ENERGI TERBARUKAN 5 –

HIDRO – ASPEK TEKNIS

PENGELOLAAN ENERGI TERBARUKAN
ISMU RINI DWI ARI
SUBSTANSI

1. FACTS & FIGURES

2. HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
3. LOCATION SITE & TYPES
4. THREE BIGGEST DAMS IN THE WORLD
5. ADVANTAGES & DIS-ADVANTAGES
1. FACTS & FIGURES
Definitions (Renewable Working Group, September 10, 2002, Nancy Carlisle, NRL)

• Renewable energy means electric energy generated from solar,

wind, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells, municipal solid waste, or
additional hydroelectric generating capacity achieved from
increased efficiency or additions of new capacity.

• Unconventional and renewable energy* includes renewable

energy sources, hydrogen, fuel cells, cogeneration combined
heat and power, heat recovery & distributed generation.

* Renewable energy includes solar, wind, geothermal,

hydroelectric, or biomass power
Src: International Energy Agency, Renewables in Global Energy Supply, Feb 2016
Renewable Energy as Share of
Total Primary Energy
Consumption, 2011
Overall, Developing Asia is projected to account for 42% of the increase in world primary energy
demand between 2002 and 2030.
Specifically on oil within Asia, there is a sharp difference between IEA countries (Japan, Korea,
New Zealand and Australia) whose oil demand growth has been relatively flat over the last decade
and emerging economies outside the IEA (India, China and larger ASEAN nations) show in red.
Demand is actually edging lower in Japan, although lately there has been a temporary reversal in
that trend due to short-term fuel switching into oil for power generation.
Source: William C. Ramsay (Deputy Executive Director International Energy Agency, Paris), 2005
HYDROPOWER facts and figures

• Today, hydropower provides about 19% (2,650TWh/yr) of the

world’s electricity supply;
• The remaining economically exploitable potential is 5,400 TWh per
year, about 90% of which is in developing countries;
• In rich counties, over 70% of economically-viable hydropower is
developed.
• In the private power boom of the early 1990s, hydropower only
accounted for about 2.5% of the capacity developed.
 WATER STORAGE - INVESTMENT GAPS
COUNTRY Additional Storage Storage investments Storage investments Period needed at 105
needed per person required per person required (US$ current GDP investment
(m3) (US$) Billion) per year (Years)
Lesotho 751 939 1.7 22
Namibia 542 678 1.3 4
Nigeria 402 503 67.3 16
Ethiopia 555 694 46.2 72
Kenya 307 384 12.1 12
Tanzania 610 763 27.4 30
Uganda 511 639 17.9 29
Burkina Faso 152 190 2.5 11
Senegal 683 854 9.9 20
Algeria 239 299 9.8 2
Morocco 128 160 5.1 2
2. HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
water.usgs.gov
www.slideshare.net
etrical.wordpress.com
petcorenergy.com.ph
4. LOCATION SITE & TYPES
Factors Affecting the Location of
Hydroelectric Power Plant Dams
• The dam or water reservoir is a crucial part of the hydroelectric power plants.
• Water stored in the dams is used for generating electricity in hydrocele
• The dam also called as water reservoir is the most important part of the
hydroelectric power plants. All the water that is used for generation of
electricity in the hydroelectric power plants is stored in the dam.
• Since huge quantities of water are stored in the dam, it is very important that
the bed and walls of the dam should be able to sustain all the hydraulic
pressures of water. Water has mass and large quantities of water have huge
weight which is exerted on the bed and the walls of the dam. If the walls of the
dam are not strong enough to sustain the forces of water, the walls will break
and water will spread to the surrounding areas producing devastating floods
that have potential to cause large scale destruction of human, animal and plant
life.

