KENYATTA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ECV 513: GROUND WATER ABSTRACTION AND RECHARGE

NAME: CAROLINE MOSEREGA MWITA

REG NO; J173/0796/2013

LECTURER: DR. FIDELIS KILONZO

ASSIGNMENT 1

DATE DONE:29/07/2018
ECV 513:ASSIGNMENT

Use the information in tables 1&2 to produce a groundwater quality report

The Expected output is good elaborate water quality report with the following outputs

1. A quality control evaluation for all sites

2. Piper diagram - GW chart or Aquachem

3. Durov Diagram - GW chart or Aquachem

4. Stiff diagram along the AGHS-PCEA Kikuyu-UON - Jamia mosqueunilever -Colgate -

HCDA axis - ArcGis or Surfer

5. A water quality map for fluorides complete with the error analysis - surfer

6. Groundwater geochemistry on the geological profiles (sectional views) along the

AGHS-PCEA Kikuyu-UON - Jamia mosque-unilever -Colgate -HCDA axis-
Autocad/Civil 3D

7. Saturation indices for calcite, dolomite and Fluorite minerals - PHREEQC

Tabel 2
Introduction

The quality of water is determined by chemical analyses, the data which is used for various
purposes, such as classification, analysis, correlation, etc. For these purposes, the data needs to
be compiled and statistically evaluated.

Quality control evaluation for all sites.

This is done by calculating the ionic balance.

The cation anion balance was analysed by comparing the sum of cation milliequivalents/million
to the sum of anion milliequivalents per million in excel as follows;
 QUALITY CHECK
KI K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K8
SAMPLE molwt charge (mg/L) (mmol/L) (mg/L) (mmol/L) (mg/L) (mmol/L) mg/L) (mmol/L) mg/L (mmol/L) (mg/L) (mmol/L) (mg/L) (mmol/L) (mg/L) (mmol/L)
Iron,Fe 56.0 2.0 0.200 0.004 0.370 0.007 0.210 0.004 0.160 0.003 0.220 0.004 0.210 0.004 0.120 0.002 0.100 0.002
Manganese,Mn 55.0 2.0 0.040 0.001 0.020 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.020 0.000 0.040 0.001 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.000
Calcium, Ca 40.8 2.0 1.600 0.039 2.400 0.059 1.480 0.036 1.600 0.039 3.200 0.078 5.600 0.137 2.400 0.059 2.400 0.059
Magnesium, Mg 24.3 2.0 1.500 0.062 1.900 0.078 1.460 0.060 1.940 0.080 1.400 0.058 3.900 0.160 2.400 0.099 0.970 0.040
Sodium, Na 23.0 1.0 77.500 3.371 80.000 3.480 80.000 3.480 75.000 3.262 88.000 3.828 175.000 7.612 122.500 5.328 112.500 4.893
Potassium, K 39.1 1.0 5.400 0.138 6.300 0.161 6.400 0.164 5.700 0.146 7.500 0.192 10.000 0.256 6.800 0.174 7.800 0.199
TOTAL CATIONS 86.240 3.614 90.990 89.550 84.400 100.340 194.750 134.230 123.770
Chloride, Cl 35.5 -1.0 8.000 0.226 12.000 0.339 31.000 0.874 11.000 0.310 15.000 0.423 26.000 0.733 26.000 0.733 21.000 0.592
Fluoride, F 19.0 -1.0 9.600 0.505 9.600 0.505 9.300 0.490 10.500 0.553 10.300 0.542 10.200 0.537 10.000 0.526 10.300 0.542
Nitrate, NO3 62.0 -1.0 1.200 0.019 1.500 0.024 1.900 0.031 1.400 0.023 1.600 0.026 4.400 0.071 2.000 0.032 2.300 0.037
Sulphate, SO4 96.0 -2.0 3.700 0.039 10.000 0.104 17.000 0.177 9.000 0.094 15.400 0.160 33.000 0.344 27.700 0.289 13.400 0.140
Bicarbonate, HCO3 61.0 -1.0 131.100 2.149 133.900 2.195 135.900 2.228 140.100 2.297 170.000 2.787 344.000 5.639 229.300 3.759 209.600 3.436
Carbonate, CO3 60.0 -2.0 2.300 0.038 1.500 0.025 2.400 0.040 3.200 0.053 7.600 0.127 4.900 0.082 6.500 0.108 11.900 0.198
TOTAL ANIONS 155.900 168.500 197.500 175.200 219.900 422.500 301.500 268.500

