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Drop structures are commonly used for grade control, flow control and energy dissipation
Changing the channel slope from steep to mild, by placing drop structures at intervals along the
channel reach, changes a continuous steep slope into a series of gentle slope and vertical drops.
A stilling basin protects the channel against erosion below the drop and dissipates energy.
Design Data
SOLUTION
Step 1. Estimate the required approach and tailwater channel elevation difference.
h, i.e, the drop height, given as = 2.5 m
The drop results in a slope, So = 0.002 m/m given
2.Calculate normal flow conditions approaching the drop to verify subcritical conditions
Where,
Q = discharge, m³/s
V =velocity, m/s
n = Manning's roughness coefficient 0.017
R = hydraulic radius (A/P)
A = area, m²
P = wetted perimeter
S = slope of reach 0.002
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Q = 1/n*AR2/3S1/2
Section factor, AR2/3 = n*Q/S1/2 = 43.3349974
yo = 4.0m, vo = 1.58 m/s; Fro = 0.25, therefore flow is subcritical, we proceed to next step
3.Calculate the critical depth over the weir (usually rectangular) into the drop structure and the
vertical dimensions of the stilling basin using FHWA Hec No. 14, 3rd Edition, Chapter 11, Equations
11.7 through 11.9
Critical depth, yc, in a rectangular channel or culvert is calculated from the unit discharge, q
q= Q/B = 6.333
2 1/3 2 2 1/3
yc = (q /g) (Equation 11.5) q yc = (q /g)
(m)
40.111 1.599
The required tailwater depth above the floor of the stilling basin, y3 is calculated from Equation 11.7.
y3 = 2.15*yc = 3.438 m
The distance from the crest down to the tailwater, h 2, is calculated using Equation 11.8. (The negative
indicates the tailwater elevation is below the crest)
h2 = -(h-yo) h yo h2=(h-yo)
(m) (m) (m)
2.5 1.9 -0.6
To achieve sufficient tailwater and to maintain adequate drop from the crest to the tailwater. It is
sometimes necessary to depress the floor below the elevation of the tailwater channel.
The total drop, ho, from the crest to the stilling basin floor is obtained using Equation 11.9:
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h o = h 2 - y3 h2 y3 ho (m)
Since the nominal drop, h is 1.5 m, the basin floor must be depressed by 1.538 m
Absolute value ho-h = 1.538 m
4. Estimate the basin length. Start by using Equations 11.12. 11.13 and 11.14
Equation 11.10 gives the total length of the basin as
LB = L1 + L2 + L3
L1 = (Lf + Ls)/2
(3.195-4.368ho/y
(…)^0.5 -0.406
4.368ho /yc
(6) x yc
ho yc ho/yc
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-4.038 1.599 -2.52522004 -11.03 3.77 3.37 5.38
Hence, Lf = 5.38 m
where,
Lt = (-0.406 + √(3.195 - 4.368* h2/yc))yc 11.14
(…)^0.5 -0.406
(3.195-4.368h
4.368h2/yc
(6)xy c
h2 yc h2/yc
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-0.600 1.599 -0.37522004 -1.64 2.20 1.79 2.87
Lt = 2.87 m
Ls = (0.691 +0.228(Lt/yc)^2 -(ho/yc))yc/(0.185 + 0.456 (Lt/yc)) Eqn. 11.13
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(0.691+ 0.228(L
0.228(Lt/yc)^2
(6)xy c
ho/yc
Lt yc Lt/yc
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2.87 1.599 1.79 0.73 -2.525 3.95 6.31 1.002438
Ls = 6/7 6.30 m
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