written by: Haresh Khemani • edited by: Lamar Stonecypher • updated: 9/30/2008
Factors Affecting the Selection of Site for
Dams
Apart from the construction of the dam, selecting proper site for the
dam is very crucial. Selecting the proper site will help carrying out
construction of the strong dam and it will also help reduce risks due
to natural disasters like earth quake.
1) Good topographical location along the path of river:
The best location along the path of the river is river canyon or at the
location where there is narrowing of the river.
If the aim is to store maximum amount of water, then the volume of
basin above dam should be calculated so that sufficient quantity of
water can be stored in it.
The perfect site is one where there is wide and flat valley.
Factors Affecting the Selection of Site for
Dams

2) Right geological structure:

The rock structure on which the dam will be constructed should be:
 strong enough to sustain the weight of dam and water stored in
the dam.
 able to sustain all the visible and invisible forces.
 stable and there should be least occurrence of the earthquakes in
the region.
 should not allow the seepage of water and it should be
waterproof.
Factors Affecting the Selection of Site for
Dams
3) Sufficient water is available:
The flow of water where dam is constructed should be sufficient enough
to fill the dam.
There is lots of loss of water from dam due to evaporation, the flow of
river water should be able accommodate this loss of water without
affecting the production of electricity from the hydroelectric power plant.

People living around the areas where storage basin is going to be

constructed and the areas that will be submerged should be convinced to
move from there and they should be given proper compensation and
suitable resettlement areas. If this factor is ignored the chances of the
success of the hydroelectric power plant will reduced.
Types of Dams

1) Gravity dams:
The gravity dams are the ones which are supported completely on
the bed of the rock. In these types of dams, since there is huge
quantity of water in the dams, it exerts excessively high hydraulic
pressures on bed of the dam. Thus gravity dams can be constructed
only in the places where there is strong structure of the rock so that
it can sustain all the forces. Further, this rock structure should be
able to prevent the seepage of water. This structure should be
earthquake proof so that even in case of occurrence of natural
disaster the rock structure remains intact.
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Types of Dams

2) Arch dams:
The arch dams comprise of the convex arch which is supported by the
lateral rock walls. While in case of the gravity dams the maximum forces
are exerted on the bed of the dam, in case of the arch the maximum
forces are exerted on the lateral walls of the dam. The walls should be
solid and strong enough to sustain all the visible and invisible forces of
water so that the dam remains intact and no untoward incident occurs in
the future. To ensure long-term safety of the wall, it is important to keep
on inspecting the walls of arch dam regularly. The arch dams are
constructed in the narrow canyons with steep sidewalls. In such cases the
width of dam does not exceed six times its height.
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4. THREE BIGGEST DAMS IN THE WORLD
THREE GORGES, CHINA

• The 22,500MW Three Gorges hydroelectric power plant in Yichang, Hubei

province, China, is the largest hydropower station in the world. It is a
conventional impoundment hydropower facility exploiting the water resource
of the Yangtze River. The project is owned and operated by China Three
Gorges Corporation through its subsidiary China Yangtze Power.
• Construction of the CNY203bn ($29bn) power project was started in 1993 and
completed in 2012. A 181m tall and 2,335m long gravity dam was built as part
of the Three Gorges project. The power plant consists of 32 turbine /
generator units rated 700MW each, and two 50MW power generators. Six
foreign groups were involved in the supply of equipment for the project,
including Alstom, which supplied 14 Francis turbine units.
• The generating units of the Three Gorges power station were commissioned
between 2003 and 2012. Annual power output of the plant is estimated at
85TWh. The generated power is supplied to nine provinces and two cities,
including Shanghai.
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ITAIPU, BRAZIL & PARAGUAY

• The Itaipu hydroelectric power plant with an installed capacity of

14,000MW ranks as the world's second largest hydropower plant. The
project is located on the Parana River, at the border between Brazil and
Paraguay. The facility is operated by Itaipu Binacional.
• Construction of the $19.6bn plant began in 1975 and was completed in
1982. A consortium of US-based IECO and Italy-based ELC Electroconsult
carried out the construction. Power production at Itaipu started in May
1984.
• The Itaipu hydro-electric facility supplies about 17.3% of Brazil's energy
consumption and 72.5% of the energy consumed in Paraguay. It consists
of 20 generating units with a capacity of 700MW each. It produced
98.2TWh in 2012, which made it the biggest generating hydropower
plant in the world.
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GURI, VENEZUELA