SAMPLE molwt charge K9 K10 K11 K12 K13 K14 K15 K16
IRON, Fe 56.0 2.0 0.090 0.002 0.150 0.003 0.220 0.004 0.200 0.004 0.140 0.003 1.410 0.025 0.440 0.008 2.940 0.053
MANGANESE,Mn 55.0 2.0 0.010 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.600 0.011 1.200 0.022 0.200 0.004
CALCIUM, Ca 40.8 2.0 10.400 0.255 9.600 0.235 8.000 0.196 3.200 0.078 3.200 0.078 19.200 0.471 14.400 0.353 15.200 0.373
MAGNESIUM, Mg 24.3 2.0 4.400 0.181 0.500 0.021 4.400 0.181 2.900 0.119 5.300 0.218 3.400 0.140 6.800 0.280 5.300 0.218
SODUIM, Na 23.0 1.0 61.000 2.653 73.000 3.175 64.000 2.784 90.000 3.915 100.000 4.350 47.500 2.066 25.000 1.087 35.000 1.522
POTASSIUM, K 39.1 1.0 10.000 0.256 8.100 0.207 9.400 0.240 8.800 0.225 5.800 0.148 9.800 0.251 7.000 0.179 7.400 0.189
TOTAL CATIONS 85.900 3.347 91.360 3.641 86.030 3.405 105.110 4.341 114.450 4.797 81.910 2.963 54.840 1.929 66.040 2.358
CHLORIDE, Cl 35.5 -1.0 13.000 0.367 13.000 0.367 13.000 0.367 33.000 0.931 26.000 0.733 14.000 0.395 44.000 1.241 42.000 1.185
FLUORIDE, F 19.0 -1.0 1.600 0.084 4.100 0.216 1.700 0.089 2.800 0.147 1.000 0.053 0.330 0.017 0.290 0.015 0.290 0.015
NITRATE, NO3 62.0 -1.0 2.300 0.037 1.600 0.026 1.600 0.026 1.200 0.019 1.800 0.029 1.100 0.018 1.300 0.021 3.100 0.050
SULPHATE, SO4 96.0 -2.0 0.600 0.006 1.400 0.015 0.600 0.006 10.900 0.114 4.300 0.045 0.300 0.003 0.300 0.003 3.100 0.032
BICARBONATE, HCO3 61.0 -1.0 172.800 2.833 174.400 2.859 174.400 2.859 188.900 3.097 185.400 3.039 179.200 2.938 70.300 1.152 88.000 1.443
CARBONATE, CO3 60.0 -2.0 9.800 0.163 2.500 0.042 1.200 0.020 2.100 0.035 26.400 0.440 1.300 0.022 0.100 0.002 0.400 0.007
TOTAL ANIONS 200.100 3.490 197.000 3.524 192.500 3.367 238.900 4.343 244.900 4.339 196.230 3.393 116.290 2.435 136.890 2.732

