Operational Category

Substructure OC-II OC-III

OC-I (Critical) (Essential) (Others)

Wall-type piers – larger dimension 1.5 1.5 2.0

Reinforced concrete pile bents
(Vertical piles only) 1.5 2.0 3.0
Reinforced concrete pile bents
(With batter piles) 1.5 1.5 2.0

Steel pile bents (Vertical piles only) 1.5 3.5 5.0

Steel pile bents (With batter piles) 1.5 2.0 3.0

Composite steel and concrete pile
bents (Vertical piles only) 1.5 3.5 5.0
Composite steel and concrete bents
(With batter piles) 1.5 2.0 3.0
Single columns 1.5 2.0 3.0
Multiple column bents 1.5 3.5 5.0

Connection All Operational Categories

Superstructure to abutment 0.8

Expansion joints within a span of
the superstructure 0.8
Columns, piers, or pile bents to cap
beams or superstructure 1.0
Columns or piers to foundations 1.0

Ground Type Peak Ground Acceleration Coefficient (PGA)

(Site Class) PGA ≤ 0.10 PGA = 0.20 PGA = 0.30 PGA = 0.40 PGA = 0.50
I 1.2 1.2 1.1 1 1
II 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.9
III 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.8

Ground Type Spectral Acceleration Coefficient at Period 0.2 sec (S S)

(Site Class) SS ≤ 0.25 SS = 0.50 SS = 0.75 SS = 1.00 SS = 1.25
I 1.2 1.2 1.1 1 1
II 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.9
III 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.8

Ground Type Spectral Acceleration Coefficient at Period 1.0 sec (S1)

(Site Class) S1 ≤ 0.10 S1= 0.20 S1= 0.30 S1= 0.40 S1 = 0.50
I 1.2 1.2 1.1 1 1
II 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.9
III 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.8
 Acceleration Coefficient, SD1 Seismic Performance
Zone

SD1 ≤ 0.15 1
0.15 < SD1 ≤ 0.30 2
0.30 < SD1 ≤ 0.50 3
SD1 > 0.50 4

Structure Type Directionality Factor, Kd

Main Wind Force Resisting Syste 0.85
Components and Claddings 0.85
Arched Roofs 0.85
Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Stru 0.9
Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Stru 0.95
Chimneys, Tanks, and Similar Stru 0.95
Solid Fereestanding Walls and Sol 0.85
Open Signs and Latticed Framewo 0.85
Trussed Towers (Triangular, Squar 0.85
Trussed Towers (Other Cross Secti 0.95

Surface Roughness B: Urban, suburban, and wooded areas

Surface Roughness C: Open yerrain (flat open country and grasslands)
Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas, and water surfaces

Height above ground level, z Exposure

(meters) B C D
4.5 0.572 0.846 1.027
6 0.621 0.899 1.080
7.5 0.662 0.942 1.123
9 0.697 0.979 1.159
12 0.757 1.040 1.218
15 0.807 1.090 1.267
18 0.850 1.133 1.307
21 0.888 1.170 1.343
24 0.923 1.204 1.375
27 0.955 1.234 1.403
30 0.984 1.261 1.429
36 1.036 1.311 1.475
42 1.083 1.354 1.515
48 1.125 1.393 1.551
54 1.164 1.428 1.583
60 1.199 1.460 1.612
 75 1.278 1.530 1.676
90 1.347 1.590 1.730
105 1.407 1.642 1.777
120 1.462 1.689 1.819
135 1.512 1.731 1.856
150 1.558 1.770 1.891

Exposure α zg
B 7 365.76
C 9.5 274.32
D 11.5 213.36

h/D
Cross-Section Type of Surface
1 7 25
Square (wind normal to face) All 1.3 1.4 2.0
Square (wind along diagonal) All 1.0 1.1 1.5
Hexagonal or Octagonal All 1.0 1.2 1.4
Moderately Smooth 0.5 0.6 0.7
Round (D√qz > 2.5) Rough (D'/D = 0.02) 0.7 0.8 0.9
Very Rough (D'/D = 0.08) 0.8 1.0 1.2
Round (D√qz ≤ 2.5) All 0.7 0.8 1.2

Depth, m kh, kPa/m

0-2 400
2-7.5 7100
7.5-9 12400
9-12 30000
15-20 43800
20-24 55000
24-30 81000
 PGA ≥ 0.80
1
0.85
0.75

(S S)
SS ≥ 2.0
1
0.85
0.75

(S 1)
S1 ≥ 0.80
1
0.85
0.75