparisons between theoretical and practical values. (5 marks)

Theoretical Values
calculated for ideal conditions
can change the value if there is any
correction on the value
based on our calculation on paper
Practical Values
Practically ideal condition does not
exists(practical value are always less then
theoretical value)
the electronic component such as
transistor will tolerance
based on our practical on the lab activities
 4. Give three examples in real situation if an error of electronics equipment’s or
systems is greater than 20% it will create danger situation to the public or
wasting a lot of money to the organization if it is still being used for operational
or exercises purposes.(5marks)

• First example people in this era usually used some of the component over its ability on
operate and connect more connection on a power supply socket.

• Secondly is organization use the old technology for the operational exercises which is less
efficient than the latest technology that make the organization waste a lot of money for long
term.

• Lastly is fire alarm will not work properly because of there is an error of electronics that
bring alarm will not warn people when the fire occur.

5. With the aid of suitable diagram, briefly explain how to measure:-

a) DC Voltages using DC Voltmeter.

 Firstly, set the multimeter to operate as a dc voltmeter by placing the function

switch in either of two position, -DC or +DC. The setting of the range switch
determines the maximum value represented on the meter. When measuring dc
voltages. Then use the scale marked DC. The last number at the extreme right side
of scale of the DC scale indicates the maximum value of the range being used.
Lastly, use the multiple of the full-scale-deflection digits on the meter face that
correspond to the numbers on the range switch.
b) DC Current using DC Ammeter

•Firstly turn the knob on the DCA section. Then, choose the current rating. The meter will
display current both rating. Then connect the testing leads to the current measurement setting.
Turn on the multimeter. The result will be the multimeter will display the current in the
current as shown.

6. State the function for each of the following components in the project circuit:

a. LDR (light dependent resistor) [3 marks]

A transducer which converts brightness (light) to resistance (an electrical property).

b. IC 555 timer. [2 marks]

The 555 timer which is used together with a light dependent resistor to make the switches on
a lamp when the environments turn dark.

c. Transistor, Q1. [2marks]

A transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other components to make an amplifier or
switching circuit.

d. Potentiometer, VR1. [2 marks]

Potentiometer are rarely used to directly control significant power since the power dissipated
in the potentiometer would be comparable to the power in the controlled load.

e. Capacitor, C1. [2 marks]

A capacitor stores electric charge. This type must be connected the correct way round. A
capacitor is used with a resistor in a timing circuit. It can also be used as a filter, to block DC
signals but pass AC signals.
f&g. Resistors, R1&R4 [4 marks]

 Restricts the flow of current for an example to limit the current passing through an
LED.
 Used with a capacitor in a timing circuit.
 To make sure LED does not burn for example.
 Only required below 5V to run this circuit.

7. Give 5-example of applications of LDR in commercial circuits. [5 marks]

 Cameras shutter control and flash control.

 Automatic Streets Light. The LDR turn on light at a certain light level..
 For mobile phones for auto brightness and flash.
 To measure, approximately, the irradiance incident on Photovotaic (PV) array
 Mobile camera get auto flash using LDR.
 LOG REPORT

Dept/Faculty : CeDS
Programme : 1 DAE
Course : DAE 21402– Electric Instrumentation & Measurement
Name : 1)MUHAMMAD FIKRI BIN ABDULLAH ( SECTION 4)
2)MUHAMMAD FITRI BIN ZULKIFLI ( SECTION 3)

Lecture Week Day/Date/Time/ Location and Activities Note

& Total Hours Duration
31/7/2018 Hostel, Bilik A, B205, Blok A13, UTHM, Pagoh.
3.00pm – 3.30pm Read and understand the project instruction.
30 minutes
2
1/8/2018 Hostel, Bilik A, B106, Blok A13, UTHM, Pagoh.
(4 hours) 4.00pm – 6.00pm Preparing introduction report
2 hours Reference:
https://writing.colostate.edu/guides/documents/eel
ab/
Study light sensor from slide provided by lecturer.
2/8/2018
9.30pm – 11.00pm
Hostel, Bilik A, B205, Blok A13, UTHM, Pagoh.
1h 30m
Study light Sensor from internet.
Ref: www.lightsensortechnology.com/

3/8/18 Hostel, Bilik A, B106, Blok A13, UTHM, Pagoh. Suspect

ed
3 9.00pm – 1.00pm Doing simulation, test run the circuit.
might
(4 hours) 4 hours Troubleshoot the circuit. use the
wrong
Measured all the electric quantity to be measured. type of
compon
ent
 4/8/2018 Hostel, Bilik A, B106, Blok A13, UTHM, Pagoh. Test of
the
4 9.30pm-12.30a.m Run the circuit and getting the equation and value
circuit
from the circuit.
(3 hours) 3 hours is
Try and error. The circuit is completed but unsucce
simulation is failed (the value is not as the ssful.
expected value)
5/8/2018 Hostel, Bilik A, B102, Blok A13, UTHM, Pagoh.
5 10.00p.m-11.00p.m As the circuit brought to failed, the discussion has
already decide to re-construct the circuit
(1 hour) 1 hours
7/8/2018 2nd floor, library UTHM Pagoh.
8.00pm – 9.00pm Answer all the question of the project.
6 Check the overall report and binding.
(1 hours)

7 8/8/2018 – Hostel, Bilik A, B106, Blok A13, UTHM, Pagoh. Test of

9/8/2018 the
(2 hours) Doing simulation, test run the circuit.
circuit
9.00pm – 10.00pm
The simulation’s work. is
2.00am–3.00am successf
Measured all the electric quantity to be measured. ul.
Project accomplished. Record all the theoretical
results in simulation column of Table 1.

Overall Working hours: 23 Hrs 45 min

Sign:…………………………..

Date: ………………………….
 PROJECT PLANNING

Project Title: SIMULATION OF LIGHT SENSOR CIRCUIT

Date of commencement:31/72018

Date of completion:6/8/2018

Week
No Project Activities
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 Project briefing & instruction by Puan Fauziah X
2 Learn & practice software cadence SPB 16.5
X X
from Mdm Fauziah
3 Study & investigate the light sensor circuit. X X
4 Draw, locate & label the components of the
X X
circuit using software cadence SPB.
5 Simulate, test run & troubleshoot the circuit. X X X X X X
6 Measure & record the circuit X
7 Answer the question X
8 Log report writing. X X X X X
9 Prepare project planning X X
10 Print the report X
11 Submit the report X

Signature :

Name : 1)MUHAMMAD FIKRI BIN ABDULLAH ( SECTION 4)

2)MUHAMMAD FITRI BIN ZULKIFLI ( SECTION 3)
Matrix No : 1)AA171078
2)AA170155
Date :