A1- Introduction to Vibration

http://www.linsly.org/tennis/physics.htm

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Chapter Outline

1. Oscillatory Motion
2. Degrees of Freedom
3. Classifications
4. Modeling of a Forging Hammer
5. Modeling of a Motorcycle with a Rider
6. Spring Elements
7. Mass Elements
8. Damping Elements
9. Harmonic Motion
10. Terminology
11. Nomograph

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1- Oscillatory Motion

All bodies possessing mass and elasticity

A means for storing potential energy

A means for storing kinetic energy

A means by which energy is gradually lost

Simple Pendulum

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2- Degrees of Freedom

The minimum number of independent coordinates to

determine completely the positions of all parts of a system at
any instant of time

A rigid body has 6 DOF to describe its motion(3 translation, 3
rotation)

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Single DOF

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Two DOF

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Three DOF

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3- Classifications

Discrete (lumped) vs Cotinuous (distributed)

Free vs Forced vibration

Undamped vs Damped

Linear vs Non-linear

Deterministic vs Random vibration

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Free Vibration

System oscillates under inherent forces (not external
forces)

Vibration occurs at one or more natural frequencies which
are based on system mass and stiffness

Forced Vibration

System oscillates under external forces

If external force is oscillatory, system response occurs at
excitation frequency

If excitation occurs at one of the natural frequencies, then
resonance occurs

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4- Modeling of a Forging Hammer

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5- Modeling a Motorcycle with a Rider

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6- Spring Elements

PE= 0.5 k (∆x)2

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PE= 0.5 k (∆x)2 16
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7- Mass Elements KE= 0.5 m (∆v)2

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8- Damping Elements

• Viscous Damping
– Flat plates separated by a thin film of lubricant
– Piston-Cylinder Dashpot
• Coulomb (dry friction) Damping
• Material/Solid/Hysteretic Damping
- small, little effect on natural frequency

DAMPING: large effect on minimizing response, avoids

resonance

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9- Harmonic Motion

• Oscillatory motion may repeat itself regularly (wall clock with

pendulum) or display irregularity (earthquakes). When the
motion is repeated in equal intervals of time, it is called
periodic motion. x(t) = x(t+τ)
• The repetition time is called the period of oscillation (t) and its
reciprocal, the frequency (f). The simplest form of periodic
motion is harmonic motion (demonstrated by a mass
suspended from a light spring) given by x = A sin (2π πt/ττ).
• Writing the displacement as x= A sin (wt), the quantity ω is
circular frequency, measured in radians per second. Because
π radians, ω = 2π
the motion repeats itself in 2π π/ττ = 2ππf

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• Where τ and f are the period and frequency of the harmonic
motion, measured in seconds and hertz (cycles per second)
respectively. If we write y = B sin (ωt+φ), then x and y are
synchronous and y leads x by φ radians (which is called a
phase angle).

• The velocity and acceleration of harmonic motion can be

simply determined by differentiation. They lead the
displacement by π/2 and π. Verify this.

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10- Terminology

• Average value (sort of like dc current versus ac)

1 τ
x = limτ →∝ ∫ x(t )dt
τ 0
(Avg. value for a complete cycle of sine wave, A sin t is zero,
for a half-cycle is 0.637 A)

• Mean Square Value of a function is

1 τ 2
x = limτ →∝ ∫ x (t )dt
2

τ 0
The root mean square value (rms) is the square root of the
above. (The rms value for the sine wave, A sin t is 0.707 A.
Show this.)
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• The decibel (dB) is frequently used in vibration measurements.
It is defined in terms of a power ratio. With power being
proportional to the square of amplitude or voltage,

dB = 10 log10 (p1/p2) = 20 log10 (x1/x2)

• An amplifier with a voltage gain of 5 has a decibel gain of

+14. Because the decibel is a log unit, it compresses or
expands the scale.

• When the upper limit of the frequency range is twice its lower
limit, the frequency span is called an octave. Octave bands,
for example,
• Band 1: 10-20 Hz (bw 10); Band 2: 20-40 Hz (bw 20); Band 3:
40-80 Hz (bw 40); Band 4: 200-400 Hz (bw 200) 28
11- Nomograph

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Frequency Sensitivity

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Any Questions ?

Thank You

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