IONIC BALANCE
K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K8
SAMPLE charge (mmol/L)(meq/L) (mmol/L)(meq/L) (mmol/L) (meq/L) (mmol/L)(meq/L)(mmol/L)(meq/L) (mmol/L) (meq/L) (mmol/L)(meq/L) (mmol/L)(meq/L)
IRON, Fe 2.0 0.004 0.007 0.007 0.013 0.004 0.008 0.003 0.006 0.004 0.008 0.004 0.008 0.002 0.004 0.002 0.004
MANGANESE,Mn 2.0 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
CALCIUM, Ca 2.0 0.039 0.078 0.059 0.118 0.036 0.073 0.039 0.078 0.078 0.157 0.137 0.275 0.059 0.118 0.059 0.118
MAGNESIUM, Mg 2.0 0.062 0.123 0.078 0.156 0.060 0.120 0.080 0.160 0.058 0.115 0.160 0.321 0.099 0.197 0.040 0.080
SODUIM, Na 1.0 3.371 3.371 3.480 3.480 3.480 3.480 3.262 3.262 3.828 3.828 7.612 7.612 5.328 5.328 4.893 4.893
POTASSIUM, K 1.0 0.138 0.138 0.161 0.161 0.164 0.164 0.146 0.146 0.192 0.192 0.256 0.256 0.174 0.174 0.199 0.199
TOTAL CATIONS 3.614 3.720 3.785 3.929 3.744 3.844 3.530 3.652 4.160 4.300 8.170 8.472 5.662 5.822 5.193 5.294
CHLORIDE, Cl -1.0 0.226 -0.226 0.339 -0.339 0.874 -0.874 0.310 -0.310 0.423 -0.423 0.733 -0.733 0.733 -0.733 0.592 -0.592
FLUORIDE, F -1.0 0.505 -0.505 0.505 -0.505 0.490 -0.490 0.553 -0.553 0.542 -0.542 0.537 -0.537 0.526 -0.526 0.542 -0.542
NITRATE, NO3 -1.0 0.019 -0.019 0.024 -0.024 0.031 -0.031 0.023 -0.023 0.026 -0.026 0.071 -0.071 0.032 -0.032 0.037 -0.037
SULPHATE, SO4 -2.0 0.039 -0.077 0.104 -0.208 0.177 -0.354 0.094 -0.188 0.160 -0.321 0.344 -0.688 0.289 -0.577 0.140 -0.279
BICARBONATE, HCO3 -1.0 2.149 -2.149 2.195 -2.195 2.228 -2.228 2.297 -2.297 2.787 -2.787 5.639 -5.639 3.759 -3.759 3.436 -3.436
CARBONATE, CO3 -2.0 0.038 -0.077 0.025 -0.050 0.040 -0.080 0.053 -0.107 0.127 -0.253 0.082 -0.163 0.108 -0.217 0.198 -0.397
Total Anions 2.976 -3.053 3.192 -3.321 3.840 -4.057 3.329 -3.476 4.065 -4.352 7.406 -7.831 5.448 -5.845 4.946 -5.284
ionic balance% 9.838 8.377 2.697 2.460 0.601 3.929 0.195 0.098

SAMPLE molwt charge

K9(mmol/L) meq/L K10 meq/L K11 meq/L K12 meq/L K13 meq/L K14 meq/L K15 meq/L K16 meq/L
IRON, Fe 56.0 2.0 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.004 0.008 0.004 0.007 0.003 0.005 0.025 0.050 0.008 0.016 0.053 0.105
MANGANESE,Mn 55.0 2.0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.011 0.022 0.022 0.044 0.004 0.007
CALCIUM, Ca 40.8 2.0 0.255 0.510 0.235 0.471 0.196 0.392 0.078 0.157 0.078 0.157 0.471 0.941 0.353 0.706 0.373 0.745
MAGNESIUM, Mg 24.3 2.0 0.181 0.362 0.021 0.041 0.181 0.362 0.119 0.239 0.218 0.436 0.140 0.280 0.280 0.559 0.218 0.436
SODUIM, Na 23.0 1.0 2.653 2.653 3.175 3.175 2.784 2.784 3.915 3.915 4.350 4.350 2.066 2.066 1.087 1.087 1.522 1.522
POTASSIUM, K 39.1 1.0 0.256 0.256 0.207 0.207 0.240 0.240 0.225 0.225 0.148 0.148 0.251 0.251 0.179 0.179 0.189 0.189
Total Cations 3.784 3.900 3.787 4.543 5.096 3.610 2.591 3.005
CHLORIDE, Cl 35.5 -1.0 0.367 -0.367 0.367 -0.367 0.367 -0.367 0.931 -0.931 0.733 -0.733 0.395 -0.395 1.241 -1.241 1.185 -1.185
FLUORIDE, F 19.0 -1.0 0.084 -0.084 0.216 -0.216 0.089 -0.089 0.147 -0.147 0.053 -0.053 0.017 -0.017 0.015 -0.015 0.015 -0.015
NITRATE, NO3 62.0 -1.0 0.037 -0.037 0.026 -0.026 0.026 -0.026 0.019 -0.019 0.029 -0.029 0.018 -0.018 0.021 -0.021 0.050 -0.050
SULPHATE, SO4 96.0 -2.0 0.006 -0.013 0.015 -0.029 0.006 -0.013 0.114 -0.227 0.045 -0.090 0.003 -0.006 0.003 -0.006 0.032 -0.065
BICARBONATE, HCO3 61.0 -1.0 2.833 -2.833 2.859 -2.859 2.859 -2.859 3.097 -3.097 3.039 -3.039 2.938 -2.938 1.152 -1.152 1.443 -1.443
CARBONATE, CO3 60.0 -2.0 0.163 -0.327 0.042 -0.083 0.020 -0.040 0.035 -0.070 0.440 -0.880 0.022 -0.043 0.002 -0.003 0.007 -0.013
Total Anions -3.660 -3.580 -3.394 -4.491 -4.824 -3.417 -2.439 -2.771
ionic balance % 1.672 4.279 5.475 0.568 2.745 2.739 3.015 4.060