• The Guri power project, also known as the Simón Bolívar hydroelectric
power station, ranks as the world's third biggest hydroelectric power
station, with an installed capacity of 10,200MW. The Venezuelan power
facility is located on the Caroni River in the Bolívar State of southeastern
Venezuela. CVG Electrification del Caroni owns and operates the plant.
• Construction of the power project started in 1963. It was carried out in
two phases, with the first phase completed in 1978 and the second
phase in 1986. The power plant consists of 20 generating units of
different capacities ranging between 130MW and 770MW.
• Alstom was awarded two contracts in 2007 and 2009 to refurbish four
400MW units and five 630MW respectively. Andritz received a contract to
supply five 770MW Francis turbines for the powerhouse II of Guri in 2007.
The Guri power station supplies around 12,900GW/h of energy for
Venezuela.
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5. ADVANTAGES AND DIS-ADVANTAGES
Advantages of Hydroelectric Energy

1. Renewable
Hydroelectric energy is renewable. This means that we cannot use up. However, there’s
only a limited number of suitable reservoirs where hydroelectric power plants can be
built and even less places where such projects are profitable.
2. Green
Generating electricity with hydro energy is not polluting itself. The only pollution occurs
during the construction of these massive power plants.
\3. Reliable
Hydroelectricity is very reliable energy. There are very little fluctuations in terms of the
electric power that is being by the plants, unless a different output is desired. Countries
that have large resources of hydropower use hydroelectricity as a base load energy
source. As long as there is water in the magazines electricity can be generated.
http://energyinformative.org/hydroelectric-energy-pros-and-cons/
Advantages of Hydroelectric Energy

4. Flexible
As previously mentioned, adjusting water flow and output of
electricity is easy. At times where power consumption is low, water
flow is reduced and the magazine levels are being conserved for
times when the power consumption is high.

5. Safe
Compared to among others fossil fuels and nuclear energy,
hydroelectricity is much safer. There is no fuel involved (other than
water that is).

http://energyinformative.org/hydroelectric-energy-pros-and-cons/
Disadvantages of Hydroelectric Energy

1. Environmental Consequences
The environmental consequences of hydropower are related to interventions in nature
due to damming of water, changed water flow and the construction of roads and power
lines.
Hydroelectric power plants may affect fish is a complex interaction between numerous
physical and biological factors. More user interests related to exploitation of fish
species, which helps that this is a field that many have strong opinions on.
Fish habitats are shaped by physical factors such as water level, water velocity and
shelter opportunities and access to food. Draining would be completely devastating to
the fish. Beyond this, the amount of water may have different effects on the fish in a
river, depending on the type and stage of the lifecycle. Not all unregulated river
systems are optimal in terms of fish production, because of large fluctuations in flow.
http://energyinformative.org/hydroelectric-energy-pros-and-cons/
Disadvantages of Hydroelectric Energy

2. Expensive
Building power plants in general is expensive. Hydroelectric power plants are not an
exception to this. On the other hand, these plants do not require a lot of workers and
maintenance costs are usually low.

3. Droughts
Electricity generation and energy prices are directly related to how much water is
available. A drought could potentially affect this.

http://energyinformative.org/hydroelectric-energy-pros-and-cons/
Disadvantages of Hydroelectric Energy

4. Limited Reservoirs
We have already started using up suitable reservoirs for
hydroelectric power plants. There are currently about 30 major
power plants that are expected to generate more than 2.000 MW
under construction. Only one of these projects was started in the
last two years.

http://energyinformative.org/hydroelectric-energy-pros-and-cons/
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