ionic balance < 5%, if > 10% discard.

All sites have samples with acceptable ionic balance as shown above.

The ratio of total cation to total anion in all samples was found to be less than 5%; this
indicates that the results are somewhat accurate.
Piper diagram

In the Piper diagram, the data plotted on the subdivisions of diamond-shaped field which decides
the water type / hydro chemical faces in a water sample. The points plotted in the central
diamond-shaped field may have areas proportional to total concentrations, and are located by
extending the points in the anion and cation triangles to the points of intersection.

From the piper diagram above the water type is Na+_K+_HCO3.

Durov Diagram

The durov diagram consists of an inverted equilateral triangle. Each full triangle edge equals 100
percent meq/l. Cations are plotted on the top, horizontal edge from left to right in the order: Mg,
Ca, and Na + K. Anions are plotted on the left edge from top to bottom in the order: HC03 +
C03, S04 and Cl. The procedure for constructing the diagram shown below as follows: The
cations are plotted, after which parallels to the lower right side of the diagram are drawn,
dividing the triangle into three cation zones. The anions are similarly plotted. The next step is to
draw lines from points of intersections of the cation lines with the lower left side of the diagram
inside corresponding cation zones and parallel to the upper side of the diagram, thereby
producing three auxiliary triangles.The representative triangles are then separated from the
auxiliary ones by drawing the anion lines to points of intersection with the cation lines, from
whence parallel lines to the lower left side of the diagram are drawn to the nearest horizontal
line. The final products are three to five representative triangles which can be emphasized by
hatching.

The durov diagram above further confirms the water type is Na+_K+_HCO3.
Stiff diagram along the AGHS-PCEA Kikuyu-UON - Jamia mosqueunilever -Colgate -
HCDA axis.

One of the best techniques for showing correlation among types of waters is the expression of the
relationship among ions, or of one constituent to the total concentration, in terms of
mathematical ratios is the stiff diagram. The basis of Stiff's system is a vertical line which has
two functions. It is both a depth scale of aquifers and vertical zero axis from which the
concentrations of ions are plotted on four parallel horizontal axes extending on each side.
Examples of the resulting irregular patterns are shown and each different pattern represents a
different type of water. The width of the pattern could be used as an approximate indication of
total ionic content.
Water quality map

The water quality map shows the distribution and status of water in terms of how the fluoride ion
is distributed. Using the data given which was then imported to excel and then to surfer a water
quality map was produced as shown below.
From the map the fluoride concentrations are elevated towards borehole K1, K2, K3 and K4.
Groundwater geochemistry on the geological profiles (sectional views) along the AGHS-
PCEA Kikuyu-UON - Jamia mosque-unilever -Colgate -HCDA axis- Autocad/Civil 3D
Saturation indices for calcite, dolomite and Fluorite minerals - PHREEQC